AMARANTHUS SPINOUS LINN. REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL …

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 8, 2020.

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Mitra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

AMARANTHUS SPINOUS LINN. – REVIEW ON

PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS

Tanisha Dutta, Satabdi Bhattacharjee, Tanaya Ghosh and Prasanta Kumar Mitra*

Department of Medical Biotechnology, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim

ManipalInstitute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.

ABSTRACT

Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (Family Amaranthaceae) is a medicinal

plant. It has been reported that the plant has numerous pharmacological

properties. These include, antioxidant, hepato-protective, spasmolytic,

bronchodilator, antidiabetic, antitumor, analgesic, antimicrobial,

spermatogenic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial etc. It is

believed that these pharmacological properties are due to presence of

various phytochemicals in the plant. Aim of the present review is to

explore the pharmacological and phytochemical evaluations of the

plant.

KEYWORDS: Amaranthus spinosus Linn., pharmacological

properties, toxicological effects.

1. INTRODUCTION

India is one of those ecologically diverse countries which has a rich heritage of varied species

of medicinal plants that have been used as vital tools in traditional and folk medicines.[1]

In

India there are about 47000 plant species of which about 15000 are reported to have

medicinal properties. Roughly about 7500 species of these medicinal plants have been used in

herbal medicine.[2]

Amaranthus spinous Linn. (A. spinous L.) is one such plant with immense

therapeutic potentials and wide variety of its pharmacological potential has been reported.[3]

The word “Amarathus” is derived from the greek word “amarantos” which means immortal

or unfading and “anthos” meaning flower, and thus refers to the long lasting qualities of the

flower. “Spinosus” means spiny.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 8, 1230-1243 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Prasanta Kumar

Mitra

Department of Medical

Biotechnology, Sikkim

Manipal University, Sikkim

ManipalInstitute of Medical

Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim,

India.

Article Received on

09 June 2020,

Revised on 29 June 2020,

Accepted on 19 July 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20208-16853


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The plant A. spinosus L is believed to originate from South and Central America and then

introduced into various parts of Africa like Botswana, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia and

Namibia.

The plant is also distributed in waste places, roadsides and fields in Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Indonesia, Bangladesh, Ghana, Cambodia, Philippines Maldives, Japan and Australia.[4-6]

In

India A. spinosus is found generally in tropical, subtropical and Himalayan regions. It is also

frequently seen in the lower and middle hills (3000-5000 feet) in the northeast Himalayas and

has also been found in Sikkim Himalaya.[7]

A. spinous L. is an erect, spiny, annual or

perennial herb monecious herb. It is branched and grows up to around 100-130 cm. The stem

is obtusely angular, hard, glabrous or slightly covered by a layer of fine hair and may be

green, reddish brown or purple in colour. The spines which are present on the stem are sharp

and divaricate in nature. The leaves have an alternate pattern and are simple, devoid of

stipules. Flowers are numerous, appear throughout the year. Fruit is ovoid shaped. Seed is

shiny, black or brownish-black in colour.[8]

A. spinous L. is known by different vernacular names such as Kantanotya (Bengali), Spiny

amaranth, Pig weed, Thorny amaranth, Prickly amaranth, Needle burr, Edlebur (English),

Kantalo dhimdo, Kantanu dant, Tandaljo (Gujrati), Kanta wali chaulai, Kantamiris,

Kantabhajji, Kataili-chaulai, Kantanatia (Hindi), Mulla-dantu, Mulla harave soppu

(Kannada), Kattumullenkeera, Mullan-cheera (Malayalam), Ch Meghanada, Alpamarisha,

Tandula, engkruk (Manipuri), Kante bhaji, Kante math (Marathi), Kaande Lunde, Bandanee,

Ban lure, Dhutighans (Nepali), Kantaneutia (Oriya), Meghanada, Alpamarisha, Tandula,

Tanduliuyah (Sanskrit), Mud-kerrai, Mullukeerai (Sanskrit), Mud-kerrai, Mullukeerai

(Tamil), Mundla kura, Nalladoggali, Mullatotakura (Telugu).[9,10]

A. spinosus L., under taxonomic classification, falls as under:

Kingdom – Plantae, Subkingdom - Viridaeplantae, Phylum - Magnoliophyta, Subphylum -

Euphyllophytina, Division - Magnoliophyta, Class - Magnoliopsida, Subclass -

Caryophyllidae, Order - Caryophyllales, Suborder – Chenopodiineae, Family -

Amaranthaceae, Genus – Amaranthus, Species - spinous.[11]

In traditional medicine A. spinosus L. is used for the treatment of diabetes, gastric ulcer,

burns, wounds, eczema, ulcerated mouths, boils, indigestion, ear ache, diarrhea, jaundice

etc.[12]


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Different parts of Amaranthus spinous Linn.

A. spinosus L. (Plant) A. spinosus L. (Inflorescence)

A. spinosus L. (Leaves) A. spinosus L. (Flower)

A. spinosus L. (Stem) A. spinosus L. (root)


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2. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

A. spinosus L. has wide range of pharmacological activities. These are,

Anti-protozoal

activity

[Dichloromethane extract of the whole plant]

Reference

Berghofer E and Schoenlechner.[19]

Hematological

activity

[Methanol extract of the leaf]

References

Srivastava et al.[3]

, Olufemi et al.[21]

, Akinloye and

Olorede[22]

Anti-diabetic

activity

[Methanol extract of whole plant]

References

Girija et al.[13]

, Ashok Kumar et al.[14]

, Sangameswaran

and Pandhare[15,16]

, Bavarva and Narasimhacharya[17]

,

Balakrishnam and Pandhare.[18]

Anthelmintic

activity

[Ethanol extract of whole plant]

Reference

Baral et al.[20]


1234


Anti-pyretic

activity


Reference

Ashok et al.[24]

Spermatogenic

activity

[Methanolic extract of the stem]

Reference

Sangameswaran and Jayakar.[30]

Diuretic

activity

[Water extract of leaf]

Reference

Amuthan et al.[31]

Antifertility

activity

Anti

hyperlipidemic

Activity

[Water, ethanol extracts of whole plant and leaf]

References

Jhade et al.[32]

, Satyanarayana et al.[33]

[Methanol extract of whole plant]

References

Girija et al.[13]

, Girija and Lakshman[23]

Antitumor

activity


Reference

Samuel Joshua et al.[34]

Anti oxidant

activity


References

Srinivasa et al.[25]

, Ashok Kumar et al.[26]

, Cai et al.[27]

,

Mandal and Mukherji.[28]

Antimalarial

activity

[Water extract of leaf]

Reference

Hilou et al.[29]


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Bronchodilator

activity

[Acetone extract of whole plant]

Reference

Chaudhary et al.[38]

Antimicrobial

activity

[Water extract of the leaf]

References

Maiyo et al.[35]

, Sheeba and Deepthi[36]

,

Harsha Vardhana.[37]

Anti

inflammatory

activity


References

Olumayokum et al.[39]

, Ibewuike et al.[40]

Analgesic

activity


References

Senthil Kumar et al.[41]

, Jamaluddin et al.[42]

Antigenic

activity

[Water extract of the whole plant]

Reference

Singh and Dahiya.[43]

Antiulcer

activity


References

Ghosh et al.[44-46]

, Mitra

[47]

Antidiarrhoeal

activity

[Ethanol extract of the whole plant]

Reference

Hussain et al.[48]

Immuno

modulatory

activity


References

Lina et al.[49]

, Jin et al.

[50], Tatiya et al.

[51],


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3. Phytochemicals isolated from A. spinosus L.

These pharmacological activities of A. spinosus L. are due to presence of various

phytochemicals in the plant. Some of them are listed in the following table.

Part of A. spinosus L. Phytochemicals isolated

Leaves Oleanolic acid, D-glucose α-spinasterol,

hectriacontane and D-glucuronic acid.[56]

Root

Saponin-II-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-

α-spinasterol, aliphatic ester-α-spinasterol octacosanoate, Saponin I-

β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl –(1-2)-

β-D-glucupyranosyl-(1-3)-α-spinasterol, saponin-β-D-

glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-β-D, glucopyranosyl –(1-4)-β-D-

glucuronopyranosyl-(1-3)-oleonolic acid etc.[57,58]

Stem Quercetin amaranthine, hectriacontane isoamaranthine,

hydroxycinnamates, and kaempferol glycosides.[59]

Whole plant

Amaricin- a coumaroyl adenosine, stigmasterol glycoside

Amaranthoside- a lignan glycoside, α- xylofuranosyl uracil, β-D-

ribofuranosyl adenine, β-sitosterol glucoside,7-p-coumaroyl

apigenin 4-O-β-D glucopyranoside, Rutin and quercetin.[60-63]

Various phytochemicals have been isolated from A. spinosus L. Structures of few of them

are,

Hepato

Protective

activity


References

Hussain et al.[52]

, Zeashan et al.

[53-55]

Trigonellin α- spinasterol


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4. CONCLUSION

A. spinosus L. has in general many good effects on humans as evidenced by its wide range of

pharmacological activities. Some of the activities were correlated with the isolated

phytochemicals from the plant. Still, more research is needed for isolation of other

phytochemicals which may be used in future as drugs for treatment of various diseases.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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