Alternatives to the International Style

7/23/2019 Alternatives to the International Style

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Alternatives To The

International Style



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• BRUTALISM - Paul Rudolph

- Le Corbusier

•NATIONAL ROMANTICISM - Hugo Alvar Henrik

Aalto

• MONUMENTALITY - Louis I Khan

• NEO – EXPRESSIONISM - I.M Pei

- James Stirling

- John Utzon



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ROMANTICISM

Romanticism “is not exactly [found] in the choice of subjects

nor in the exact truth, it is in the way of feeling .If you sayRomanticism, you say modern art – that is to say intimacy,

spirituality, color, aspiration towards infinity expressed by all

means that contain the arts”.

Charles Baudelaire

• THE BEGINNING

- TIME PERIOD - 18th century in Western Europe

- It was an intellectual movement that influenced many works of

literature, music, painting, architecture etc.- It was prepared by a literary transitional movement from

Enlightment , called PRE-ROMANTICISM.

- It passed through different stages that were specific for the

diverse regions of Europe .



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ELEMENTS Emphasis is on emotion instead of reason

Seek reality through intuitive perception

Feeling and imagination

Expression of self is the most important

Uniqueness ( Ideal Human ): Each person should be himself and pursue

happiness in his own way

Romanticism is a direct reaction to the Revolutionary period(Britain: Age of Enlightenment), a period that focused on reason,traditional forms of poetry and science.

An emphasis on the beauty and purity of nature

Emphasis of emotion over reason Belief in the natural goodness of man Belief that nature and simplicity= purity and cities Belief in “The 5 I’s”- Imagination, Intuition, Innocence, Inner

Experience, and Inspiration from nature/supernatural

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTICISM



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Hugo was the one who wrote the literary manifesto of the romanticism. He says “there are neither rules, nor models” for romantics . Hugo presents it, Romanticism evolves as an opposition to Classicism and

Romantic Parnassianism , offering literature freedom of expression through thedismission of norms.

Classicism Romanticism• presents an ideal, static,

objective world • has ideal categories and

eternal types of characters

• has an abstract, equilibratedand dominated by morals

character• simply observes the nature

• preaches rationality

• the rule of the 3 entities: of

time, space and plot

• presents a universe determined

by the movements of history,which is fantastical, subjective

• the nature overwhelms the

character

• has a dynamic, sentimental hero,

who is in a constant search for

the absolute

• artists reinterpret the nature

through their own subjectivity

• emphasizes sentiments, passions

• abolishes the rule of the 3 entities



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THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT

Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic "

although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art.

Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined

the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about

themselves and about their world.

Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in

the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the

Industrial Revolution .

Many scholars say that the Romantic period began with the publication of "Lyrical

Ballads" by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in 1798 .


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The Sea of Ice

Artist – Casper David Friedrich

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

Artist – Casper David Friedrich


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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) is known as the father of modern architecture and

Scandinavian design.

Aalto created his own unique style of architecture and design inspired by nature.

He thought good design should be part of everyday life – and this can be seen in

his carefully considered works which delight their users from one day to the next.

His name in itself means "wave" which later would come to life in his architecture.

An architect, designer of cities, and furniture maker, Aalto’s international style

rested on a :

distinctive blend of modernist refinement, indigenous materials, and personal

expression in form and detail.

His regional and cultural architecture has come to be known as the Scandinavian

style. His work included schools, libraries, churches, housing schemes, university

plans, entire urban layouts, glassware and plywood furniture.



Major Works

1929: Sanatorium Paimio, Finland1930: Municipal Library Viipuri

1937: Terrace House Kuatya

1938: Villa Mairea Gullichsen Noormarkku, Finland

1939: Finnish Pavilion NY World’s Fair

1947: Baker House Dormitory MIT Cambridge, MA

1949: Helsinki University of Technology Espou, Finland1956: Church of Vuokseniska Imatra, Finland 1958 Art Museum Aalborg, Denmark

1958: House of Louis Carre Bazches-sur-Guonne, France

1959: Community Centre Wolfburg, Germany

1962: Community Centre Seiajoki, Finland

1964: Edgar J. Kaufman Conference Rooms Institute International NY

1967: Mount Angel Abbey Library Salem, OR1971: Finlandia Hall Helsinki

1973: Taidemuseo Alvar Aalto Museum Jyvaskyla, Finland



He was very conscious of the need for social settings linked directly to natural

surroundings with the use of natural landscape.

They achieved this through natural living conditions, the use of natural

materials, and integration within the boundaries of landscape and vegetation. Nature, sun, trees, and air all served as functions in creating a harmonious

balance between natural and artificial.

PAIMIO SANATORIUM

INTERIORS



His use of complex forms and varied materials,

acknowledged the character of the site,

and gave attention to every detail of the

building .

The volumes of space created through

clustered overlapping of forms were

articulated with windows, and introduced

views, and motion through curved surfaces .

These curved forms often used by Aalto were,

he thought, related to the anthropomorphicforms;

he was always concerned with the human

factor .

FINLANDIA HALL (1962 –71)

AALTO-THEATER



Architecture in which indigenous building

traditions and materials are combined with

modern design and building technology.

Säynätsalo town hall group, FinlandAalto's massive monumental designs both richin surface textures and traditional materials

were showcased with his control of flowing

spaces, natural light, sureness of volume and

combined with a great attention to detail.

Aalto has designed this building with the

landscape in mind as much as the function,

and the human experience.

Aalto House



FURNITURE DESIGNED BY

ALVAR ALTO



NEO-EXPRESSIONISM



Expressionism evolved from the work of AVANT GARDE artists and designers in

Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the

twentieth century.

SCULPTURAL FORMS SUGGESTED ROCKS AND MOUNTAINS.

• Organic and Brutalist architecture can often be described as Neo-expressionist.

• Expressionist artists Sought to express the meaning of EMOTIONAL

EXPERIENCE rather than PHYSICAL REALITY .

• Expressionism was a cultural movement in

Germany at the start of the 20th century.

• Expressionist artists Sought to express the

meaning of emotional Experience rather than

Physical reality.

• Neo-Expressionist architecture is most commonin religious and public buildings.

Neo-expressionism built upon expressionist ideas.

Architects in the 1950s and 1960s designed buildings

that expressed their feelings about the surrounding

landscape.



Architecture is not based upon symbolism or gained knowledge;

instead, meaning is conveyed on a non-intellectual or emotional leveland directly through the form.

Neo-Expressionist structures are based on the continuity of form and

a tendency to avoid the rectangle and right angle.

Curved and angled concrete or brick faced walls are common.

Dramatic, irregular shapes dominate and arches are common.

Sculpted forms rather than geometric shapes dominate.

Building materials take advantage of modern innovations in

laminates, plastics, stuccos, and concrete work.”



IDENTIFYING FEATURES:

Curved/Angled Concrete and/or brick walls

Dramatic, Irregular shapes, Tendency to avoid the rectangle and right

angle

Massive sculpted forms; Concept of architecture as a piece of sculpture

Emphasis on structural engineering Distortion of form for an emotional effect

Relinquishment of functional qualities for stylistic expression

Cantilevered Roofs

Laminated Woods

Organic Design

Fragmented lines

Lack of symmetry is common



EXPRESSIONIST AND NEO-EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTS :-Gunther Domenig

- John Utzon

- Hans Scharoun

- Rudolf Steiner

- Bruno Taut

- Erich Mendelsohn- Walter Gropius(early works)

- Eero Saarinen

GENERAL PRINCIPLES : Link architecture with the community and surrounding environment.

Neglect the classical architecture Designs that represent the goals inherent in the mind of architect

Inspiration from nature



Jorn Utzon



Jorn Utzon is an architect whose roots extend back into history— touching

on the Mayan, Chinese and Japanese, Islamic cultures, and many others,

including his own Scandinavian legacies.

LIFE Born on April 9,1918 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Utzon’s father was director of shipyard in Alborg (Denmark)

and was a brilliant navel-architect.

Utzon studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen in 1942 . In 1945, he studied with Alvar Aalto.

In 1949, a scholarship took him to U.S. and then to Mexico.

He spent a short time with F.L.Wright & came in contact with Mies van der Rohe .



HIS ARCHITECTURAL IDEOLOGY

His architecture, rooted in deep reading of human cultures, has givenshape to processes of ritual and assembly in forms of haunting presence.

He combines the more ancient heritages with his own balanced discipline.

He feels the horizontal plane – the platform – to be “the backbone of

the architectural compositions”.

He combines these more ancient heritages with his own balanced

discipline, a sense of architecture as art, and natural instinct for

organic structures related to site conditions



The opera house is located in

Sydney, New south Wales, Australia.

The opera house covers 1.8 hectaresof land.

It is 183m long and about

120m wide.

It is supported on 580 concrete

piers sunk up to 25m below sea

level.

Its power supply is distributed by

645km of electrical cables.

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE (1959-1973)

“...the idea has been to let the

platform cut through like aknife and separate primary and

secondary functions

completely.





The Sydney opera house contains:-

5 Theatres

5 Rehearsal studios

2 Main halls

4 Restaurants

6 Bars and numerous souvenir

shops

The concert hall and opera

theatre are each contained in

the two largest groups of shells, The other theatres are

located on the sides of the shells

groupings.



Precast concrete panels

supported by precast concrete

ribs.

The Five Theatres Consist Of :-

- concert hall, with 2679 seats.

- opera theatre, with 1547 seats.

- drama theatre, with 544 seats.

- play house, with 398 seats.

- studio theatre, with 364 seats.


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