Ambient computing - Università di Romaberaldi/PSD0708/ambient.pdf · xe–Mml copero – But it is ... Why ambient computing is possible now ? ... 3G (UMTS) – Future networks 4G

Ambient computing

Michel BanâtrePaul CoudercFrédéric Weis

Content

Two examples (video)Mobility Introduction to ambient computing– Definition– Context– Reasons

Examples– The precursors– Location based– User assistant– Colaborative backup– Physical web

Implementation

Introduction

Video– Ubi-Board

– Ubi-Bus

Some explanations

Content


Examples– The precursors– Location based– User assistant– Collaborative backup– Physical web

Implementation

Mobility (1)

Mobile applications (« standard »)– Distributed files systems,– Databases,– Web, – Mail,– Multimedia– …

Mobile support for execution– Mobile computer,– Appliances

PDA, mobile phone…

Mobility (2)

Problems– Limited resources

Processing power

Energy, (battery),

Network, (bandwidth, connectivity,…),

User interface, (period of interest) Environment variable

Energy <-> MIPS

Networks,

Dependability– Security,

– Reliability, ….

Mobility (3)

Solution– Adaptative approaches

Transparency

Application level,

Hybrid

Mobility (4)Transparency

Principle: To emulate at the system level missing resources (Middleware approach) Examples:

– Cellular networkhandover technique to mask user mobility between cellulars (the mobility is transparency from the user point of viewDisconnected file systems (CODA)

– To emulate the connection to the file server• Hoarding in connected mode, similar to prefetch technique in architecture. • caching in the disconnected mode• Update synchronisation at the reconnection time (hard problem due to multiple

writers). • One limit: coherency problem at the reconciliation time

Mobility (5)Transparency

Examples– Info stations

To provide a continuous network with a high bandwidth onto a discontinuous network (discontinuous high bandwidth small cellular)Problems

– To take into account the discontinuity and the distance between two cellulars.

Solutions– Implementation of (Hoarding) mechanisms at the info station level, and

caching mechanisms at the terminal level. – Take into account the distance between info stations and the velocity

and trajectory of user in order to define the size of the cache in the terminals.

Hybrid solution

Principle– To combine the two previous approaches

Transparency, if possible, Provide the adaptation at the application level otherwise..

Example– ASR CODA

After a disconnections mode, if there is a conflict problem for file update reconciliation there is a specific application Application Specific Resolver to solve the conflict.

Analyse

Transparency– No impact on the applications (in particular existing one) but it is hard to

take into account mobility aspects.

Specific adaptation– More complex

– But it is possible to have a fine adaptation the behaviour of the application and integrate mobility aspects in the application design.

Content


Examples– The precursors– Location based– User assistant– Colaborative backup– Physical web

Implementation

Ambient Computing (1)Main principles

Another way to exploit mobility and embedded systems. In the mobility area, – The user distinguishes his laptops and his real life

environment.- Real life environment: movement, temperature, noises, …

information to be exploited. - Neccesity to provide new models to acces and to manage useful

information based on the notion of context. - To imagine new applications.

- Behind this there is …Ubiquitous computing, ambient computing, pervasive computing….

Context can be related to a location problem, position (x,y). It is necessary to have a strong integration of computing equipments and the real world. – It is based on

Mobile and wireless facilities,Embedded systems,Nice user interfaces

First definition given by Mark Weiser in 1991« The computer for the 21st century »

Ambient Computing (3)Main principles

Principle– « Merging physical and digital world »

Spreading intelligence in everyday objects

Motivation– To help users when they interact with their real environment. – The computer has to des appear and the interaction with this computer have to be

implicit (if possible)– Context awareness (context sensitive))– Information which characterizes a real life situation – Information which relates one entity with its current task.

Three steps – A set of sensors capture information from the environment,– From this information, we have a situation,

– Services and/or information delivering are provided related to this situation.

Ambient computing (3)Weiser’s definition

Adaptative vs ambient computing approach

Adaptative approach

– We try to make applications already running in new environments related to mobility and wireless communication facilities.

Ubiquitous computing

– We assist user in a transparent way when he moves inside his environment.

Context sensitive

Computer use is quite different. – It is not machine centric, but it combines at the same

time information captured from the real world and information from the information system.

Information and services need to be accessible in an spontaneous way depending of the context.

– Two problems:To define and to get a context,

To exploit a context.

To get a context (1)

To get a context = to detect and analyse situations. – Ex. : number of persons in a room, name of these persons,…

Four classes of context:– Computer resources context:

Access to a network, available bandwidth, available resources,…

– User context : Identity, profile, physical location, ….

– Environment physical context related to the user :Noise intensity in a room, temperature, people near a the user,…

– The time parameter: It can be combine with the other context elements in order to be able to manage the context history.

To get a context (2)

Simple methods, – Embedded sensors on the entity; GPS,…– Embedded sensors in the environment: movement detection, light detection,

…

Combined methods, take into account a set of criteria. – Context = set of persons in a same room– Application = to get benefit of these persons in the same room in order to

exchange information based on common interests. – Context related to the physical proximity of mobile entities (communication

range) and of their mobility.

Context exploitation

AdaptationInformation presentation (ex: virtual reality)Performance increasing (ex: energy saving)

Information accessTo extract information from the information system using the context (the nearer pizzeria) Notification

Contextual annotationTo generate information in the SI from the context (ex: observations “on the field”)

Reasons for ambient computing

Why ambient computing is possible now ?– Technological reason

Wireless communications, Short distance wireless communicationsEmbedded systems

– New users behaviourMobile phone, web accesses.

Technological reasons (1)

High hardware integration (small size) – "Systems on the chips", smart cards …

Design of new embedded operating systems– New solution for critical resources management

Energy– Dynamic update of the processor frequency in order to reduce the

energy consumption, in particular in multi processor architecture)

Real time– Programming

Mobile code : Java, API MIDP

Technological reasons (2)

New technologies– GPS, RFID, …

Wireless networks short range– WPANs : Bluetooth, wireless USB …– WLANs : 802.11 a/b/g, which can be used either in the ad hoc or

infrastructure mode – Cellular networks : 2G/2.5G (GSM / GPRS), 3G (UMTS)– Future networks 4G : discontinuous coverage networks based on

very high bandwidth network (info station) and traditional cellular networks.

New behaviour

New vision of the computer due to the development of internet. People are more reactive to the deployment of implicit information systems. – Mobile phone uses anytime, anyway – New local services are increasing

Calendar, distributed agendaSMS, MMSWeb access (WAP)….

Content


Examples– The precursors– Location based– User assistant– Collaborative backup– Physical web

Implementation

The first ones: ParcTab (1)

ParcTab project Xerox-ParcA campus especially equipped with– Each user has a small computer

(the tab) with a tactile screen and an hand written recognized system.

– The computer is able to communicate with a server using infra-red cellular located in the environment

Tab

Pad

boardUser

IR antenna


The first ones : ParcTab (3)

TAB

TAB

TAB

SHELL

MAIL

CALENDAR

VOTE

SHELL

MAIL

CALENDAR

LOCATE

SHELL

MEMOS

General architecture

Tab Transceiver IRGateway

Ethernet

ParcTabAgent

Applications

The user location is based on the infra-red cellular in the physical environment. Applications– « classical ones »

Information access using the cellular network. MailsLocation et paging

– Contextual applications Group management and shared board, Resource selection (printer, fax,…) taking into account the physical proximity ( to be closed to an infra red access point)To activate an application taking into account a specific context.


The first ones: Active Badge (1)

Designed at the ATT lab CambridgeFirst system provided an indoor positioningGoal– To localized people in a

building– The first idea was to

help the phone operator to ring a fix phone in the nearest office near be the called person

Individual tag with low energy consumption

– Infra red communication– A beacon is sent every 15 seconds

toward a (infra red) sensor

Sensor network in a building– Connected using phone circuit– Each sensor is able to store upto

20 user uid before processing

A master station is connected to this sensor network in order to deliver user identifier to the phone operator.

QuickTime™ et undécompresseur TIFF (non compressé)

sont requis pour visionner cette image.

The first ones : Active Badge (2)

The first ones: Active Badge (3)

Commands provided to the operatorFIND (name)

– To localize the current tag and deliver the five last localizations of this tag.

WITH (name)– To localize the current tag and deliver information related to proximity tags.

LOOK (location)– Look for tag near a given location.

NOTIFY (name)– Alarm toward a specific tag. ( the alarm is delayed until the tag is closed to the

sensor network).

HISTORY (name)– To deliver the history of a tag location during the last hour.

Mainly oriented on the physical location of users – ex. : Smart Floor

Major problems– Cost for deployment– Confidentiality.

Application domains– WEB Technologies: Cooltown, Mobisaic– Assistant for visit

Museums : HippieCities : Lancaster’s guide, CyberGuide, GUIDE, Smart SightCampus : Metraunot, C-Map

– Assistant for shopping : ShopNavi

Location systems

Smart Floor

System to identify and to locate an user– Researches done at Georgia Tech.– To propose a new solution which differs from the classical

ones based on tag or voice recognition

Based on the measure of biometric parameters Biometric parameter: GRF (Ground Reaction Force),To define a GRF signature for each user,To identify a user from the comparison between the current GRF and the GRF database where all the GRF are stored.

– Efficiency of the recognition: 90 % (group of twenty users).

Application– Information delivery to students on interactive board depend

on the identification.

MobisaicLocation sensitive information system. – Based on a WEB architecture– Informations are stored on http servers.– User accesses to servers are based on a wireless network.

Two basics mechanisms– Dynamic URLs

Environment variables are part of URLs– Ex. : http://www/offices/$(location).html

Association: dynamic URL to static URL is done on the client appliance

– Dynamic documentsA web page is updated as soon as the user context is changing, (for example his location).

– The client is linked explicitly to variables,– This linking operation is managed by the infrastructure

Cooltown (1)Principles

Déveloped by the HP LabsGoals– To combined the web infrastructure and the basic concepts behind ambient

computing. – Attach a virtual representation to places people, day life objects,…

Each entity is associated to a set of web pages, the access to these web page is related to the physical proximity. Web presence– Either we have a local server associated to an object (printer, video

projector,…)– Either a remote server is in charge of providing information, the access is

initiated from an object, (ex: painter in a museum).

CoolTown (2)CoolTown in a meeting room

URL

Place Web Portal-Reservation

-Printer

-Electronic whiteboard

-People

Internet

URL

Place manager

URL

URL Chat

Print

CoolTown (3)web presence on a passive object

tag WWW

1. Get id

2. Transformation en URL

3. Get HTTP

Tag resolver

Lancaster’s guide (1)

Electronic guide for tourism in the old Lancaster city. Experiment with 60 users during four weeks. Experimental architecture– Tablets PC– WiFi 802.11

Physical location based on WiFi cellular.

Lancaster’s guide (2)Main characteristics of the information system:– Dynamic and distributed– Based on

Geographical information,Hypertext information

Implementation of data caches to mask disconnection problems, (between two WiFi cellulars) – However these data are considered dirty if

the disconnection time is too long, (data will be out of the location context)

castle

galery

coffee

Localisation object

References between objects

PagesHTML

Link to an html page

Interactive guide to find informationNavigation into the city using a map providing by the system. Creation d’un tour personalized tour.,Communication with other visitorsConnection with others services (hotels, restaurants).

Lancaster’s guide (3)Applications

C-MAP system

System for guide tours in museums– To allow to users to locate points of interest on a map.

– To take into account the profile of the users, (semantic map)Dynamic management of a personalized visit.

– User location based on active badge (ATT) Size of a cellular, two meters.

Information stored on a centralized server, accessed using a WLAN. – The UID of the tag of a user are sent using html.

Metraunot system

Guide system on a campus– Design to give the good direction to users.

– Localisation is based on bar code. Bar codes are associated to events which are automatiquely integrated in the user information system.

– Information is stored on three servers connected using WLAN. (1) A data base for localisations

(2) A data base to store information about user location.

(3) A data base for events

– The appliance is responsible to syntetize a context using (1) and (3) and find the user direction using (2).

Applications designed to help the client in a shop. – Exploits a richer context than those which are based only on localization.

– Take into account the physical proximity of products in the shop. Can be used to personalize advertisement.

Can be used to build user profiles

– Ex:WEB navigation in a shop,Ajout de la dimension physique à la navigation WEB

ShopNavi (SONY)– The client get directly information related to the product he is taking off,

– Help to localize a productVirtual reality.

Shopping applications

This assistant is based on past events

Forget-me-not– To create a data base of context in order to help

the user to find a past situation.

– Requests on this data base such that «is ju-Julio present? »

– Similar architecture to Parc Tab (Xerox) The Tab collects information related to user activities

– Person encounters,

– Access to an application (agenda, board, …).

User « memory » assistant (1)

Automatic recall of a task to run when a situation occurs. – CyberMinder

Notification of the recall using the communication message system– Mail– SMS,…

Each message has a deadline– The physical context is considered

Notification triggeredNotification process,

User “memory” assistant(2)

Encounters applicationsTo exploit the physical proximity of mobile users – To enrich encounters with contextual services, – Major interest with Bluetooth

Simple interactions …– Proxy Lady

Notifications triggered when proximate interesting profile are discovered (mails exchange)

– More complex complex…– Proem

Automatic exhange of user profile, (professional cards),

– Side SurferAutomatic exchange of interesting documents based on user profile.

48

Collaborative backupMosaic

Risk of data loss when the device fails

Before, data were producedon fixed station.

Now, new devices create data during disconnection period

Short-range wireless communications(WiFi, BlueTooth, etc…) ‏

Mobile terminals(cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras, mobile sensors, mobile robots, ...)‏

New data(Pictures, movies, schedules, contact lists, etc…)‏

A collaborative backup system can copewith this problem

49

Collaborative backupMoSAIC running

Scenario :– Alice takes notes on her devices during a meeting

– After the meeting, she takes the bus home

– Once at home, she notices that she has lost her PDA

Loss of the device Loss of data– But, thanks to MoSAIC, Alice recovers her data from the

Internet once at homeThe data have been transparently backed-up on neighborterminals by MoSAIC

50

Collaborative backupMoSAIC's Basic Idea

Reliable storageon the Internet

Very high data resilience

Low data resilience

Short-range wirelesscommunications

Increasing data resilience

Home terminal

MoSAIC uses neighbours interaction to backup data

51

Collaborative backupIssues

Handling data coherency and data dissemination– Fragmentation, replication, etc...– Scheduling replica backups

Resource management– Network management– Memory management

Security– Encryption of data– Trust between terminals

52

Collaborative backupApplications

Personal devices– PDA– Cellphones

MoSAIC - http://www.laas.fr/mosaic

Swarm robots– Mobile robots realizing collaborative tasks

Mobile sensors– Delivery tracking– Contagious disease tracking (for animals) ‏

The Web in the psysical space

Motivations– Mobile navigators (Wap,…). – Numerous documents related to physical objects

and/or represented physical objects/ places. Opportunities to access these informations taking into account the physical context. Opportunities to build web site implicitly from the physical world.

Context in the Web (1)

Relative position of a document in the information space. – Proximity due to other documents (or pages)

Example :– Set of pages which referenced a document/page.

Context in the Web (2)

Existing dimensions– References (<a ref=…>)

Static links specified by the creator/writer of the documents.

Dynamic links– Ex: collaborative navigation :

• Clients who have bought this book have also bought this other one…

– Temporal locationThe history of navigation (past/next button)

– Textual proximity: A set of world/phrase which can be discovered in a document

Context in the Web (3) Mobility impact

Numerous « starting points/roots » are related to the physical context. – Examples :

Time schedule for flights in an airport.

Information on a product in a shop.

Attendee profiles in a conference.

Context in the Web (4) The idea

To consider the spatial navigation as a new dimension in the Web, like the hypertext, or historical one). :– In the spatial mode, le navigator displays spontaneously the

page for the current place. Ex: the good scheduling, if I am closed to trains to the airport

– Obviously classical navigation is always available, the user need to choose it.

Temporal navigation (next/previous)

Hypertext navigation (given url)

Context in the Web (2)Looking for information in the physical space.

Association of information to physical objects.

A set of word in a given geometrical space (sphere,…) specifies a textual context. – Example :

« chocolat »,« sarrazin »

cuisine.com

Crepes, Genoise auChocolat, etc.

New applications

Smart space– New possibilities for interactions,

Help to reduce handicap (cultural and/or physical).

Automatic checking– Intelligent frig.

Stock managementGame,Etc.

Content

Two examples (video)Mobility Introduction to ambient computingExamplesImplementation

Implementation problems

To implement an implicit link between real environment and processing. – To get a perception of the state of the environment and of its change

(sensor). – To process the collected data and determine the impact of the result of

this computation on the environment. – Distributed execution in a very volatile environment

– Information are « physically » linked to physical objects which may have a strong mobility

– Physical processing are tightly coupled with physical activities.

Ambient computing application design

Logical approach– GIS geographical Information System

Physical approach– Spatial Information System

PrinciplesClassical implementation

Based on geolocalisation

– Physical -> logical representation -> Physical

– DrawbacksComplexity, scalability, cost, privacy (people)…

Closer cab?

?

GPS

Physical world

Perception

model processing

Actions

Service plateform

Logical representation

Principlesone observation

It is not necessary to have a global infrastructure:– Information is linked to objects

– The interactions in the real world can be considered as the processing of this information.

Ex: Urban transport services

Line# 16Destination: university

Next stop: tournebrideblind: STOP 16 requested!

Arrival time :04h07pm

The Spatial approach (1)

Principles of the spatial machine– The structure of the information system is based on physical objects and

geometrical properties related to these objectsOrientation, relative position of objects, physical coverage of the data associated with an object

– The physical space is considered as a « big memory » used to structure and manage all information. An information item belongs to a shape (cube, sphere, …)

– The addressing mechanism and Read/Write operations are based on these physical properties

– The application control flow is driven by physical mobility

<a><f>

<d><a>

<b><c>

<g>

<e>

Application mobility


Information system built from the physical space.– Data are asociated to geometrical space around the considered

physical objects

– The computation is directly expressed from the interaction between objects from the physical space.

<‘a’>

<12,‘b’> <‘c’,5><‘a’>

<12,‘b’><‘a’> <12,‘b’> <‘c’,5>


Two questions:– How to support spatial addressing?

– How to reflect process mobility in a such information space?

The Spatial approach (4)Spatial coverage of an information– Geometrical property :

Volume– Sphere– cube

To belong (or not) to a volume.

Information structure– Information is structured using tuples– A tuple is always associated to a physical object.

<10int, ‘pierre’string, 50.3float>

<5><‘a’>

<‘somme’,10>


Tuple-space, derived from LindaLinda– Programming language for process synchronisation.– Shared memory between processes – Anonymous addressing based on type

– Linda primitives :Out(t)In(pattern)Rd(pattern)Eval(t)

<string, int>

<‘a’,5>, <‘b’,’b’>, <‘b’,3>

<10, string>

<5,’a’>, <10,5>, <10,‘a’>, <10,’a’,5>motifs

tuples


Instructions– Out(t)

To publish a tuple

– Rd(m)To read a tuple among those corresponding to the type mThe process is suspended until one corresponding tuple is found

– Capture(m)To read all the tuples corresponding to the type m.The process is suspended until at least one corresponding tuple is found.

– Drop(t)To retrieve one tuple, the instruction can be run only by the process which have created the tuple (out operation).


Physical objects are able to:– To publish tuples– To « view » tuples associated to proximate physical objects.

tuple-space management– Embedded computer (mobile phone, access point,….)

Tuple spatial coverage– Short distance Wireless communication. Infrarouge

IEEE 802.11BluetoothRFIDMixed of Bluetooth and RFID (see technical details)


Application design– Building and managing information system implicitly :

Spontaneous construction of the information system simply by disposing physical objects in the space. The relations between the information are derived from the spatial arrangement of the objects.Spontaneous evolution of the information system when objects move.

The Spatial approach (8)Differences with classical solutions

The global infrastructure is not necessarySimplicity (architecture et programmes).

– It is not necessary to maintain an intermediate representation of the physical world (Geographical database)

No centralisation of confidential informayion related to people.

– Easy to deploy (low cost).

Independent from operators. – Free services.

Physical world


Perception

model processing

Actions

Physical World


Processing

The Spatial approach (9)Results

Support for a spatial information systems – Well defined to support spontaneous operation related to user mobility and to

proximate interactions.

Innovative applications:– The mobile phone is the best interface between users and ambient

information systems. It is used as a sensor.

WebWalker, a physical Web

Ubi-Bus, to help handicapped person in public transportation

Ubi-Q, a system to support efficient queue management (DAB, fast-food,…)

Ubi-Board, A fragmented and distributed display.

SPREAD : architecture

Wireless interface

Controller

Read announcerRead announcer Tuple listenerTuple listener Tuple forwarderTuple forwarder Read listenerRead listener

Local TMLocal TMRemote TMRemote TM

SPREAD API

SPREAD engine

•Spatial data manages with four operations (API)•Request application management, flow control synchronisation•Request application management, flow control synchronisation

•Two tupple space management system

•Local : tuples published by the local node

•Remote : tuples received from neighbour nodes

•Two tupple space management system

•Local : tuples published by the local node

•Remote : tuples received from neighbour nodes

•Read Announcer : periodical announced of waiting read (UDP multicast)

•ReadListener : listent to Read type of neighbour nodes

•TupleForwarder : send tuples corresponding to a read type

•TupleListener : received tuples related to a read type

•Read Announcer : periodical announced of waiting read (UDP multicast)

•ReadListener : listent to Read type of neighbour nodes

•TupleForwarder : send tuples corresponding to a read type

•TupleListener : received tuples related to a read type

OUT

Remote TMRemote TMLocal TMLocal TM

Controller


Read listenerRead listener Tuple forwarderTuple forwarder Tuple listenerTuple listener Read announcerRead announcer


OUT <data>

<data>

<info, new>

<tuple, 10>

<data>

DROP


Controller




DROP <data>

<data>

<info, new>

<tuple, 10>

<data>

READ Local


Controller




READ <data>

<data> ?<data>

<data>

<info, new><data>

<tuple, 10>

READ Remote


Controller



Local TMLocal TM

Remote TMRemote TM

READ <tuple,?int>

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,10>

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,?int> ? <tuple,10>

<tuple,10> <info, new>

<data>

<tuple,10>

<tuple,10>

<tuple,?int> ? <tuple,10>

CAPTURE


Controller



Local TMLocal TM

Remote TMRemote TM

READ <tuple,?int>

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,10> <tuple,20><tuple,11>

<tuple,10> <tuple,11>

<tuple,20>

<tuple, 20><data>

<tuple,10><tuple11>

<tuple,10><tuple11>

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,?int> ?

<tuple,?int> ?<tuple,10><tuple,11>

<tuple,10><tuple11>

<tuple,10><tuple11>

Technological aspects (1)

Context sensivity and context description have different requirements, depending on the service/application

– Range

– Reactivity

– Penetration / Radiation properties

– Multicast support

– Built-in security support

1m 3m 10m 100m

HF UHF [Location accuracy; range]

Reactivity [lower bound; upper bound]

10ms

1s

10s

Technological aspects (2) RFID + Bluetooth

Basic principle– Linking the handset (or user device) with other(s)

physical object(s).





Virtual link

RFID : provides connexion parametersand context descriptors (language, etc.)

Regular BTcomm

Obvious benefits :- bypass BT sluggish reactivity- can address non-discoverable devices

Technological aspects (3) Advantages

Progressivity– Leverage on existing technologies

BT was slow to take off, but has reach a significant user base (> 250 Millions phones in 2006, ~1 billion expected by the end of 2008)

– The tag can be used to address heterogeneous communications technologies (SMS, BT, Wi-Fi…) and various devices (phone, headset, … )

Bt addr,accept audio, image, …

Bt addr,accept streaming audio


Flexibility– Support both personal and collective services

– Support spontaneous as well as user-initiated triggering

– Depending on the requirements of the service and the target site, using external tags allows a fine tuning of the context sensitivity :

Selection of the appropriate RFID technology (LF, HF, UHF)

Specific antenna design


Convenience– Physical vs virtual, will the users really adopt “e-everything” ?

tangible objects are still preferred in many occasions: post-it, calculators, map clips, photo prints…

– More convenient : simpler, easier, faster– Too much services/functions packed into a single device: complexity in function

selection. External tags linked to user devices allow tangible and contextualizedaccess to the services.

– Tangible link with the end-user for the service provider / BrandingPhysical cards / Tickets has value



Technological aspects (6)Conclusion

vs NFC– NFC is very promising for many services where user initiative (including

payment) is the way to go.– However,

NFC-enabled phones will take time be mass deployedHow exactly users will adopt new usage is not knownExperimentation is important

RFID combined to existing communication technologies (in particularBluetooth) offers advantages

– Can be used today, on many existing devices– External tags offers great flexibility for the service provider or site operator

Conclusion

Ambient computing and industry(1)

Very hard to find truly ambient computing application in the industry today


Why is it not developed enough today? – It is application domain dependent

Stick management– RFID solutions very well deployed

Mobile phone as the user terminal – Minority terminals (Bluetooth + Java), but it is changing

(50% by the end of 2008)– It is a concurrent of operator technology, 3G/UMTS

Difficult to make ambient computing services compatible with theoperator « business model ». They prefer UMTS.

Ambient computing and industry (3)Who can be interested? – Users who request a rich interaction with the physical world without any

dependency with the telecom operator (economical cost)Advertising, …Museum, electronic newspapers, …

Ambient computing is a simple answer to handicap (physical, cultural), but it hard to make this point important for the society.

One solution: to find partners who are ready to invest in order to build real system/application.


Examples – The U-Japan project running in Japan– Goals:

UbiquitousUniversal,User oriented,Innovative.

Perspectives industrielles (5)

Exemple (2)-U-Japan– Mainly based on RFID

Each object is equipped with an RFID tag or a RFID reader.

As soon as the object UID is read there is a connection to a server in order to activate the associated process.

– Numerous experimentations (large scale aspects are taken into account)NTT DoCoMo (Felica- micro paiement)

Pilots deployed in Tokyo (zoo, Ginza park,…)


Major investments of the major telecom companies. Nokia, samsung Sony Ericsson, Apple…

New appliances (bluetooth, RFID/NFC)New services (geo localisation based, …)

– Operators (Orange, DoCoMo, …)To define new services in order to generate more and more bandwidth (remote server accesses).

Documents

Ambient computing - Università di Romaberaldi/PSD0708/ambient.pdf · xe–Mml copero – But it is ... Why ambient computing is possible now ? ... 3G (UMTS) – Future networks 4G