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Ambos Nogales: Water, Vulnerability, and Institutional Complexity
Margaret Wilder
Jeremy Slack
University of Arizona
LAS, Udall Center, SGD
CLIMAS & NOAA SARP
Vulnerability and AdapIve Capacity
VULNERABILITY: exposure to hazard and risk associated with that exposure, based on planning, resources and capacity to respond
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: Capacity to respond dynamically over Ime to make needed changes to reduce vulnerability.
P. Romero-‐Lankao 2008
AMBOS NOGALES STUDY (NOAA SARP/CLIMAS/IAI)
Goals: To idenIfy and classify
climate-‐related vulnerability relaIng to urban water management in Nogales AZ & SON
To examine the adapIve capacity of governance insItuIons to respond dynamically to climate-‐related uncertainty in future water planning
Pipa delivering water in Nogales, Son. colonia
Elements of Vulnerability
Elements of Adap5ve Capacity
Ambos Nogales Uneven development & complex, fragmented water management insItuIons
EffecIve transboundary collaboraIon: TAAP, scienIst-‐stakeholder, communiIes CONAGUA, CEA, Tucson Water,
Growth in water demand projected to double over next 20 years
BinaIonal technical & financial resources (BECC); state-‐level planning underway in Sonora and AMA planning in Arizona
Inadequate wastewater treatment
Plans to upgrade plant capacity
Nogales, AZ Transboundary impacts of Santa Cruz River flows & groundwater interface
SCAMA, Friends of Santa Cruz River
Nogales, Sonora Unplanned growth, lack of infrastructure (e.g., paving)
InsItuto Municipal de InvesIgación y Planeación (IMIP) Improvements in water & sanitaIon networks over last decade
Fragmented access to water and sanitaIon
Assessing Transboundary Collabora5on-‐ 3 indicators
SOCIAL LEARNING Structured opportuni5es for peer-‐to-‐peer learning
EMERGENCE OF NETWORKS
Itera5ve and sustained interac5ons; building rela5onships across and within cultures; informal and formal
POTENTIAL FOR ADAPTIVE PATHWAYS
Developing and ins5tu5onalizing new ways of opera5ng and implemen5ng
Source: M. Wilder et al. 2010. INDICATORS ADAPTED FROM: Pelling et al. 2008; Lemos and Morehouse 2005; Cash et al., 2003
Nogales, Sonora
• INEGI 2005 -‐ 193,517hab. • 350,000 pop.. (AusIn et al.,
2006; Sprouse 2005) • 87% water and sanitaIon
coverage (INEGI 2005) • Unplanned (land invasion)
colonias • Steep hillside colonias
vulnerable to erosion • Unpaved roads in colonias
Photo by Daniel Lobo
Water Insecurity, Colonias Nogales, Sonora
24 HOURS 5
12 HOURS 60
4 TO 5 HOURS 30
EVERY 2 DAYS 5
Nogales colonia flooding (8/2010)
DAILY WATER ACCESS for HOUSEHOLDS HOOKED UP TO WATER NETWORK NOGALES, SONORA (%) households (Millman & Scol 2009)
El Diario del Sol 8/2010
Por Norman et al. 2004
StraIfied Study Sites Sample
• 4 areas -‐ 3 colonias & one planned subdivision • Diverse locaIons • Topography • Age of urban sellement
Methods • Semi-‐structured interviews with key informants (colonia leaders, OOMAPAS & Public Services)
• Resident focus groups • ParIcipant observaIon via work-‐days with piperos (water truck drivers)
• CollaboraIon with Municipal Research & Planning InsItute (IMIP)
• Regional workshops with water managers
Flores Magón/Los Torres
• First founded in 1996 as organized land invasion
• Various incursions unIl 2007
• Residents have been told to anIcipate that Itles, water & sanitaIon services are forthcoming Topography: relaIvely flat but
vulnerable to flooding
Flores Magón/ Los Torres
• Reliant on buying water from pipas
• Social networks criIcally important
• Households buy from same driver (pipero)
• Loans are important to avoid lack of funds to ensure ability to buy water when needed
• In drought or water scarcity, if a household lacks strong contact with a pipero, he won’t sell to them
Colinas del Sol
• Founded in 1998 as organized land invasion, but supported by land owner
• Located in highest elevaIon of the city
• Water lines installed 2 years ago (2008)
Los Tápiros/Los Encinos
• Founded in 1986 and 1989, respecIvely, as organized land invasions
• Highly-‐conflicIve: Los Tapiros
• Services and Itles arrived much faster in Los Encinos than in Los Tapiros
Los Encinos/ Los Tapiros
• Have had limited water & sanitaIon since 2002
• Some secIons sIll do not have connecIons
• Tap water only for 2 hours from 5 a.m. Till 7 a.m.
• Many do not pay water bills
• Many conflicts created because households are forced to pay for tap water even if they do not receive it
• Constant threat of cupng off water service
• Thus, remain reliant on water trucks (pipa)
• They had beler service when it was via illegal connecIons
• High temperature periods provoke more system problems & insecurity of access – Higher water use – Low water pressure & less
water delivered
La Mesa Subdivision
• INFONAVIT subdivision – by TECONSA Group
• Occupied 6 to 8 months ago (2009)
• Located in far south 21 km from border line and far from maquila factories
• No water treatment for huge subdivision
• Located near the principal municipal well for the whole city-‐ Los Alisos
Maquila Workers’ Housing Subdivision, 2010. ConstrucIon funded INFONAVIT—NaIonal Workers’ Housing Fund InsItute. Photo credit: J. Slack 2010.
Fraccionamiento La Mesa
• Strong rains this summer (2010)
• Mold problems already evident in houses
• High humidity in houses due to high temps& poor construcIon of roofs
Mold growth evident in new houses, not even occupied yet, In Fracc. La Mesa. Photo credit: J. Slack 2010
La Mesa -‐ Erosión
Architecture of Pipa (Truck) Service MUNICIPAL 7 trucks (5 in service, working)
CAPACITY 2 @ 1500 l 1@ 2500 l 3@ 8000 l 1 @ 20000 l
PRICES 50 % discount for households with coupon; some5mes free
OOMAPAS (municipal water uIlity)
Service no longer provided
Used to provide dust-‐control for unpaved roads & service to people who paid bill but didn’t get tap water
PRIVATE TRUCKS Fill 200 liter drum Fill 1100 liter roosop tank Each “Pipada” (size-‐dependent)
$14 pesos $70 pesos
$220 pesos each
Pipas – The ProblemaIc
• Access insecure and difficult due to unpaved roads, erosion damage, and frequent flooding in all the colonias
• Insecure supply to trucks themselves in drought periods
• Water pumps insecure if equipment is faulty—have to leave for repairs and parts
• In Imes of scarcity/drought, water value surges and there are more black market sales & price-‐gouging
Summary of Findings WATER INSECURITY & ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IN COLONIAS
Conclusions: Climate Factors and Water Insecurity in Nogales Colonias
High temperatures increase demand on water system, resul5ng in low pressure and less water available in system
Monsoon seasonal rains & high temperatures lead to high humidity, with potenIal for public health hazards (example: mold growth and untreated sewage, Fracc. La Mesa)
Water scarcity delays water truck services & creates water insecurity in colonias
Climate factors differenIally affect households/colonias with water hook-‐ups and those without
Water trucks are a criIcal safety valve for those with no or limited water service
Paradoxically, those with limited water service via hook-‐up have highest vulnerability, due to weaker Ies to piperos (weak social networks). Strong social networks contribute to adapIve capacity for colonias.
Mil gracias to our colleagues:
Bob Varady, Chris Sco`, Gregg Garfin, Oscar Lai & Jamie McEvoy
And for research support from:
-‐-‐CLIMATE ASSESSMENT FOR THE SOUTHWEST
-‐-‐NOAA SARP “MOVING FORWARD” PROJECT
C
