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AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM
LECTURE 1
GV261 OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE ndash THE IMPORTANCE OF US POLITICS
ndash AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH PLUS
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF US
- 1940-1965 SELF CONGRATULATORY
- 1966 -1980 RADICALCRITICAL
- 1981-1993 FUNCTIONALCRITICAL
- 1994 ndash 2001 CRISIS OF PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS
- 2001 ndash INTERNATIONAL CRISIS AND UNCERTAINTY
GV 261 BUT CONSISTENCIES THROUGHOUT
- POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION ndash SEPARATION OF POWERSPLURALISM
- lsquoITrsquoS THE ECONOMY STUPIDrsquo ndash ECONOMY USUALLY TRUMPS OTHER ISSUES
- CONFUSION OVER WORLD ROLE ndash DOMESTIC CONSENSUS IS RARE
- US AS A MELTING POT- RACE AND IMMIGRATION ALWAYS MAJOR ISSUES
LECTURE 2 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
bull 1 SIZE July 2010 310162151 (est) distribution moving west and south to suburbs edge cities bi-coastal
bull 2 IMMIGRATION 104 per 1000 pop in 1901-1910 now about 37 per 1000 (over 9 million per year)
Origins away from Europe towards L America Laws 1924 1929 1965 recent failures Politicisation of issue
Society and Economybull 3 AGEING 1950 29 2000373 2050 455 international perspectivebull 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE gt65 white collar lt2 farmers Obsolescence of old categoriesbull 5 RACE AND ETHNICITY (slide) Political cleavages Recent Changesbull 6 RELIGION (slide) The Creedal Passionbull 7 Gender Family structure women in labour force women working incomes gender gap
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
GV261 OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE ndash THE IMPORTANCE OF US POLITICS
ndash AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH PLUS
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF US
- 1940-1965 SELF CONGRATULATORY
- 1966 -1980 RADICALCRITICAL
- 1981-1993 FUNCTIONALCRITICAL
- 1994 ndash 2001 CRISIS OF PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS
- 2001 ndash INTERNATIONAL CRISIS AND UNCERTAINTY
GV 261 BUT CONSISTENCIES THROUGHOUT
- POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION ndash SEPARATION OF POWERSPLURALISM
- lsquoITrsquoS THE ECONOMY STUPIDrsquo ndash ECONOMY USUALLY TRUMPS OTHER ISSUES
- CONFUSION OVER WORLD ROLE ndash DOMESTIC CONSENSUS IS RARE
- US AS A MELTING POT- RACE AND IMMIGRATION ALWAYS MAJOR ISSUES
LECTURE 2 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
bull 1 SIZE July 2010 310162151 (est) distribution moving west and south to suburbs edge cities bi-coastal
bull 2 IMMIGRATION 104 per 1000 pop in 1901-1910 now about 37 per 1000 (over 9 million per year)
Origins away from Europe towards L America Laws 1924 1929 1965 recent failures Politicisation of issue
Society and Economybull 3 AGEING 1950 29 2000373 2050 455 international perspectivebull 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE gt65 white collar lt2 farmers Obsolescence of old categoriesbull 5 RACE AND ETHNICITY (slide) Political cleavages Recent Changesbull 6 RELIGION (slide) The Creedal Passionbull 7 Gender Family structure women in labour force women working incomes gender gap
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
GV 261 BUT CONSISTENCIES THROUGHOUT
- POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION ndash SEPARATION OF POWERSPLURALISM
- lsquoITrsquoS THE ECONOMY STUPIDrsquo ndash ECONOMY USUALLY TRUMPS OTHER ISSUES
- CONFUSION OVER WORLD ROLE ndash DOMESTIC CONSENSUS IS RARE
- US AS A MELTING POT- RACE AND IMMIGRATION ALWAYS MAJOR ISSUES
LECTURE 2 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
bull 1 SIZE July 2010 310162151 (est) distribution moving west and south to suburbs edge cities bi-coastal
bull 2 IMMIGRATION 104 per 1000 pop in 1901-1910 now about 37 per 1000 (over 9 million per year)
Origins away from Europe towards L America Laws 1924 1929 1965 recent failures Politicisation of issue
Society and Economybull 3 AGEING 1950 29 2000373 2050 455 international perspectivebull 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE gt65 white collar lt2 farmers Obsolescence of old categoriesbull 5 RACE AND ETHNICITY (slide) Political cleavages Recent Changesbull 6 RELIGION (slide) The Creedal Passionbull 7 Gender Family structure women in labour force women working incomes gender gap
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
LECTURE 2 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
bull 1 SIZE July 2010 310162151 (est) distribution moving west and south to suburbs edge cities bi-coastal
bull 2 IMMIGRATION 104 per 1000 pop in 1901-1910 now about 37 per 1000 (over 9 million per year)
Origins away from Europe towards L America Laws 1924 1929 1965 recent failures Politicisation of issue
Society and Economybull 3 AGEING 1950 29 2000373 2050 455 international perspectivebull 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE gt65 white collar lt2 farmers Obsolescence of old categoriesbull 5 RACE AND ETHNICITY (slide) Political cleavages Recent Changesbull 6 RELIGION (slide) The Creedal Passionbull 7 Gender Family structure women in labour force women working incomes gender gap
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Society and Economybull 3 AGEING 1950 29 2000373 2050 455 international perspectivebull 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE gt65 white collar lt2 farmers Obsolescence of old categoriesbull 5 RACE AND ETHNICITY (slide) Political cleavages Recent Changesbull 6 RELIGION (slide) The Creedal Passionbull 7 Gender Family structure women in labour force women working incomes gender gap
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Distribution of US Population by RaceEthnicity 2010 and 2050
NOTES All racial groups non-Hispanic Data do not include residents of Puerto Rico Guam the US Virgin Islands or the Northern Marina Islands Totals may not add to 100SOURCE Kaiser Family Foundation based on httpwwwcensusgovpopulationwwwprojectionsdownloadablefileshtml US Census Bureau 2008 Projected Population by Single Year of Age Sex Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States July 1 2000 to July 1 2050
Total = 3102 million
Total = 4390 million
2010
2050
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Religious Affiliation US 2010
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Views on evolution and climate change
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Labour force participation rates by race
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Womersquos earnings as of menrsquos
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Womenrsquos share of Labour force 1970-2010
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Society and Economy
bull 8 POVERTY Trendsbull 9 HEALTH GDP 4 categories private HMOs Government uninsured - but 2010 reformsbull 10CLASS Subjective v objective social class Fragmentation Recent Trends
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Lecture 3 Beliefs and Values
bull 1 Origins of beliefs ndash the Civic Culture
and beyondbull 2 US Beliefs and values
a) individualism and self reliance
- economic versus cultural self reliance
b) Freedom or liberty
- notable exceptions
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
c) Equality - of condition - of opportunity - of esteem - of rights d) Democracy - majoritarian values - referenda initiatives recalls e) Rule of Law - enforcement of contracts - civic trust - exceptions
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
LECTURE 3 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
bull 1ORIGINS AND INFLUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE - localism - individualism - benign colonial rule - lsquoillegitimate colonial powerrsquo - role of the mobbull 2 EVENTS - 1774 Continental Congress - 1775 fighting in Mass Seizure of colonial govts - 1775-82 War of Independence - 1776 Declaration of Independence
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 TWO CONSTITUTIONS - 1781 Articles of Confederation powers and weaknesses - 1787 55 delegates in Philadelphia Constitution of the United Statesbull 4 INFLUENCES - social contract ndash Locke Hobbes - separation powers ndash Montesquieu - fear of majority rule of factions and of a strong executive - federalism
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 5 THE GREAT COMPROMISE - NJ Plan Virginia Plan - detailed provisions ndash Connecticut Compromisebull 6 RATIFICATION - 9 of 13 states - Bill of Rightsbull 7 CHANGES TO CONSTITUTION - amendments ndash only 17 after 1791 changes to elections and representation changes to powers of federal government - interpretation ndash role of federal government executive Supreme Court protection of rights
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
The Virginia Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature was more powerful as it chose people to serve in the
executive and judicial branchesbull Legislaturebull Two houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected
by the state legislatures Both were represented proportionallybull Other
Powersbull The legislature could regulate interstate trade strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to
enforce laws
The New Jersey Planbull Branchesbull Three - legislative executive and judicial The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch and
the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Courtbull Legislaturebull One house (unicameral) States would be represented equally so all states had the same powerbull Other
Powersbull The national government could levy taxes and import duties regulate trade and state laws would be subordinate
to laws passed by the national legislaturebull bull
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 8 ASSESSMENT
- changes to USA
- separation of powers
- US World role
- federalism
- political fragmentation
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
LECTURE 5 FEDERALISM
bull 1 What is federalism - compared with unitary and confederal - conception of dual sovereigntybull 2 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism - protection of minorities buthellip - heterogeneity buthellip - experimental policy ground buthellip - bad features isolated buthellip - government closer to people buthellip
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Evolution of American Federalism ndash 6 stages
a Slavery the bank and the tariff 1790- 1865 b Reconstruction and the new federal bargain 1865 ndash 1932 c The New deal and its aftermath 1933- 1964 ndash the rise of federal power d The states in retreat 1964-1980 e Retrenchment 1981-2001 f Federal power resurgent 2001 -
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 4 Conclusions
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Political parties
bull 1 the nature of US political parties
a Structure and organisation
b Ideological spread ndash why
no socialists
c Why only two parties
- institutional obstacles
- societalideological obstacles
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
LECTURE 8 POLITICAL PARTIES
bull 2 Development a Jeffersonian to 1824 b Jacksonian and after 1824-1860 c Civil war reconstruction and sectionalism 1860-1890 d Populism progressivism and the Republican majority 1890-1908 e The New Deal coalition 1932-1968 f Party decline and fragmentation 1969-1980s g 1980s- date
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM INTEREST GROUPS
bull A Theories of interest group power 1 Populist ndash big interests v small players constant theme but popular in populist progressive eras (Justice) 2 Pluralism ndash balancing concept (Truman Dahl) systems analysis (equality) 3 Radical critique Mills Domhoff (Inequality) 4 Overload ndash interest group liberalism rational choice approaches (efficiency)
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull B Rise of interest group activity Why 1 access to institutions changes in institutions 2 Role of media ndash information revolution 3 Freedom of information 4 Globalization
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull C Rise and decline of particular groups - Labour - Agriculture - Business ndash large and small - Advocacy groups ndash professional and cause - Foreign lobbies - Public interest organizations - Public interests and special interests ndash definitional and political problems
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull D Political Action Committees (PACs)
for and againstbull E Conclusions
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
THE MASS MEDIA
bull 1 STRUCTURE a) TV and radio The big 3 ABC CBS NBC plus Fox CNN plus many other cable channels PBS Radio similar buthellip Regulation FCC ownership diverse But 1996 Television Communication Act
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull B) The Press Localised Declining readership Opinion and editorial Conservatismbull Internet 70 plus penetration
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 2 NEWS BIAS AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE a) TV Local biases in local stations Balance and big 3 buthellip Fox Changes in news content dominant themes trivialization Political influence ndash what is not said b) Press Republican bias but local variations are declining Political influence ndash reinforcing theory
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
c) Internet Self selection of news and bias Political influence -only 56 of hits are political but can make a difference ndash Howard Deanbull 3 Censorship and control 1st Amendment freedoms But self censorship conformity privileged position of business McCarthyism Patriot Act
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 4 Uniqueness of US media
Less unusual than used to be
Trivialization everywhere
Print journalism different
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
ELECTIONS AND VOTING
bull 1 Nature of US elections
- number of offices number of levels
- votes on offices referenda initiatives
recalls
- importance of elections value placed
on majority opinion
- Who is elected profiles of candidates
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 2 Voting and non-voting
- Why is turnout so low But is it so
low Turnout by stateregion
- Attempts to increase turnout
- Voters and non voters ndash who votes
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Who votes for who
- region
- race
- gender
- ideology
- age
- religion
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 4 Party Identification
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
1896 The UrbanRural divide replaces the North-South divide
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
1968 After faithless (1956) and unpledged (1960) electors Southern Democrats form
third party
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
4 Aftermath Persistent Regional Blocs
bull WestSouth vs NorthGreat Lakes division persists to this day 1896 vs 2004
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Significance of the changes
- Anger ndash cause and effect
- Effects on radical change ndash 2 periods
- Puts premium on individual candidates
- Quality of governance oversight
accountability
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
CONGRESS 1
bull 1 The Nature of Congress - bicameralism - powers - agenda settingbull 2 Representation - microcosmic - party - trustee (virtual) - delegated
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 2 The electoral connection -Fennorsquo s Home Style and Mayhewrsquos Congress the Electoral Connection - Is it still applicable Recent changesbull 3 Logrolling and the committee system - The rise of partisanship - Leadership and the committees ndash centrifugal and centripetal forces - changing status of Congress
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull The characteristics of Congress Overwhelmingly older white educated males with law and business backgrounds 111th Congress (2009-2011) is a littlebull different
bull Currently in the House of Representatives there are 262 Democrats (including five Delegatesbull and the Resident Commissioner) and 178 Republicans The Senate has 55 Democrats twobull Independents who caucus with the Democrats and 41 Republicans There are two Senatebull vacancies and one House vacancybull The average age of Members of both Houses of Congress at the convening of the 111th Congressbull is 582 years of Members of the House 570 years and of Senators 631 years Thebull overwhelming majority of Members have a college education The dominant professions ofbull Members are public servicepolitics business and law Protestants collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics account for the largest singlebull religious denomination and numerous other affiliations are representedbull The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 111th Congress is 110bull years (55 terms) for Senators 129 years ( 22 terms)bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 in the House 17 in the Senatebull There are 41 African American Members of the House and none in the Senate This numberbull includes two Delegates There are 31 Hispanic or Latino Members serving 28 in the Housebull including the Resident Commissioner and three in the Senate Eleven Members (sevenbull Representatives two Delegates and two Senators) are Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander The only American Indian (Native American) serves in the Housebull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull ldquo111th Congress Statistically Speakingrdquo CQ Today vol 44 no 138 (November 6 2008) p 72 In the overwhelmingbull majority of previous Congresses business has followed law as the dominant occupation of Members However in thebull 111th Congress 214 Members (182 Representatives 33 Senators) list their occupation as public servicepolitics 204bull Members (152 Representatives 51 Senators) list law and 201 Members (175 Representatives 27 Senators) listbull business Ninety-four (78 Representatives and 16 Senators) list education as a profession Members often list more thanbull one profession when surveyed by Congressional Quarterly Incbull As has been true in recent Congresses the vast majority of Members (95) of the 111th Congressbull hold university By comparison 30 years ago in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) at least 48 Members of the Housebull and 7 Senators had no degree beyond a high school diploma
bull The average length of service of Members of the House at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 110 years (55 terms) a year longer than that of the 110th Congress (100 years) and a year andbull half longer than the average service (93 years) in the 109th Congress14 Representatives arebull elected for two-year terms Representative John Dingell (D-MI) the dean of the House has thebull longest consecutive service of any Member of the 111th Congress (530 years)15 He began servingbull on December 13 1955bull The average length of service of Members of the Senate at the beginning of the 111th Congress isbull 129 years (22 terms) six months longer than that of the 110th Congress (123 years) and slightlybull more than a year longer than the average service (118 years) in the 109th Congress16 Senators arebull elected for six-year terms17 Senator Robert C Byrd (D-WV) the President pro tempore of thebull Senate has served longer (500 years) than any other Senator in history His service began onbull January 3 1959bull 10485761048576
bull 1048576
bull Most Members of the 111th Congress cite a specific religious affiliation18 Protestantsbull (Episcopalians Methodists Baptists Presbyterians and others) collectively constitute thebull majority religious affiliation of Members Roman Catholics however account for the largestbull single religious denomination Other affiliations include Greek Orthodox Jewish Christianbull Scientist Quaker and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) There are alsobull two Buddhists and two Muslims in the House
bull A record number of 95 women serve in the 111th Congress 78 serve in the House and 17 in thebull Senate Of the 78 women in the House 61 are Democrats including 3 Delegates and 17 arebull Republicans Of the 17 women serving in the Senate 13 are Democrats and 4 are Republicans
bull There are 41 African American Members in the 111th Congress all serving in the House All arebull Democrats including two Delegates Fourteen African American women including twobull Delegates serve in the House
bull There are a record number of 31 Hispanic or Latino Members of the 111th Congress one morebull than the record number who served in the 109th and 110th Congresses19 Twenty-eight serve in thebull House and three in the Senate Of the Members of the House 22 are Democrats (including onebull Delegate) three are Republicans and seven are women The Hispanic Senators include twobull Democrats and one Republican All are malebull Two sets of Hispanic Members are brothers and one set are sisters Mario and Lincoln Diaz-bull Balart Republicans from Florida serve in the House Ken Salazar (D-CO) serves in the Senatebull and his brother John Salazar (D-CO) serves in the House Linda Saacutenchez and Loretta Sanchezbull Democrats from California serve in the House20bull A record eleven Members of the 111th Congress are of Asian or Native Hawaiianother Pacificbull Islander heritage Nine (seven Democrats two Republicans) serve in the House two (bothbull Democrats) serve in the Senate Of those serving in the House two are Delegates and one is anbull African American Member with Filipino heritage Included in this count is the first Vietnamesebull American to serve in Congress
bull There is one American Indian (Native American) Member of the 111th Congress who is abull Republican Member of the Housebull bull In the 111th Congress there are 121 Members who have served in the military five less than in thebull 110th CongressThe House has 96 veterans (including two Delegates) the Senate 25 Thesebull Members served in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War the Persian Gulf Warbull Afghanistan Iraq and Kosovo as well as during times of peace Some have served in thebull Reserves and the National Guard The number of veterans in the 111th Congress reflects the trend of a steady decline in the numberbull of Members who have served in the military For example there were 298 veterans (240bull Representatives 58 Senators) in the 96th Congress (1979-1981) and 398 veterans (329bull Representatives 69 Senators) in the 91st Congress (1969-1971)
bull
bull bull bull Matthew Glassman and Julius Jefferson provided assistance
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 4 The Functions of Congress
- Legislation ndash changing nature of
- Oversight
- reform attempts the 1970s to date
- Is Congress lsquoThe Broken Branchrsquo
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
CONGRESS IIbull 1 The functions of Congress collect taxes borrow money regulate commerce coin money declare war raise and support army and navy power over DC make laws lsquonecessary and proper clause Oversight and investigations
bull 2 Foci of power - centrifugal forces ndash the committee system ndash House and Senate contrasts Committee hierarchies House (Rules Appropriations Ways and Means Budget Senate- Finance Foreign Relations Judiciary Budget - centripetal forces ndash parties and party leadership ndash Speaker minority leader Senate majority and minority leaders
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
3 The changing pattern of power inCongress
A Party control 1889-1910bull B Committee power 1911-1971 (and especially 1937-1971) the central importance of senioritybull C The new Congress 1971-1994 ndashreforms Rise of individual members dispersal of power and the decline of party New Policy Initiatives in foreign and economic policy D 1995-2006 The new Republican agenda ndash the Contract with America the rise of earmarking and the decline of oversight and deliberationbull E The Democrats in power 2006 ndash 11 and beyond
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull Conclusions ndash is Congress the Broken Branch
Can Congress act in the public interest
or is it fated to serve only particular interests
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
THE PRESIDENCY 1 PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION
bull 1 Problems of presidential selection - does the selection system pre-select certain types of candidate mid century v late century candidates DEStephenson JKRMN LBJBG RMNHHH v
RMNMcGovern JCJF RRJCRRMondale GBMD BCGBRP BCDole GWBAGGWBJK
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
3 The Selection Processbull Pre-primary ndash recent changesbull Primary ndash nature of state variety - the changing timetable - the rise of super Tuesdaybull The Convention Changing function ndash now a coronation Vice presidential selectionbull The campaign starts after Labor Day debates ndash famous achievements and gaffes
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
5 The Electoral College
bull Each state receives a number of votes in the Electoral College equal to its total representation in both Houses of Congress For example California which has 53 representatives in the House and two in the Senate casts 55 votes in the College Since the passage of the 23rd Amendment the District of Columbia also receives a number of electoral votes (currently three) equal to the number it would cast if it were a state No other US territory has any voice in the election of the president
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
Presidency II
bull 1 Formal Powers
- Chief executive
- Commander in Chief
- Chief legislator (Article 2 Section 3
+ the veto power)
- Chief recruiting officer
- Head of state
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 3 Informal powers
- The public
- Defender of the public or
National interest
- Party leader
- World leader
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 4 The Institutional Presidency
White House Staff and the Executive
Office of the President (EOP)
- patterns of organisation Kennedy Nixon
Carter Reagan Clinton and Bush43
compared
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 5 The cabinet
- constraints on role of the Cabinet
- power of individual cabinet secretariesbull 6 Independent Agencies and
Commissionsbull 7 Conclusions
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull Applies to type of personality and quality of candidate
bull 2 What accounts for the changes - closed party caucuses to open primaries - the importance of money - rise of plebiscitary and public presidency
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull Problems
- not proportional
- minority candidate might win
- members may not follow voter intentionsbull Reforms
- simple vote
- juggle composition
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
bull 2 Limits to formal powers - Neustadt ndash the power to persuade Presidential failure and the formal powers ndash Steel Mills McArthur Little Rock Bombing N Vietnam 1973 Bush and Iraq
-
