American Life in the American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”“Roaring Twenties”

Chapter 32Chapter 32

Insulating America from the Insulating America from the radical virusradical virus

America turns inward in the 1920sAmerica turns inward in the 1920s– Shun diplomatic commitmentsShun diplomatic commitments– Denounced radicalsDenounced radicals– Closed gates of immigrationClosed gates of immigration– Condemn un -American lifestylesCondemn un -American lifestyles

Seeing RedSeeing Red

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

Russian revolution spawns small communist Russian revolution spawns small communist party in Americaparty in America

Strikes at wars end associated w/ redsStrikes at wars end associated w/ reds Seattle strike said to be brought on by redsSeattle strike said to be brought on by reds

Red ScareRed Scare 1919-1920 1919-1920

Nationwide crusade Nationwide crusade against left wingersagainst left wingers

A. Mitchell PalmerA. Mitchell Palmer- - Attorney General- led the Attorney General- led the chargecharge

Fighting Quaker saw Red Fighting Quaker saw Red too easilytoo easily

Rounded up about 6,000 Rounded up about 6,000 suspectssuspects

House bombed in 1919House bombed in 1919

Buford- Soviet ArkBuford- Soviet Ark– 249 suspects deported to Russia249 suspects deported to Russia– Bomb on Wall Street kills 38 and wounds Bomb on Wall Street kills 38 and wounds

hundredshundreds

States join the red scareStates join the red scare

Anti Red lawsAnti Red laws– against advocacy of violence to secure social against advocacy of violence to secure social

changechange critics aroused against freedom of speechcritics aroused against freedom of speech

IWWs and other radical groups prosecutedIWWs and other radical groups prosecuted New York refused to seat 5 socialists in New York refused to seat 5 socialists in

legislaturelegislature

Conservatives like itConservatives like it– Breaks backs of unionsBreaks backs of unions– Closed shops called communisticClosed shops called communistic– Open shop was the American planOpen shop was the American plan

Court CasesCourt Cases

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti– Murder in Murder in

MassachusettsMassachusetts– Jury and judge were Jury and judge were

prejudiceprejudice– World rallies to their World rallies to their

defensedefense– Class struggleClass struggle– Evidence could not Evidence could not

convict them of convict them of murdermurder

Hooded Hoodlums of the KKKHooded Hoodlums of the KKK

New group of Klan members in the 1920sNew group of Klan members in the 1920s– More anti-foreign, Catholic, Black, Jewish, More anti-foreign, Catholic, Black, Jewish,

Pacifist, Communist,Internationalist, Pacifist, Communist,Internationalist, Evolutionist, Gambling, etc.Evolutionist, Gambling, etc.

– Extremist ultra conservative group against Extremist ultra conservative group against forces transforming American lifeforces transforming American life

Midwest and Bible Belt SouthMidwest and Bible Belt South– 5 million dues paying members5 million dues paying members

– Camaraderie and adventure and secret ritualsCamaraderie and adventure and secret rituals– used huge parades, cross for warning, lash as a used huge parades, cross for warning, lash as a

weaponweapon

Collapses suddenlyCollapses suddenly– Became a financial racketBecame a financial racket– members leavemembers leave– Leader (Stephenson) jailed for rape & murderLeader (Stephenson) jailed for rape & murder

Stemming the Foreign FloodStemming the Foreign Flood

Immigrants began Immigrants began flooding American flooding American shores shortly after the shores shortly after the wars endwars end– Eastern and Southern Eastern and Southern

EuropeEurope– 800,000800,000– Wretched refuse from Wretched refuse from

EuropeEurope

Emergency Quota Emergency Quota Act of 1921Act of 1921– Quota from any Quota from any

given countrygiven country 3% if people of their 3% if people of their

nationality had been nationality had been living in the us since living in the us since 19101910

By 1910 many By 1910 many immigrants had come immigrants had come from Eastern and from Eastern and Southern EuropeSouthern Europe

Immigration act of 1924Immigration act of 1924– Quota is cut from 3% to 2%Quota is cut from 3% to 2%– Shifted national origin base to 1890 from Shifted national origin base to 1890 from

19101910 Favored Northern EuropeFavored Northern Europe Southern Europe ProtestsSouthern Europe Protests

– Triumph for NativistsTriumph for Nativists– No Japanese immigrationNo Japanese immigration

Hate America Rallies in EuropeHate America Rallies in Europe

– Canada and Latin America exempt for Canada and Latin America exempt for need of workers in tough timesneed of workers in tough times

Departure in American Departure in American Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Immigration dried upImmigration dried up 1931 more left than 1931 more left than

came to Americacame to America

End of an EraEnd of an Era– End of unrestricted End of unrestricted

immigrationimmigration– 35 million had come 35 million had come

to Americato America– Separated immigrants Separated immigrants

from native countryfrom native country– Ethnic Variety Ethnic Variety

undermines political undermines political and class solidarityand class solidarity

The Prohibition “Experiment”The Prohibition “Experiment”

18th amendment18th amendment– Prohibition Prohibition – Advocated by women and churchesAdvocated by women and churches– enforced by the Volstead actenforced by the Volstead act– 19191919

Popular in midwest and SouthPopular in midwest and South– Keep liquor out of hands of blacksKeep liquor out of hands of blacks– Strong oppositionStrong opposition

– ImmigrantsImmigrants– Old world sociability built around drinkOld world sociability built around drink

Naïve movementNaïve movement– Tradition of strong drink and weak control by Tradition of strong drink and weak control by

central governmentcentral government– Cannot make crime out of something that was Cannot make crime out of something that was

not a crime the day beforenot a crime the day before– Could not legislate thirstCould not legislate thirst

Peculiar conditionsPeculiar conditions– Serious doubts rise Serious doubts rise

very quicklyvery quickly– wets thought to end wets thought to end

law, violate the lawlaw, violate the law law makers call for law makers call for

prohibition while drinkingprohibition while drinking poor say only rich can poor say only rich can

buy illegal brewbuy illegal brew put over while troops put over while troops

were over therewere over there

Enforcement weakEnforcement weak– Staff smallStaff small– Innocent bystanders Innocent bystanders

killed by mob violencekilled by mob violence

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies– Bars that ran illegallyBars that ran illegally– Bootleg liquor sold quite Bootleg liquor sold quite

wellwell sold by gangsters and sold by gangsters and

rumrunners(smugglers)rumrunners(smugglers)

Adults began to make Adults began to make their owntheir own– Home brew or alky Home brew or alky

cookingcooking

Success of prohibitionSuccess of prohibition– bank savings increasedbank savings increased– Absentee workers Absentee workers

declinedecline– ““Prohibition was better Prohibition was better

than no liquor at all”than no liquor at all”

The Golden age of GangsterismThe Golden age of Gangsterism

Shocking crimes because of ProhibitionShocking crimes because of Prohibition– Bribery of policeBribery of police– Violent gang warsViolent gang wars

Erase bootlegging competitorsErase bootlegging competitors Over 500 killed in gang wars in ChicagoOver 500 killed in gang wars in Chicago

Al CaponeAl Capone– 6 years of gang warfare 6 years of gang warfare

in Chicagoin Chicago– To control Alcohol To control Alcohol

industryindustry– Could not be convicted Could not be convicted

of St. Valentines day of St. Valentines day Massacre of 1929Massacre of 1929

– Sentenced on income Sentenced on income tax evasion and tax evasion and served11 years in prisonserved11 years in prison

Other gangster areasOther gangster areas– Prostitution, gambling, and narcoticsProstitution, gambling, and narcotics– Protection money or be destroyedProtection money or be destroyed– Moved into labor unionsMoved into labor unions– Organized crime became a gigantic businessOrganized crime became a gigantic business

made more than the governmentmade more than the government

1932 kidnapping of Lindbergh’s baby1932 kidnapping of Lindbergh’s baby– Murder leads to Lindbergh lawsMurder leads to Lindbergh laws

Interstate abduction a federal crimeInterstate abduction a federal crime

Monkey Business in TenneesseeMonkey Business in Tenneessee

Education making great Education making great stridesstrides– More children getting a More children getting a

high school educationhigh school education

– Required to stay in Required to stay in longerlonger

John DeweyJohn Dewey– Set forth “learning by Set forth “learning by

doing”doing”

– Sets forth progressive Sets forth progressive educationeducation

– Education for life Education for life primary goal of primary goal of teachersteachers

Schools became more Schools became more attractiveattractive– Not a prisonNot a prison

Science advancesScience advances– Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Foundation

had helped wipe out had helped wipe out hook wormhook worm

– Life expectancy risesLife expectancy rises

FundamentalistsFundamentalists– Teaching Darwinism was destroying faith in Teaching Darwinism was destroying faith in

bible and Godbible and God– Tried to get laws to prohibit its teachingTried to get laws to prohibit its teaching

Tennessee passes such a lawTennessee passes such a law

Scopes Monkey trialScopes Monkey trial– 1925 in Dayton, 1925 in Dayton,

TennesseeTennessee– John T. Scopes John T. Scopes

challenges law by challenges law by teaching evolution in teaching evolution in classclass

– Becomes a nationwide Becomes a nationwide storystory

– Defended by Clarence Defended by Clarence DarrowDarrow

– Fundamentalists led by Fundamentalists led by Wm. J BryanWm. J Bryan

Bryan takes stand and Bryan takes stand and is humiliated by is humiliated by DarrowDarrow– Dies shortly afterwardsDies shortly afterwards

Clash really Clash really inconclusiveinconclusive– Scopes fined $100 but Scopes fined $100 but

Tennessee Supreme Tennessee Supreme Court set it asideCourt set it aside

– Case cast ridiculous Case cast ridiculous absurdities of their caseabsurdities of their case Fundamentalism remains Fundamentalism remains

a vital forcea vital force

The Mass Consumption The Mass Consumption EconomyEconomy

American Economy surges forwardAmerican Economy surges forward– Small depressionin 1920-1921Small depressionin 1920-1921– War and Mellon’s tax polices helped economyWar and Mellon’s tax polices helped economy– New machines and cheap energyNew machines and cheap energy– Assembly line productionAssembly line production

New industriesNew industries– Electric powerElectric power

– AutomobileAutomobile– 30 million cars sold by 193030 million cars sold by 1930

Automobile showed shift in character of Automobile showed shift in character of economyeconomy– Mastered production now had to master Mastered production now had to master

consumptionconsumption

Growth of advertisingGrowth of advertising– Make Americans discontent with their lotMake Americans discontent with their lot– New professionNew profession

Bruce Barton “Man nobody knows”Bruce Barton “Man nobody knows”– Talks of Jesus as greatest advertiserTalks of Jesus as greatest advertiser– conquered the worldconquered the world

Sports became big Sports became big businessbusiness– Babe Ruth and the Babe Ruth and the

House that Ruth builtHouse that Ruth built– Jack Dempsey BoxingJack Dempsey Boxing

first million dollar gatefirst million dollar gate

Buying on credit new Buying on credit new innovationinnovation– Old Puritans go into Old Puritans go into

debtdebt– Prosperity accumulated Prosperity accumulated

debtdebt Vulnerable to disruptions Vulnerable to disruptions

of economyof economy

Putting America on Rubber Putting America on Rubber TiresTires

New industrial revolution in America in New industrial revolution in America in the 1920sthe 1920s– Machinery was the meansMachinery was the means

Automobile was the kingAutomobile was the king

Automobile creates a whole new Automobile creates a whole new industrial systemindustrial system– Automobile invented in EuropeAutomobile invented in Europe– Fords and Olds creating infant industry in usFords and Olds creating infant industry in us– 1910, 69 companies put out 181,000 autos/ 1910, 69 companies put out 181,000 autos/

unreliableunreliable

Frederick W. TaylorFrederick W. Taylor– Father of Scientific Father of Scientific

ManagementManagement Sought to eliminate Sought to eliminate

wasted motionwasted motion

Henry FordHenry Ford– Creates the Model TCreates the Model T

Cheap, rugged, and Cheap, rugged, and reasonably reliablereasonably reliable

Adapts and fully applies the assembly line Adapts and fully applies the assembly line production of the automobileproduction of the automobile– Only in blackOnly in black– So efficient that the price went down to $260 So efficient that the price went down to $260

Thrifty workers could afford oneThrifty workers could afford one

– 1914 Ford Produced his 500.000th Model T1914 Ford Produced his 500.000th Model T By 1930 over 20 millionBy 1930 over 20 million By the time of the crash in 1929 there was I By the time of the crash in 1929 there was I

automobile for every 4.9 Americansautomobile for every 4.9 Americans

Advent of the Gasoline AgeAdvent of the Gasoline Age

Impact of Automobile tremendous on Impact of Automobile tremendous on American lifeAmerican life– Replaces steel as king of industryReplaces steel as king of industry– 6 million employed in auto industries6 million employed in auto industries

Supporting industries sprang up that created more Supporting industries sprang up that created more wealthwealth

– Rubber, glass, fabrics, highway constructionRubber, glass, fabrics, highway construction

American Standard of living also risesAmerican Standard of living also rises

Effects of Auto industryEffects of Auto industry

Older industries die outOlder industries die out Oil industry boomsOil industry booms Railroads begin to dieRailroads begin to die Speedy marketing of perishablesSpeedy marketing of perishables Enriched farmsEnriched farms New roadsNew roads

Agents of social changeAgents of social change

NecessityNecessity Badge of freedomBadge of freedom Self respectSelf respect Open road vacationsOpen road vacations Isolation among sections broken downIsolation among sections broken down Americans own more cars than bathtubsAmericans own more cars than bathtubs Consolidation of schoolsConsolidation of schools Suburbs spreadSuburbs spread

Demon machineDemon machine

Thousands injuredThousands injured– Americans become statisticsAmericans become statistics– By 1951 more Americans die in autos than warsBy 1951 more Americans die in autos than wars

Home life broke downHome life broke down– Morals of youth break downMorals of youth break down– Crime waves of 20s use automobileCrime waves of 20s use automobile

No one willing to go back to horse No one willing to go back to horse and buggyand buggy

Brought more convenience , pleasure, Brought more convenience , pleasure, excitement than pollution and deathsexcitement than pollution and deaths

Humans Develop wingsHumans Develop wings

Orville and Wilbur Orville and Wilbur WrightWright In North In North Carolina in Dec.17, Carolina in Dec.17, 19031903– 12 seconds and 120 12 seconds and 120

feetfeet

The world shrinksThe world shrinks

Aviation grows slowlyAviation grows slowly– Stunt planes at firstStunt planes at first– Used during WWIUsed during WWI– Private Passenger lines and mail carrying after Private Passenger lines and mail carrying after

WWIWWI New York to San Fran in 1920New York to San Fran in 1920

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh in in 19271927– $25,000 prize$25,000 prize– Crosses Atlantic in spirit Crosses Atlantic in spirit

of St. Louisof St. Louis

Lucky Lindy becomes Lucky Lindy becomes America’s heroAmerica’s hero– Did much to dramatize Did much to dramatize

and popularize flyingand popularize flying– Gives boost to infant Gives boost to infant

aviation industryaviation industry

Impact of the AirplaneImpact of the Airplane

1 .Gave American spirit another dimension.Gave American spirit another dimension2 .Gave rise to new industry.Gave rise to new industry3 .Death rate high at first.Death rate high at first4 . Regular air travel by 1930s and 40s. Regular air travel by 1930s and 40s5 .Increase tempo of civilization.Increase tempo of civilization6 .Hurt RR industry even more.Hurt RR industry even more7 .Making the world smaller.Making the world smaller8 .New weapons of war.New weapons of war

The Radio RevolutionThe Radio Revolution

Guglielmo Marconi, invents wireless Guglielmo Marconi, invents wireless telegraph in 1890s in Italytelegraph in 1890s in Italy– Used during WWIUsed during WWI

November 1920 KDKA airs the Harding November 1920 KDKA airs the Harding presidential racepresidential race– At first local onlyAt first local only– Began to broadcast to larger areasBegan to broadcast to larger areas– National commercial radio overcomes National commercial radio overcomes

local radiolocal radio

Effects of the radioEffects of the radio

Draws families back to homeDraws families back to home Brings nation togetherBrings nation together

– Standardized showsStandardized shows– Nationwide productsNationwide products– American cultural standardsAmerican cultural standards– Stimulated sports industryStimulated sports industry– Politicians had to adjust to the radioPoliticians had to adjust to the radio– Ministers used to reach millions of listenersMinisters used to reach millions of listeners– Brought new music into homesBrought new music into homes

Hollywood’s Filmland FantasiesHollywood’s Filmland Fantasies

Edison’s invention still a novelty in early Edison’s invention still a novelty in early 20th century20th century– Nickelodeons and peep showsNickelodeons and peep shows

TheThe Great Train Robbery, Great Train Robbery, andand Birth of a Birth of a NationNation (1915)(1915)

Southern California becomes capital of film Southern California becomes capital of film industryindustry

Southern California Southern California becomes capital of film becomes capital of film industryindustry– Censorship had to be Censorship had to be

installedinstalled– Came into use of Came into use of

propaganda during propaganda during WWIWWI

1927 the first talkie 1927 the first talkie The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer– Al JolsenAl Jolsen– Age if silent film goneAge if silent film gone– Color also being triedColor also being tried

Effects of the moviesEffects of the movies

Movies were the the Movies were the the number 1 form of number 1 form of entertainmententertainment– Movie stars rose over Movie stars rose over

nightnight– More popular than More popular than

politicspolitics

EffectsEffects– Culture standardizes as Culture standardizes as

Vaudeville dies and Vaudeville dies and attracts immigrant youthattracts immigrant youth

– Standardized language Standardized language and tastesand tastes

– Working class coalition Working class coalition will emergewill emerge

The Dynamic DecadeThe Dynamic Decade

Changes in lifestyle and value of the 1920sChanges in lifestyle and value of the 1920s– More Americans lived in the cities than in the More Americans lived in the cities than in the

rural areasrural areas– Women finding work in the citiesWomen finding work in the cities– Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger champions birth control champions birth control– National Women’s Party organizesNational Women’s Party organizes

Wants Equal RightsWants Equal Rights

– Some thought the world had gone madSome thought the world had gone mad

Churches affectedChurches affected

Modernists gain over Modernists gain over FundamentalistsFundamentalists

Had to turn to Had to turn to advertising and advertising and marketing to compete marketing to compete with new forms of with new forms of entertainmententertainment

Erotic EruptionErotic Eruption

Advertisers exploit sexAdvertisers exploit sex FlappersFlappers

– Goddess of the 20sGoddess of the 20s– Bobbed dressesBobbed dresses– Elevated hemlinesElevated hemlines– Make upMake up– Symbolize independent woman, adventureSymbolize independent woman, adventure

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Justified for new sexual franknessJustified for new sexual frankness PsychiatristPsychiatrist Health demanded sexual gratificationHealth demanded sexual gratification

Many taboos goMany taboos go

Teenagers pioneer the sexual frontierTeenagers pioneer the sexual frontier Listened and danced to jazzListened and danced to jazz Sat in movie housesSat in movie houses Rode in carsRode in cars

Jazz was the sacred music of the ageJazz was the sacred music of the age– Begins in New Orleans and moves to the cities Begins in New Orleans and moves to the cities

with the black migrationwith the black migration Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver ( Louis Armstrong)Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver ( Louis Armstrong) Whites get in on the actWhites get in on the act

New racial pride develops in African-New racial pride develops in African-AmericansAmericans

Harlem was one of the Harlem was one of the largest black largest black communities in the communities in the world (100,000)world (100,000)– Langston HughesLangston Hughes poet poet

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey

Political leaderPolitical leader– United Negro Improvement AssociationUnited Negro Improvement Association

Wanted to resettle blacks back to AfricaWanted to resettle blacks back to Africa Black was beautifulBlack was beautiful Avoid integration with whitesAvoid integration with whites

– He failed and was eventually deportedHe failed and was eventually deported– Inspired many young blacks who had moved to Inspired many young blacks who had moved to

the citiesthe cities

Literary LiberationLiterary Liberation

Old novelists and literary giants dying outOld novelists and literary giants dying out– Some still popular like Edith Wharton and Willa Some still popular like Edith Wharton and Willa

CatherCather

New literary movement after WWINew literary movement after WWI– Not always from New England which had Not always from New England which had

dominated literaturedominated literature– American literature now has new vitality, American literature now has new vitality,

imagination and artistic qualityimagination and artistic quality

HL MenkenHL Menken– Critical attitude toward Critical attitude toward

all American lifeall American life– Wrote in the Wrote in the Atlantic Atlantic

MonthlyMonthly Attacked the South, Attacked the South,

Puritanism , middle class Puritanism , middle class values, Democracy, values, Democracy, prohibition, and moreprohibition, and more

Writers searched for Writers searched for new codes of morals new codes of morals and understanding and understanding and fresh forms of and fresh forms of expressionexpression– Turn Against traditional Turn Against traditional

valuesvalues

F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald– This Side of ParadiseThis Side of Paradise - -

becomes a bible for the becomes a bible for the youngyoung

– Followed with Followed with The The Great GatsbyGreat Gatsby

Theodore Drieser’s Theodore Drieser’s An An American TragedyAmerican Tragedy

Ernest HemmingwayErnest Hemmingway– Affected by the warAffected by the war– The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises - -

Expatriates in Europe Expatriates in Europe after the warafter the war

– A Farewell To Arms -A Farewell To Arms -WWarar

Sherwood AndersonSherwood Anderson– Winesburg OhioWinesburg Ohio– About small town lifeAbout small town life

Sinclair LewisSinclair Lewis– Main Street - Main Street - Women Women

against provincialismagainst provincialism– Babitt - Babitt - Traditional Traditional

lifestylelifestyle

William FaulknerWilliam Faulkner– Strong Southern writer Strong Southern writer

from Mississippifrom Mississippi– The Sound and the The Sound and the

FuryFury– Writes about southern Writes about southern

charactercharacter

Strong New PoetryStrong New Poetry– Ezra PoundEzra Pound

Left America as the old bitch civilization gone in Left America as the old bitch civilization gone in the teeththe teeth

T.S. ElliotT.S. Elliot– Also left for EuropeAlso left for Europe

Robert FrostRobert Frost– Wrote about New England Wrote about New England

EE. CummingsEE. Cummings– Most daring of all poetsMost daring of all poets

DramaDrama– Eugene O’NiellEugene O’Niell

Laid bare Freudian sexual notionsLaid bare Freudian sexual notions Noble prize in 1936Noble prize in 1936 From New York’s Greenwich VillageFrom New York’s Greenwich Village

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

New outpouring of New outpouring of creative art from creative art from blacks in New Yorkblacks in New York

Louis Armstrong, Louis Armstrong, Langston Hughes, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale HurstonZora Neale Hurston

Called for the New Called for the New Negro with full Negro with full citizenship rightscitizenship rights

ArchitectureArchitecture

New materialism and functionalismNew materialism and functionalism– Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright

Buildings should grow from their sitesBuildings should grow from their sites Not imitate Greek and Roman stylesNot imitate Greek and Roman styles

Empire State Building finished in 1931Empire State Building finished in 1931 Machine age out does itselfMachine age out does itself

Wall Street’s Big Bull MarketWall Street’s Big Bull Market

American standard of American standard of living risesliving rises– Even though banks Even though banks

failed and scams were failed and scams were everywhere economy everywhere economy kept right on rollingkept right on rolling

Stock Market a great Stock Market a great lure for wealthlure for wealth– Stock Market becomes Stock Market becomes

a gambling dena gambling den– Stock prices soaredStock prices soared– Speculation runs wildSpeculation runs wild

Buying on MarginBuying on Margin– Everyone was doing Everyone was doing

it even the little guyit even the little guy– Rags to Riches Rags to Riches

stories all overstories all over

Washington does Washington does not helpnot help– Debt rose during war Debt rose during war

yearsyears– From $1.8 billion to From $1.8 billion to

over$23 billionover$23 billion

Bureau of Budget Bureau of Budget created in 1921created in 1921– Work with president to Work with president to

create a budgetcreate a budget– Want to stop Want to stop

extravagant extravagant appropriationsappropriations

Andrew MellonAndrew Mellon - Sec of Treasury - Sec of Treasury– Tax Burden on rich hurts economyTax Burden on rich hurts economy

Forced to invest in tax exempt securities not in Forced to invest in tax exempt securities not in industry to create jobsindustry to create jobs

Discouraged businessDiscouraged business Brought less into treasuryBrought less into treasury

Mellon’s tax reduction for the “poor” richMellon’s tax reduction for the “poor” rich– Repealed excess profits tax, abolished the gift Repealed excess profits tax, abolished the gift

tax, reduced excise taxestax, reduced excise taxes– Rich taxed lessRich taxed less– Tax Burden transferred to middle income Tax Burden transferred to middle income

groupsgroups

Controversial figureControversial figure– Reduced national debt by $10 billionReduced national debt by $10 billion– Rich wanted more tax cutsRich wanted more tax cuts– Indirectly encouraging the bull marketIndirectly encouraging the bull market

If income would have paid off national debt then less If income would have paid off national debt then less money for speculation and crashmoney for speculation and crash