Amateur Radio Basic Electronics. Class Schedule Topics Topics √ Radio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/B √ Radio Phenomena (09/29) T3,

Amateur RadioAmateur Radio

Basic ElectronicsBasic Electronics

Class ScheduleClass Schedule

• TopicsTopics√ Radio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/BRadio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/B√ Radio PhenomenaRadio Phenomena (09/29) T3, (09/29) T3,√ Station Licensee and Control Op Duties (10/06) T4,T5Station Licensee and Control Op Duties (10/06) T4,T5√ Good Operating Practices, Special Ops (10/13) T6,T9Good Operating Practices, Special Ops (10/13) T6,T9► Basic ElectronicsBasic Electronics (10/20) T7 (10/20) T7– Good Engineering Practices Good Engineering Practices (10/27) T8 (10/27) T8– Electrical, Antennas and RF Safety Electrical, Antennas and RF Safety (11/03) T0 (11/03) T0– Review/PracticeReview/Practice (11/10) All (11/10) All

• Home StudyHome Study– Reading AssignmentsReading Assignments– Home WorkHome Work– Morse CodeMorse Code

• TestTest– Nov 17Nov 17thth

T7 -- Basic Communications T7 -- Basic Communications ElectronicsElectronics

[3 Exam Questions -- 3 Groups][3 Exam Questions -- 3 Groups]

– T7AT7A Fundamentals of electricity; AC/DC power; units and Fundamentals of electricity; AC/DC power; units and definitions of current, voltage, resistance, inductance, definitions of current, voltage, resistance, inductance, capacitance and impedance; Rectification; Ohm's Law principle capacitance and impedance; Rectification; Ohm's Law principle (simple math); Decibel; Metric system and prefixes (e.g., pico, (simple math); Decibel; Metric system and prefixes (e.g., pico, nano, micro, milli, deci, centi, kilo, mega, giga).nano, micro, milli, deci, centi, kilo, mega, giga).

– T7BT7B Basic electric circuits; Analog vs. digital Basic electric circuits; Analog vs. digital communications; Audio/RF signal; Amplification.communications; Audio/RF signal; Amplification.

– T7CT7C Concepts of Resistance/resistor; Capacitor/capacitance; Concepts of Resistance/resistor; Capacitor/capacitance; Inductor/Inductance; Conductor/Insulator; Diode; Transistor; Inductor/Inductance; Conductor/Insulator; Diode; Transistor; Semiconductor devices; Electrical functions of and schematic Semiconductor devices; Electrical functions of and schematic symbols of resistors, switches, fuses, batteries, inductors, symbols of resistors, switches, fuses, batteries, inductors, capacitors, antennas, grounds and polarity; Construction of capacitors, antennas, grounds and polarity; Construction of variable and fixed inductors and capacitors.variable and fixed inductors and capacitors.

Analog and DigitalAnalog and Digital

• ContinuousContinuous• Communication Communication

ModesModes– SSBSSB– AMAM– FMFM– Amateur TV (ATV)Amateur TV (ATV)

• Discrete (fixed)Discrete (fixed)• Communication Communication

ModesModes– Radioteletype Radioteletype

RTTYRTTY– PSK31PSK31– CWCW

Conductors and InsulatorsConductors and InsulatorsIn a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not.

Conductors – Copper, Silver, Gold, Aluminum, Platinum, Steal, …Insulators – Glass, Wood, Rubber, Air, plastic …

Note: Salt water is aConductor, and so are you.

Voltage, Current, and PowerVoltage, Current, and Power

Voltage, Current and Power (cont)Voltage, Current and Power (cont)

• Potential – electrical Potential – electrical pressure differencepressure difference– Electromotive Force (E)Electromotive Force (E)– Units – VoltsUnits – Volts– Unit Symbol V – 10VUnit Symbol V – 10V– Measured acrossMeasured across

• Flow – electron flowFlow – electron flow– Current (I)Current (I)– Unites – Amps, AmperesUnites – Amps, Amperes– Unit Symbol A – 0.1AUnit Symbol A – 0.1A– Measured throughMeasured through

• Power (P)Power (P)– WattsWatts– Units – WattsUnits – Watts– Unit Symbol W – 60WUnit Symbol W – 60W

EIP *

P

I E

Voltage, Current, Ohm’s LawVoltage, Current, Ohm’s Law

Voltage, Current and Resistance - Voltage, Current and Resistance - Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law

• Resistance (R )Resistance (R )– Measure of conductivityMeasure of conductivity– Unit – OhmsUnit – Ohms– Unit Symbol Unit Symbol ΩΩ - 100 - 100ΩΩ

• Ohm’s law - Defines Ohm’s law - Defines the relationship the relationship between Voltage, between Voltage, Current and Current and ResistanceResistance

• E = I*RE = I*R• I = E/RI = E/R• R = E/IR = E/I

E

I R

P= E2/RP= I2*R

What about AC?What about AC?• P(t) = E(t)*I(t)P(t) = E(t)*I(t)• E(t) = I(t)*Z(t) -> for a given Frequency – E = I*ZE(t) = I(t)*Z(t) -> for a given Frequency – E = I*Z

– Z = R+jX (Resistance + Reactance)Z = R+jX (Resistance + Reactance)• P=EP=E22(t)/R (t)/R “mean squared power” or “effective power” “mean squared power” or “effective power”• To determine the effective power, voltage or current, integrate To determine the effective power, voltage or current, integrate

(calculus) the squared signal– e.g. calculate the Route Mean Square (calculus) the squared signal– e.g. calculate the Route Mean Square valuevalue

• For a sine (cosine) wave RMS = 0.707 * peak For a sine (cosine) wave RMS = 0.707 * peak valuevalue

• Effective Voltage = VEffective Voltage = VRMSRMS = 0.707V = 0.707Vpeakpeak

• Effective Current = IEffective Current = IRMSRMS = 0.707I = 0.707Ipeakpeak

• Effective Power = VEffective Power = VRMSRMS*I*IRMS RMS = V= VRMSRMS22/R/R

• Need to account for the Phase Angle between Voltage and Current ( Need to account for the Phase Angle between Voltage and Current ( // ), but ), but that is another lesson.that is another lesson.

Black BoxesBlack Boxes• Rectifier – Converts AC to DCRectifier – Converts AC to DC• Filter – Removes unwanted FrequenciesFilter – Removes unwanted Frequencies

– High, Low, Band Pass, Band StopHigh, Low, Band Pass, Band Stop• Amplifier – Amplifies a signalAmplifier – Amplifies a signal

– Audio Amplifier – audio frequenciesAudio Amplifier – audio frequencies– IF Amplifier – Intermediate Frequency AmplifierIF Amplifier – Intermediate Frequency Amplifier– RF Amplifier – Radio Frequency AmplifierRF Amplifier – Radio Frequency Amplifier

• Modulator – Modulates two signals, generally a carrier Modulator – Modulates two signals, generally a carrier and audio, and creates an output based on it and audio, and creates an output based on it transmission modetransmission mode– AM, FM, SSB, Pulse Modulation, CWAM, FM, SSB, Pulse Modulation, CW

• Multiplier – multiplies the frequencyMultiplier – multiplies the frequency• Mixer – mixes two frequencies creating sum and Mixer – mixes two frequencies creating sum and

difference (fdifference (f00+f+f11, f, f00-f-f11))• Modem – Modular / Demodulator – for digital Modem – Modular / Demodulator – for digital

communicationcommunication• TNC – Terminal Network Controller (Smart Modem)TNC – Terminal Network Controller (Smart Modem)• Transceiver – Transmitter and ReceiverTransceiver – Transmitter and Receiver

109 106 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

G M k h da d c m µ n p giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico

Scaling and Units of Measurements

PowerPower Watt (W)Watt (W)

VoltageVoltage Volt (V)Volt (V)

CurrentCurrent Ampere Ampere (A)(A)

ResistanResistancece

Ohms (Ohms (ΩΩ))

CapacitanCapacitancece

Farad (F)Farad (F)

InductancInductancee

Henry (H)Henry (H)

FrequencFrequencyy

Hertz Hertz (Hz)(Hz)

Decibels (dB)Decibels (dB)

• 1/101/10thth of a bel of a bel– Named after Alexander Gram Named after Alexander Gram

BellBell– Used to power loss in Used to power loss in

telephone linestelephone lines– The Ratio of Power In vs. The Ratio of Power In vs.

Power OutPower Out

– dB = 10 logdB = 10 log1010 (P (Poo/P/Pii))• SymbolsSymbols

– dBm => dB with PdBm => dB with Pii = 1 = 1 milliwattmilliwatt

– dBk => db with PdBk => db with Pii = 1000 = 1000 wattswatts

– dBµ => dB with PdBµ => dB with Pii = 1 = 1 microwattmicrowatt

– dBW => db with PdBW => db with Pii = 1 watt = 1 watt– dBF => db with PdBF => db with Pii = 1 = 1

femtowattfemtowatt

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Decibel (dB)

Mu

ltip

lier

dB = 20 log10 Vout/Vin

Human Hearing Dynamic Range120 dB -> 1 to 1,000,000,000,000

Audio – Human HearingAudio – Human Hearing• Human hearing occurs in 2 dimensionHuman hearing occurs in 2 dimension

– Frequency 20 – 20K HzFrequency 20 – 20K Hz– Dynamic range - ~120dB of dynamic range (quietest Dynamic range - ~120dB of dynamic range (quietest

to loudest) to loudest) • Most sensitive in the 2 – 4KHz rangeMost sensitive in the 2 – 4KHz range• Normal Voice is 500 – 2KHzNormal Voice is 500 – 2KHz

– Low frequencies are vowelsLow frequencies are vowels– High frequencies are consonants High frequencies are consonants – More information in consonantsMore information in consonants

T7A01T7A01 What is the name for the What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric flow of electrons in an electric circuit?circuit?

– A.A. VoltageVoltage– B.B. ResistanceResistance– C.C. CapacitanceCapacitance– D.D. CurrentCurrent

T7A01T7A01 What is the name for the What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric flow of electrons in an electric circuit?circuit?

– A.A. VoltageVoltage– B.B. ResistanceResistance– C.C. CapacitanceCapacitance

• D.D. CurrentCurrent

T7A02T7A02 What is the name of a What is the name of a current that flows only in one current that flows only in one direction?direction?

– A.A. An alternating currentAn alternating current– B.B. A direct currentA direct current– C.C. A normal currentA normal current– D.D. A smooth currentA smooth current

T7A02T7A02 What is the name of a What is the name of a current that flows only in one current that flows only in one direction?direction?

– A.A. An alternating currentAn alternating current

• B.B. A direct currentA direct current– C.C. A normal currentA normal current– D.D. A smooth currentA smooth current

T7A03T7A03 What is the name of a What is the name of a current that flows back and forth, current that flows back and forth, first in one direction, then in the first in one direction, then in the opposite direction?opposite direction?

– A.A. An alternating currentAn alternating current– B.B. A direct currentA direct current– C.C. A rough currentA rough current– D.D. A steady state currentA steady state current

T7A03T7A03 What is the name of a What is the name of a current that flows back and current that flows back and forth, first in one direction, then forth, first in one direction, then in the opposite direction?in the opposite direction?• A.A. An alternating currentAn alternating current

– B.B. A direct currentA direct current– C.C. A rough currentA rough current– D.D. A steady state currentA steady state current

T7A04T7A04 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of electrical power?electrical power?

– A.A. The ohmThe ohm– B.B. The wattThe watt– C.C. The voltThe volt– D.D. The ampereThe ampere

T7A04T7A04 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of electrical power?electrical power?

– A.A. The ohmThe ohm

• B.B. The wattThe watt– C.C. The voltThe volt– D.D. The ampereThe ampere

T7A05T7A05 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of electric current?electric current?

– A.A. The voltThe volt– B.B. The wattThe watt– C.C. The ampereThe ampere– D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A05T7A05 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of electric current?electric current?

– A.A. The voltThe volt– B.B. The wattThe watt

• C.C. The ampereThe ampere– D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A06T7A06 How much voltage does an How much voltage does an automobile battery usually supply?automobile battery usually supply?

– A.A. About 12 voltsAbout 12 volts– B.B. About 30 voltsAbout 30 volts– C.C. About 120 voltsAbout 120 volts– D.D. About 240 voltsAbout 240 volts

T7A06T7A06 How much voltage does How much voltage does an automobile battery usually an automobile battery usually supply?supply?

• A.A. About 12 voltsAbout 12 volts– B.B. About 30 voltsAbout 30 volts– C.C. About 120 voltsAbout 120 volts– D.D. About 240 voltsAbout 240 volts

T7A07T7A07 What limits the current that What limits the current that flows through a circuit for a flows through a circuit for a particular applied DC voltage?particular applied DC voltage?

– A.A. RelianceReliance– B.B. ReactanceReactance– C.C. SaturationSaturation– D.D. ResistanceResistance

T7A07T7A07 What limits the current What limits the current that flows through a circuit for a that flows through a circuit for a particular applied DC voltage?particular applied DC voltage?

– A.A. RelianceReliance– B.B. ReactanceReactance– C.C. SaturationSaturation

• D.D. ResistanceResistance

T7A08T7A08 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of resistance?resistance?

– A.A. The voltThe volt– B.B. The wattThe watt– C.C. The ampereThe ampere– D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A08T7A08 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of resistance?resistance?

– A.A. The voltThe volt– B.B. The wattThe watt– C.C. The ampereThe ampere

• D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A09T7A09 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of inductance?inductance?

– A.A. The coulombThe coulomb– B.B. The faradThe farad– C.C. The henryThe henry– D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A09T7A09 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of inductance?inductance?

– A.A. The coulombThe coulomb– B.B. The faradThe farad

• C.C. The henryThe henry– D.D. The ohmThe ohm

T7A10T7A10 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of capacitance?capacitance?

– A.A. The faradThe farad– B.B. The ohmThe ohm– C.C. The voltThe volt– D.D. The henryThe henry

T7A10T7A10 What is the basic unit of What is the basic unit of capacitance?capacitance?

• A.A. The faradThe farad– B.B. The ohmThe ohm– C.C. The voltThe volt– D.D. The henryThe henry

T7A11T7A11 Which of the following Which of the following circuits changes an alternating circuits changes an alternating current signal into a varying direct current signal into a varying direct current signal?current signal?

– A.A. TransformerTransformer– B.B. RectifierRectifier– C.C. AmplifierAmplifier– D.D. DirectorDirector

T7A11T7A11 Which of the following Which of the following circuits changes an alternating circuits changes an alternating current signal into a varying current signal into a varying direct current signal?direct current signal?

– A.A. TransformerTransformer

• B.B. RectifierRectifier– C.C. AmplifierAmplifier– D.D. DirectorDirector

T7A12T7A12 What formula shows how What formula shows how voltage, current and resistance voltage, current and resistance relate to each other in an electric relate to each other in an electric circuit?circuit?

– A.A. Ohm's LawOhm's Law– B.B. Kirchhoff's LawKirchhoff's Law– C.C. Ampere's LawAmpere's Law– D.D. Tesla's LawTesla's Law

T7A12T7A12 What formula shows What formula shows how voltage, current and how voltage, current and resistance relate to each other resistance relate to each other in an electric circuit?in an electric circuit?• A.A. Ohm's LawOhm's Law

– B.B. Kirchhoff's LawKirchhoff's Law– C.C. Ampere's LawAmpere's Law– D.D. Tesla's LawTesla's Law

T7A13T7A13 If a current of 2 amperes If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50-ohm resistor, flows through a 50-ohm resistor, what is the voltage across the what is the voltage across the resistor?resistor?

– A.A. 25 volts25 volts– B.B. 52 volts52 volts– C.C. 100 volts100 volts– D.D. 200 volts200 volts

T7A13T7A13 If a current of 2 amperes If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50-ohm resistor, flows through a 50-ohm resistor, what is the voltage across the what is the voltage across the resistor?resistor?

– A.A. 25 volts25 volts– B.B. 52 volts52 volts

• C.C. 100 volts100 volts– D.D. 200 volts200 volts

E

2 50

2*50 = 100

T7A14T7A14 If a 100-ohm resistor is If a 100-ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is the connected to 200 volts, what is the current through the resistor?current through the resistor?

– A.A. 1 ampere1 ampere– B.B. 2 amperes2 amperes– C.C. 300 amperes300 amperes– D.D. 20,000 amperes20,000 amperes

T7A14T7A14 If a 100-ohm resistor is If a 100-ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is connected to 200 volts, what is the current through the the current through the resistor?resistor?

– A.A. 1 ampere1 ampere

• B.B. 2 amperes2 amperes– C.C. 300 amperes300 amperes– D.D. 20,000 amperes20,000 amperes

200

I 100

I = 200/100

T7A15T7A15 If a current of 3 amperes If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance?to 90 volts, what is the resistance?

– A.A. 3 ohms3 ohms– B.B. 30 ohms30 ohms– C.C. 93 ohms93 ohms– D.D. 270 ohms270 ohms

T7A15T7A15 If a current of 3 amperes If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts, what is connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance?the resistance?

– A.A. 3 ohms3 ohms

• B.B. 30 ohms30 ohms– C.C. 93 ohms93 ohms– D.D. 270 ohms270 ohms

90

3 R

R = 90/3

T7A16T7A16 If you increase your If you increase your transmitter output power from 5 transmitter output power from 5 watts to 10 watts, what decibel (dB) watts to 10 watts, what decibel (dB) increase does that represent?increase does that represent?

– A.A. 2 dB2 dB– B.B. 3 dB3 dB– C.C. 5 dB5 dB– D.D. 10 dB10 dB

T7A16T7A16 If you increase your If you increase your transmitter output power from 5 transmitter output power from 5 watts to 10 watts, what decibel watts to 10 watts, what decibel (dB) increase does that (dB) increase does that represent?represent?

– A.A. 2 dB2 dB

• B.B. 3 dB3 dB– C.C. 5 dB5 dB– D.D. 10 dB10 dB

T7A17T7A17 If an ammeter marked in If an ammeter marked in amperes is used to measure a 3000-amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what reading milliampere current, what reading would it show?would it show?

– A.A. 0.003 amperes0.003 amperes– B.B. 0.3 amperes0.3 amperes– C.C. 3 amperes3 amperes– D.D. 3,000,000 amperes3,000,000 amperes

T7A17T7A17 If an ammeter marked in If an ammeter marked in amperes is used to measure a amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show?reading would it show?

– A.A. 0.003 amperes0.003 amperes– B.B. 0.3 amperes0.3 amperes

• C.C. 3 amperes3 amperes– D.D. 3,000,000 amperes3,000,000 amperes

T7A18T7A18 How many hertz are in a How many hertz are in a kilohertz?kilohertz?

– A.A. 1010– B.B. 100100– C.C. 10001000– D.D. 1,000,0001,000,000

T7A18T7A18 How many hertz are in a How many hertz are in a kilohertz?kilohertz?

– A.A. 1010– B.B. 100100

• C.C. 10001000– D.D. 1,000,0001,000,000

T7A19T7A19 If a dial marked in If a dial marked in megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 MHz, what would it show if it were MHz, what would it show if it were marked in kilohertz?marked in kilohertz?

– A.A. 0.003525 kHz0.003525 kHz– B.B. 35.25 kHz35.25 kHz– C.C. 3525 kHz3525 kHz– D.D. 3,525,000 kHz3,525,000 kHz

T7A19T7A19 If a dial marked in If a dial marked in megahertz shows a reading of megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 MHz, what would it show 3.525 MHz, what would it show if it were marked in kilohertz?if it were marked in kilohertz?

– A.A. 0.003525 kHz0.003525 kHz– B.B. 35.25 kHz35.25 kHz

• C.C. 3525 kHz3525 kHz– D.D. 3,525,000 kHz3,525,000 kHz

T7A20T7A20 How many microfarads is How many microfarads is 1,000,000 picofarads?1,000,000 picofarads?

– A.A. 0.001 microfarads0.001 microfarads– B.B. 1 microfarad1 microfarad– C.C. 1000 microfarads1000 microfarads– D.D. 1,000,000,000 microfarads1,000,000,000 microfarads

T7A20T7A20 How many microfarads How many microfarads is 1,000,000 picofarads?is 1,000,000 picofarads?

– A.A. 0.001 microfarads0.001 microfarads

• B.B. 1 microfarad1 microfarad– C.C. 1000 microfarads1000 microfarads– D.D. 1,000,000,000 microfarads1,000,000,000 microfarads

T7A21T7A21 If you have a hand-held If you have a hand-held transceiver with an output of 500 transceiver with an output of 500 milliwatts, how many watts would milliwatts, how many watts would this be?this be?

– A.A. 0.020.02– B.B. 0.50.5– C.C. 55– D.D. 5050

T7A21T7A21 If you have a hand-held If you have a hand-held transceiver with an output of transceiver with an output of 500 milliwatts, how many watts 500 milliwatts, how many watts would this be?would this be?

– A.A. 0.020.02

• B.B. 0.50.5– C.C. 55– D.D. 5050

T7B01T7B01 What type of electric circuit What type of electric circuit uses signals that can vary uses signals that can vary continuously over a certain range of continuously over a certain range of voltage or current values?voltage or current values?

– A.A. An analog circuitAn analog circuit– B.B. A digital circuitA digital circuit– C.C. A continuous circuitA continuous circuit– D.D. A pulsed modulator circuitA pulsed modulator circuit

T7B01T7B01 What type of electric What type of electric circuit uses signals that can vary circuit uses signals that can vary continuously over a certain continuously over a certain range of voltage or current range of voltage or current values?values?• A.A. An analog circuitAn analog circuit

– B.B. A digital circuitA digital circuit– C.C. A continuous circuitA continuous circuit– D.D. A pulsed modulator circuitA pulsed modulator circuit

T7B02T7B02 What type of electric circuit What type of electric circuit uses signals that have voltage or uses signals that have voltage or current values only in specific steps current values only in specific steps over a certain range?over a certain range?

– A.A. An analog circuitAn analog circuit– B.B. A digital circuitA digital circuit– C.C. A step modulator circuitA step modulator circuit– D.D. None of these choices is correctNone of these choices is correct

T7B02T7B02 What type of electric What type of electric circuit uses signals that have circuit uses signals that have voltage or current values only in voltage or current values only in specific steps over a certain specific steps over a certain range?range?

– A.A. An analog circuitAn analog circuit

• B.B. A digital circuitA digital circuit– C.C. A step modulator circuitA step modulator circuit– D.D. None of these choices is correctNone of these choices is correct

T7B03T7B03 Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of an analog example of an analog communications method?communications method?

– A.A. Morse code (CW)Morse code (CW)– B.B. Packet RadioPacket Radio– C.C. Frequency-modulated (FM) voiceFrequency-modulated (FM) voice– D.D. PSK31PSK31

T7B03T7B03 Which of the following is Which of the following is an example of an analog an example of an analog communications method?communications method?

– A.A. Morse code (CW)Morse code (CW)– B.B. Packet RadioPacket Radio

• C.C. Frequency-modulated (FM) Frequency-modulated (FM) voicevoice– D.D. PSK31PSK31

T7B04T7B04 Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a digital communications example of a digital communications method?method?

– A.A. Single-sideband (SSB) voiceSingle-sideband (SSB) voice– B.B. Amateur Television (ATV)Amateur Television (ATV)– C.C. FM voiceFM voice– D.D. Radioteletype (RTTY)Radioteletype (RTTY)

T7B04T7B04 Which of the following is Which of the following is an example of a digital an example of a digital communications method?communications method?

– A.A. Single-sideband (SSB) voiceSingle-sideband (SSB) voice– B.B. Amateur Television (ATV)Amateur Television (ATV)– C.C. FM voiceFM voice

• D.D. Radioteletype (RTTY)Radioteletype (RTTY)

T7B05T7B05 Most humans can hear Most humans can hear sounds in what frequency range?sounds in what frequency range?

– A.A. 0 - 20 Hz0 - 20 Hz– B.B. 20 - 20,000 Hz20 - 20,000 Hz– C.C. 200 - 200,000 Hz200 - 200,000 Hz– D.D. 10,000 - 30,000 Hz10,000 - 30,000 Hz

T7B05T7B05 Most humans can hear Most humans can hear sounds in what frequency sounds in what frequency range?range?

– A.A. 0 - 20 Hz0 - 20 Hz

• B.B. 20 - 20,000 Hz20 - 20,000 Hz– C.C. 200 - 200,000 Hz200 - 200,000 Hz– D.D. 10,000 - 30,000 Hz10,000 - 30,000 Hz

T7B06T7B06 Why do we call electrical Why do we call electrical signals in the frequency range of 20 signals in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz audio frequencies?Hz to 20,000 Hz audio frequencies?

– A.A. Because the human ear cannot Because the human ear cannot sense anything in this rangesense anything in this range

– B.B. Because the human ear can Because the human ear can sense sounds in this rangesense sounds in this range

– C.C. Because this range is too low for Because this range is too low for radio energyradio energy

– D.D. Because the human ear can Because the human ear can sense radio waves in this rangesense radio waves in this range

T7B06T7B06 Why do we call electrical Why do we call electrical signals in the frequency range signals in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz audio of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz audio frequencies?frequencies?

– A.A. Because the human ear cannot Because the human ear cannot sense anything in this rangesense anything in this range

• B.B. Because the human ear can Because the human ear can sense sounds in this rangesense sounds in this range– C.C. Because this range is too low for Because this range is too low for

radio energyradio energy– D.D. Because the human ear can Because the human ear can

sense radio waves in this rangesense radio waves in this range

T7B07T7B07 What is the lowest What is the lowest frequency of electrical energy that is frequency of electrical energy that is usually known as a radio frequency?usually known as a radio frequency?

– A.A. 20 Hz20 Hz– B.B. 2,000 Hz2,000 Hz– C.C. 20,000 Hz20,000 Hz– D.D. 1,000,000 Hz1,000,000 Hz

T7B07T7B07 What is the lowest What is the lowest frequency of electrical energy frequency of electrical energy that is usually known as a radio that is usually known as a radio frequency?frequency?

– A.A. 20 Hz20 Hz– B.B. 2,000 Hz2,000 Hz

• C.C. 20,000 Hz20,000 Hz– D.D. 1,000,000 Hz1,000,000 Hz

T7B08T7B08 Electrical energy at a Electrical energy at a frequency of 7125 kHz is in what frequency of 7125 kHz is in what frequency range?frequency range?

– A.A. AudioAudio– B.B. RadioRadio– C.C. HyperHyper– D.D. Super-highSuper-high

T7B08T7B08 Electrical energy at a Electrical energy at a frequency of 7125 kHz is in what frequency of 7125 kHz is in what frequency range?frequency range?

– A.A. AudioAudio

• B.B. RadioRadio– C.C. HyperHyper– D.D. Super-highSuper-high

T7B09T7B09 If a radio wave makes If a radio wave makes 3,725,000 cycles in one second, 3,725,000 cycles in one second, what does this mean?what does this mean?

– A.A. The radio wave's voltage is 3725 The radio wave's voltage is 3725 kilovoltskilovolts

– B.B. The radio wave's wavelength is The radio wave's wavelength is 3725 kilometers3725 kilometers

– C.C. The radio wave's frequency is The radio wave's frequency is 3725 kilohertz3725 kilohertz

– D.D. The radio wave's speed is 3725 The radio wave's speed is 3725 kilometers per secondkilometers per second

T7B09T7B09 If a radio wave makes If a radio wave makes 3,725,000 cycles in one second, 3,725,000 cycles in one second, what does this mean?what does this mean?

– A.A. The radio wave's voltage is 3725 The radio wave's voltage is 3725 kilovoltskilovolts

– B.B. The radio wave's wavelength is The radio wave's wavelength is 3725 kilometers3725 kilometers

• C.C. The radio wave's frequency is The radio wave's frequency is 3725 kilohertz3725 kilohertz– D.D. The radio wave's speed is 3725 The radio wave's speed is 3725

kilometers per secondkilometers per second

Amplifying ComponentsAmplifying Components

PNP and NPN TransistorsPNP and NPN Transistors

Most transistors are made of 3 piecesMost transistors are made of 3 piecesof semiconductor material:of semiconductor material:

Collector, Base and Emitter.Collector, Base and Emitter.

PNP (pointed in pointer) conductsPNP (pointed in pointer) conductswhen its base is more negative thanwhen its base is more negative thanits emitter.its emitter.

NPN (not pointed iN) conducts whenNPN (not pointed iN) conducts whenits base is more positive than itsits base is more positive than itsemitter.emitter.

Vacuum TubesVacuum Tubes

Used for High PowerUsed for High Poweramplification.amplification.

Note this triode conductsNote this triode conductswhen its grid is morewhen its grid is morepositive than the cathode.positive than the cathode.

Compare to NPN transistor.Compare to NPN transistor.

T7B10T7B10 Which component can Which component can amplify a small signal using low amplify a small signal using low voltages?voltages?

– A.A. A PNP transistorA PNP transistor– B.B. A variable resistorA variable resistor– C.C. An electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor– D.D. A multiple-cell batteryA multiple-cell battery

T7B10T7B10 Which component can Which component can amplify a small signal using low amplify a small signal using low voltages?voltages?

• A.A. A PNP transistorA PNP transistor– B.B. A variable resistorA variable resistor– C.C. An electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor– D.D. A multiple-cell batteryA multiple-cell battery

T7B11T7B11 Which component can Which component can amplify a small signal but normally amplify a small signal but normally uses high voltages?uses high voltages?

– A.A. A transistorA transistor– B.B. An electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor– C.C. A vacuum tubeA vacuum tube– D.D. A multiple-cell batteryA multiple-cell battery

T7B11T7B11 Which component can Which component can amplify a small signal but amplify a small signal but normally uses high voltages?normally uses high voltages?

– A.A. A transistorA transistor– B.B. An electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor

• C.C. A vacuum tubeA vacuum tube– D.D. A multiple-cell batteryA multiple-cell battery

T7C01T7C01 Which of the following lists Which of the following lists include three good electrical include three good electrical conductors?conductors?

– A.A. Copper, gold, micaCopper, gold, mica– B.B. Gold, silver, woodGold, silver, wood– C.C. Gold, silver, aluminumGold, silver, aluminum– D.D. Copper, aluminum, paperCopper, aluminum, paper

T7C01T7C01 Which of the following Which of the following lists include three good lists include three good electrical conductors?electrical conductors?

– A.A. Copper, gold, micaCopper, gold, mica– B.B. Gold, silver, woodGold, silver, wood

• C.C. Gold, silver, aluminumGold, silver, aluminum– D.D. Copper, aluminum, paperCopper, aluminum, paper

ResistorsResistors

Resistor ValuesResistor Values

Resistances in Series and ParallelResistances in Series and Parallel

In Series circuits:In Series circuits:

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…

In Parallel circuits:In Parallel circuits:

Rt = Rt = R1 x R1 x R2R2R1+R2R1+R2

RRRRR

n

t 1...

1111

321

Resistances in Series and ParallelResistances in Series and Parallel

RRRRt

321

1111

Rt = R1 + R2

T7C02T7C02 What is one reason What is one reason resistors are used in electronic resistors are used in electronic circuits?circuits?

– A.A. To block the flow of direct current To block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to passwhile allowing alternating current to pass

– B.B. To block the flow of alternating To block the flow of alternating current while allowing direct current to current while allowing direct current to passpass

– C.C. To increase the voltage of the circuitTo increase the voltage of the circuit– D.D. To control the amount of current that To control the amount of current that

flows for a particular applied voltageflows for a particular applied voltage

T7C02T7C02 What is one reason What is one reason resistors are used in electronic resistors are used in electronic circuits?circuits?



– C.C. To increase the voltage of the circuitTo increase the voltage of the circuit

• D.D. To control the amount of current To control the amount of current that flows for a particular applied that flows for a particular applied voltagevoltage

T7C03T7C03 If two resistors are If two resistors are connected in series, what is their connected in series, what is their total resistance?total resistance?

– A.A. The difference between the The difference between the individual resistor valuesindividual resistor values

– B.B. Always less than the value of Always less than the value of either resistoreither resistor

– C.C. The product of the individual The product of the individual resistor valuesresistor values

– D.D. The sum of the individual The sum of the individual resistor valuesresistor values

T7C03T7C03 If two resistors are If two resistors are connected in series, what is connected in series, what is their total resistance?their total resistance?

– A.A. The difference between the The difference between the individual resistor valuesindividual resistor values

– B.B. Always less than the value of Always less than the value of either resistoreither resistor

– C.C. The product of the individual The product of the individual resistor valuesresistor values

• D.D. The sum of the individual The sum of the individual resistor valuesresistor values

CapacitorsCapacitors

CapacitorsCapacitors

A capacitor is made byA capacitor is made byseparating two conductiveseparating two conductiveplates by an insulator orplates by an insulator ordielectric.dielectric.

Capacitors store electricalCapacitors store electricalenergy in an electrostaticenergy in an electrostaticfield.field.

Capacitors tend to blockCapacitors tend to blockDC and pass ACDC and pass AC

Voltage across a capacitor cannot change Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneouslyinstantaneouslyV=Q/C C-> Area/distanceV=Q/C C-> Area/distance

Capacitors in Parallel and SeriesCapacitors in Parallel and Series

Capacitors add in parallelCapacitors add in parallel

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3…Ct = C1 + C2 + C3…

In SeriesIn Series

Ct = Ct = C1 x C1 x C2C2C1 + C1 + C2C2Note: this is backwards fromNote: this is backwards from

resistors and inductors.resistors and inductors.

Variable CapacitorVariable Capacitor

Capacitors store current electrostatically on their plates and opposes a change in voltage.

Variable capacitors have rotating plates to change their value.

T7C04T7C04 What is one reason What is one reason capacitors are used in electronic capacitors are used in electronic circuits?circuits?



– C.C. To change the time constant of the To change the time constant of the applied voltageapplied voltage

– D.D. To change alternating current to To change alternating current to direct currentdirect current

T7C04T7C04 What is one reason What is one reason capacitors are used in electronic capacitors are used in electronic circuits?circuits?

• A.A. To block the flow of direct current To block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to while allowing alternating current to passpass– B.B. To block the flow of alternating To block the flow of alternating

current while allowing direct current to current while allowing direct current to passpass

– C.C. To change the time constant of the To change the time constant of the applied voltageapplied voltage

– D.D. To change alternating current to To change alternating current to direct currentdirect current

T7C05T7C05 If two equal-value If two equal-value capacitors are connected in parallel, capacitors are connected in parallel, what is their total capacitance?what is their total capacitance?

– A.A. Twice the value of one capacitorTwice the value of one capacitor– B.B. Half the value of one capacitorHalf the value of one capacitor– C.C. The same as the value of either The same as the value of either

capacitorcapacitor– D.D. The value of one capacitor times The value of one capacitor times

the value of the otherthe value of the other

T7C05T7C05 If two equal-value If two equal-value capacitors are connected in capacitors are connected in parallel, what is their total parallel, what is their total capacitance?capacitance?• A.A. Twice the value of one Twice the value of one

capacitorcapacitor– B.B. Half the value of one capacitorHalf the value of one capacitor– C.C. The same as the value of either The same as the value of either

capacitorcapacitor– D.D. The value of one capacitor times The value of one capacitor times

the value of the otherthe value of the other

T7C06T7C06 What does a capacitor do?What does a capacitor do?

– A.A. It stores energy electrochemically It stores energy electrochemically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

– B.B. It stores energy electrostatically and It stores energy electrostatically and opposes a change in voltageopposes a change in voltage

– C.C. It stores energy electromagnetically It stores energy electromagnetically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

– D.D. It stores energy electromechanically It stores energy electromechanically and opposes a change in voltageand opposes a change in voltage

T7C06T7C06 What does a capacitor What does a capacitor do?do?

– A.A. It stores energy electrochemically It stores energy electrochemically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

• B.B. It stores energy electrostatically It stores energy electrostatically and opposes a change in voltageand opposes a change in voltage– C.C. It stores energy electromagnetically It stores energy electromagnetically

and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current– D.D. It stores energy electromechanically It stores energy electromechanically

and opposes a change in voltageand opposes a change in voltage

T7C07T7C07 Which of the following best Which of the following best describes a variable capacitor?describes a variable capacitor?

– A.A. A set of fixed capacitors whose A set of fixed capacitors whose connections can be variedconnections can be varied

– B.B. Two sets of insulating plates separated Two sets of insulating plates separated by a conductor, which can be varied in by a conductor, which can be varied in distance from each otherdistance from each other

– C.C. A set of capacitors connected in a A set of capacitors connected in a series-parallel circuitseries-parallel circuit

– D.D. Two sets of rotating conducting plates Two sets of rotating conducting plates separated by an insulator, which can be separated by an insulator, which can be varied in surface area exposed to each othervaried in surface area exposed to each other

T7C07T7C07 Which of the following Which of the following best describes a variable best describes a variable capacitor?capacitor?

– A.A. A set of fixed capacitors whose A set of fixed capacitors whose connections can be variedconnections can be varied

– B.B. Two sets of insulating plates Two sets of insulating plates separated by a conductor, which can be separated by a conductor, which can be varied in distance from each othervaried in distance from each other

– C.C. A set of capacitors connected in a A set of capacitors connected in a series-parallel circuitseries-parallel circuit

• D.D. Two sets of rotating conducting plates Two sets of rotating conducting plates separated by an insulator, which can be separated by an insulator, which can be varied in surface area exposed to each othervaried in surface area exposed to each other

InductorsInductors

InductorsInductors

If we form the conductorIf we form the conductorinto a coil shape, we caninto a coil shape, we cangreatly intensify the greatly intensify the strength of the magneticstrength of the magneticfield.field.

We can store electricalWe can store electricalenergy in this magneticenergy in this magneticfield.field.

Tends to pass DC and Tends to pass DC and Block ACBlock AC

Current through and inductor cannot change Current through and inductor cannot change Instantaneously,Instantaneously,

T7C08T7C08 What does an inductor do?What does an inductor do?

– A.A. It stores energy electrostatically and It stores energy electrostatically and opposes a change in voltageopposes a change in voltage

– B.B. It stores energy electrochemically It stores energy electrochemically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

– C.C. It stores energy electromagnetically It stores energy electromagnetically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

– D.D. It stores energy electromechanically It stores energy electromechanically and opposes a change in voltageand opposes a change in voltage

T7C08T7C08 What does an inductor What does an inductor do?do?

– A.A. It stores energy electrostatically and It stores energy electrostatically and opposes a change in voltageopposes a change in voltage

– B.B. It stores energy electrochemically It stores energy electrochemically and opposes a change in currentand opposes a change in current

• C.C. It stores energy It stores energy electromagnetically and opposes a electromagnetically and opposes a change in currentchange in current– D.D. It stores energy electromechanically It stores energy electromechanically

and opposes a change in voltageand opposes a change in voltage

DiodesDiodes

+ -Current Flow

Diode Schematic Symbol

Diodes are only pass current in one direction and are often used as rectifiers to help convert AC to DC.

T7C09T7C09 What component controls What component controls current to flow in one direction only?current to flow in one direction only?

– A.A. A fixed resistorA fixed resistor– B.B. A signal generatorA signal generator– C.C. A diodeA diode– D.D. A fuseA fuse

T7C09T7C09 What component What component controls current to flow in one controls current to flow in one direction only?direction only?

– A.A. A fixed resistorA fixed resistor– B.B. A signal generatorA signal generator

• C.C. A diodeA diode– D.D. A fuseA fuse

T7C10T7C10 What is one advantage of What is one advantage of using ICs (integrated circuits) using ICs (integrated circuits) instead of vacuum tubes in a circuit?instead of vacuum tubes in a circuit?

– A.A. ICs usually combine several ICs usually combine several functions into one packagefunctions into one package

– B.B. ICs can handle high-power input ICs can handle high-power input signalssignals

– C.C. ICs can handle much higher ICs can handle much higher voltagesvoltages

– D.D. ICs can handle much higher ICs can handle much higher temperaturestemperatures

T7C10T7C10 What is one advantage What is one advantage of using ICs (integrated circuits) of using ICs (integrated circuits) instead of vacuum tubes in a instead of vacuum tubes in a circuit?circuit?• A.A. ICs usually combine several ICs usually combine several

functions into one packagefunctions into one package– B.B. ICs can handle high-power input ICs can handle high-power input

signalssignals– C.C. ICs can handle much higher ICs can handle much higher

voltagesvoltages– D.D. ICs can handle much higher ICs can handle much higher

temperaturestemperatures

Electronic ComponentsElectronic Components

SPST

Variable Inductor

Elect. Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Fuse Var. Resistor Fixed Resistor Battery

Chassis Grounds Antenna Earth Gnd

PNP

Pentode

Triode

NPN

Iron core transformer

DPDT DPST SPDT

T7C11T7C11 Which symbol of Figure T7-Which symbol of Figure T7-1 represents a fixed resistor?1 represents a fixed resistor?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 2Symbol 2– C.C. Symbol 3Symbol 3– D.D. Symbol 5Symbol 5

T7C11T7C11 Which symbol of Figure Which symbol of Figure T7-1 represents a fixed resistor?T7-1 represents a fixed resistor?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 2Symbol 2

• C.C. Symbol 3Symbol 3– D.D. Symbol 5Symbol 5

T7C12T7C12 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a variable resistor symbol represents a variable resistor or potentiometer?or potentiometer?


T7C12T7C12 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a variable symbol represents a variable resistor or potentiometer?resistor or potentiometer?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1

• B.B. Symbol 2Symbol 2– C.C. Symbol 3Symbol 3– D.D. Symbol 12Symbol 12

T7C13T7C13 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a single-cell symbol represents a single-cell battery?battery?


T7C13T7C13 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a single-cell symbol represents a single-cell battery?battery?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 6Symbol 6– C.C. Symbol 12Symbol 12

• D.D. Symbol 13Symbol 13

T7C14T7C14 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents an NPN symbol represents an NPN transistor?transistor?


T7C14T7C14 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents an NPN symbol represents an NPN transistor?transistor?



T7C15T7C15 Which symbol of Figure T7-Which symbol of Figure T7-1 represents a fixed-value capacitor?1 represents a fixed-value capacitor?


T7C15T7C15 Which symbol of Figure Which symbol of Figure T7-1 represents a fixed-value T7-1 represents a fixed-value capacitor?capacitor?

• A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 3Symbol 3– C.C. Symbol 5Symbol 5– D.D. Symbol 13Symbol 13

T7C16T7C16 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents an antenna?symbol represents an antenna?


T7C16T7C16 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents an antenna?symbol represents an antenna?



T7C17T7C17 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a fixed-value symbol represents a fixed-value iron-core inductor?iron-core inductor?


T7C17T7C17 In Figure T7-1, which In Figure T7-1, which symbol represents a fixed-value symbol represents a fixed-value iron-core inductor?iron-core inductor?

• A.A. Symbol 6Symbol 6– B.B. Symbol 9Symbol 9– C.C. Symbol 11Symbol 11– D.D. Symbol 12Symbol 12

T7C18T7C18 In Figure T7-2, which In Figure T7-2, which symbol represents a single-pole, symbol represents a single-pole, double-throw switch?double-throw switch?


T7C18T7C18 In Figure T7-2, which In Figure T7-2, which symbol represents a single-pole, symbol represents a single-pole, double-throw switch?double-throw switch?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 2Symbol 2– C.C. Symbol 3Symbol 3

• D.D. Symbol 4Symbol 4

T7C19T7C19 In Figure T7-2, which In Figure T7-2, which symbol represents a double-pole, symbol represents a double-pole, single-throw switch?single-throw switch?


T7C19T7C19 In Figure T7-2, which In Figure T7-2, which symbol represents a double-symbol represents a double-pole, single-throw switch?pole, single-throw switch?

– A.A. Symbol 1Symbol 1– B.B. Symbol 2Symbol 2

• C.C. Symbol 3Symbol 3– D.D. Symbol 4Symbol 4

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

Voltage Pressure AnalogyVoltage Pressure AnalogyA battery is analogous to a pump in a water circuit. A pump takes in water at low pressure and does work on it, ejecting it at high pressure. A battery takes in charge at low voltage, does work on it and ejects it at high voltage.

Kirchoff’s Current LawKirchoff’s Current Law

The electric current, in amperes which flows into any junction in an electric circuit is equal to the current which flows out. This can be seen to be just a statement of conservation of charge (electrons). Since you do not lose any charge during the flow process around the circuit, the total current in any cross-section of the circuit is the same.

Kirchoff’s Current Law and Fluid FlowKirchoff’s Current Law and Fluid Flow

Kirchoff’s Current Law and Fluid FlowKirchoff’s Current Law and Fluid Flow

For any circuit, fluid or electric, which has multiple branches and parallel elements, the flowrate through any cross-section must be the same. This is sometimes called the principle of continuity.

Kirchoff’s Voltage LawKirchoff’s Voltage LawThe voltage changes around any closed loop must sum to zero. No matter what path you take through an electric circuit, if you return to your starting point you must measure the same voltage, constraining the net change around the loop to be zero. Since voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, the voltage law can be seen to be a consequence of conservation of energy. The voltage law has great practical utility in the analysis of electric circuits.

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law and PressureKirchoff’s Voltage Law and Pressure

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law and Pressure Kirchoff’s Voltage Law and Pressure (cont.)(cont.)

Documents

Amateur Radio Basic Electronics. Class Schedule Topics Topics √ Radio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/B √ Radio Phenomena (09/29) T3,