AMERICA IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• The British Colonial System – British colonies were founded

independently by people with differing backgrounds and motivations

– each British colony had its own form of government, and British government did not regard colonies as a unit

– English political and legal institutions took hold throughout colonies

– Crown left colonists to make own laws pertaining to local matters

– King’s Privy Council responsible for formulating colonial policy

– Parliamentary legislation applied to the colonies

– occasionally, British authorities attempted to create a more cohesive and efficient colonial system

– late 17th century, British policy was to transform proprietary and corporate colonies into royal colonies

– Board of Trade took over management of colonial affairs in 1696

– failure to establish a centralized colonial government contributed to the development of independent governments and eventually to the United States’ federal system

• Mercantilism – mercantilism described to a set of policies

designed to make a country self-sufficient while selling more goods abroad than it imported

– if colonies lacked gold and silver, they could provide raw materials and markets for the mother country

• The Navigation Acts – commerce was essential to mercantilism – in the 1650s, Parliament responded to Dutch

preeminence in shipping with Navigation Acts

– reserved the entire trade of colonies to English ships and required that captain and 3/4 of crew be English

– acts also limited export of certain enumerated items

– acts were designed to stimulate British industry and trade and to restrict and shape, but not to destroy, infant colonial industries

• The Effects of Mercantilism – Mercantilist policy benefited both

England and the colonies– England’s interests prevailed when

conflicts arose

– the inefficiency of English administration lessened the impact of mercantilist regulations

– when regulations became burdensome, the colonists simply ignored them; and England was inclined to look the other way

• The Great Awakening – people in colonies began to recognize

common interests and a common character

– by about 1750, the word “American” had entered the language

– one common experience was the Great Awakening, a wave of religious enthusiasm

– two ministers, Theodore Frelinghuysen (a Calvinist) and William Tennent (a Presbyterian), arrived in the 1720s

– they sought to instill evangelical zeal they witnessed among Pietists and Methodists in Europe

– colonial tours of George Whitefield, a powerful orator, sparked much religious enthusiasm

– Whitefield did not deny the doctrine of predestination

– preached of a God receptive to good intentions

– many denominations split between the “Old Lights” or “Old Sides,” who supported more traditional approaches, and the “New Lights” or “New Sides,” who embraced revivalism

– the better educated and more affluent members of a congregation tended to support traditional arrangements

• The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards – Jonathan Edwards was the most famous

native-born revivalist of the Great Awakening

– took over his grandfather’s church in

Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1727– Edwards’s grandfather, Solomon Stoddard,

practiced a policy of “open enrollment” – Edwards set out to ignite a spiritual revival

– sermons warned in graphic language of the

Hell awaiting unconverted

– Edwards’s approach upset some of his parishioners, and in 1749 they voted unanimously to dismiss him

– a reaction against religious enthusiasm set in by the early 1750s

– although it caused divisions, the Great Awakening also fostered religious toleration

– the Awakening was also the first truly national event in American history

• The Enlightenment in America– the Enlightenment had an enormous

impact on America– the founders of colonies were

contemporaries of scientists such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton

– they who provided a new understanding of the natural world

– earth, heavens, humans, and animals all seemed part of a great machine, which God had set in motion

– through observation and reason, humans might come to understand the laws of nature

– faith in these ideas produced the Age of Reason

– ideas of European thinkers reached America with startling speed

– the writings of John Locke and other political theorists found a receptive audience

– ideas that in Europe were discussed only by an intellectual elite became almost commonplace in the colonies

• Colonial Scientific Achievements– colonials such as John Bartram,

Cadwallader Colden, and Benjamin Franklin contributed to the accumulation of scientific knowledge

– the theoretical contributions of American thinkers and scientists were modest, but involvement in the intellectual affairs of Europe provided yet another common experience for colonials

• Other People’s Wars – European nations competed fiercely

for markets and raw materials– war became a constant in the 17th

and 18th centuries

– European powers vied for allies among the Native American tribes and raided settlements of opposing powers

– colonies paid heavily for these European conflicts

– in addition to battle casualties, frontier settlers were killed in raids; and taxes went up to pay for the wars

– these conflicts served to increase bad feelings between settlers in French and English colonies

– more important Europe’s colonial

wars inevitably generated some

friction between England and its

North American colonies

• The Great War for the Empire – England and France possessed competing

colonial empires in North America

– in 1750s, the two powers came into direct conflict

– the result was another colonial war; but this one spread from the colonies to Europe

– English effort was badly mismanaged

– not until William Pitt took over the British war effort did England’s fortunes improve

– Pitt recognized the potential value of North America and poured British forces and money into the war

– he also promoted talented young officers such as James Wolfe

– British took Montreal in 1760, and France abandoned Canada to the British

– British also captured French and Spanish possessions in the Pacific, in the West Indies, and in India

– Spain got back Philippines and Cuba, in exchange for which it ceded Florida to Great Britain

– the victory in North America was won by British troops and British gold

– the British colonies contributed relatively little money, and the performance of colonial troops was uneven

– the defeat of the French seemed to tie the colonies still more closely to England

• The Peace of Paris – under terms of Treaty of Paris, signed

in 1763, France gave up virtually all claims to North America

– given extent of British victories in battle, terms of treaty were moderate

– England returned captured French possessions in Caribbean, Africa, and India

• Putting the Empire Right – Britain now controlled a larger empire,

which would be much more expensive to maintain

– Pitt’s expenditures for the war had doubled Britain’s national debt

– British people were taxed to the limit – American colonies now required a more

extensive system of administration– issues such as western expansion and

relations with the Indians needed to be resolved

– many in England resented the growing wealth of the colonists

• Tightening Imperial Controls – British attempts to deal with problems

resulting from victory in great war for empire led to American Revolution

– after great war, British decided to exert greater control over American colonies

– Britain allowed the colonies a great degree of freedom, thus colonists resented new restrictions on freedom

– English colonies increased their pressure on the Indians

– British stationed 15 regiments along the frontier

– as much to protect the Indians from the settlers as the settlers from the Indians

– a new British policy prohibited settlement across the Appalachian divide

– this created further resentment among colonists, who planed development of Ohio Valley

• The Sugar Act – Americans were outraged by British

attempts to raise money in America to help defray cost of administering the colonies

– Sugar Act placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported goods

– violators were tried before British naval officers in vice-admiralty courts

– Colonists considered the duties to be taxation without representation

– the law came at bad time because economic boom created by war ended with war

• American Colonists Demand Rights

– British dismissed protests over Sugar

Act

– under concept of “virtual representation,” every member of Parliament stood for interests of entire empire

• The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling – Stamp Act placed stiff excise taxes on all

kinds of printed matter – Sugar Act had related to Parliament’s

uncontested power to control colonial trade– Stamp Act was a direct tax– Virginia's House of Burgesses took lead in

opposing new tax

– irregular organizations, known as the Sons of Liberty, staged direct-action protests against act

– sometimes protests took form of mob violence

• Rioters or Rebels? – rioting took on a social and a political

character

– if colonial elite did not disapprove of rioting, looting associated with protests did alarm them

– mass of people were property owners and had some say in political decisions; they had no desire to overthrow established order

– Stamp Act hurt business of lawyers, merchants, and newspaper editors people who greatly influenced public opinion

– greatest concern was Britain’s rejection of the principle of no taxation without representation

– as British subjects, colonists claimed

“the rights of Englishmen”

– passage of Quartering Act further convinced Americans that actions of Parliament threatened to deprive them of those rights

• Taxation or Tyranny? – English people were recognized as

the freest people in the world which was attributed their freedom to balanced government

– actually, balance between the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons never really existed

– to Americans, actions of Parliament threatened to disrupt balance

– British leaders believed that the time had come to assert royal authority

– colonies were no longer entirely dependent on England

– British leaders were not ready to deal with Americans as equals

– Americans refused to use the stamps and boycotted British goods. The Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766

• The Declaratory Act

– Parliament passed the Declaratory

Act

– asserted that Parliament could enact

any law it wished with respect to the

colonies

– Declaratory Act revealed the extent

to which British and American views

of the system had drifted apart

• The Townshend Duties – Townshend Acts (1767) placed levies on

glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea imported colonists responded with new boycott of British goods

– leaders of resistance ranged from moderates, John Dickinson, to revolutionaries, Samuel Adams

– British responded by dissolving Massachusetts legislature, and by transferring two regiments from frontier to Boston

• The Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770, rioters began throwing

snowballs at British soldiers – crowd grew hostile, the panicky troops

responded by firing on it – five Bostonians lay dead or dying – John Adams volunteered his legal

services to the soldiers– British also relented; Townshend duties

except tax on tea were repealed in April 1770; a tenuous truce lasted for two years

• The Pot Spills Over

– trouble erupted again when British

patrol boat ran aground in

Narragansett Bay in 1772

• The Tea Act Crisis – in 1773, Parliament agreed to remit British

tax on tea; Townshend tax was retained– Americans regarded measure as a diabolical

attempt to trick them into paying the tax on tea

– public indignation was so great that authorities in New York and Philadelphia ordered ships carrying tea to return to England

– December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians dumped tea in harbor; England received news of the Boston Tea Party with great indignation

• From Resistance to Revolution – Parliament responded to Boston Tea Party

by passing Coercive Acts in spring of 1774 – acts weakened colonial legislatures and

judiciary and closed Boston harbor until citizens paid for tea

– also known as the Intolerable Acts– First Continental Congress met at

Philadelphia September 1774 – John Adams rejected any right of

Parliament to legislate for colonies – Congress passed a declaration

condemning Britain’s actions since 1763, a resolution that the people take arms to defend their rights