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Alternative Liquid Fuels
Brian G. LefebvreNovember 27, 2006
U.S. Total Energy Usage– how much, what for, from what?
Petroleum Demand– how much liquid fuel is used in the U.S.?– why so much?
Petroleum Supply– where does the U.S. get their liquid fuel?
Alternatives– current usage– future prospects
Outline
U.S. Total Energy Usage
Total US consumption1
– world = 380 quads in 19982
1 = http://wilcoxen.cp.maxwell.syr.edu/pages/804.html2 = http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/energy/stats_ctry/Stat1.html
U.S. Total Energy Usage by Sector
Total US consumption by sector1
1 = http://wilcoxen.cp.maxwell.syr.edu/pages/804.html
U.S. Total Energy Usage by Source
Energy Source Percentage of total
Petroleum 38.8%
Natural Gas 23.2%
Coal 22.9%
Nuclear 7.6%
Hydro power 3.8%
Other (biomass,geotherm,solar,wind) 3.6%
Data from 19981
Petroleum Demand
2005 – U.S. demand 20.8 million barrels/day3,4
– 1 barrel = 42 gallons– 1 barrel → 19.5 gallons of gasoline– 67% of US oil consumption is for transportation– 71% of transportation fuel is passenger-related
– cars, motorcycles, light-duty trucks– ~ 140 billion gallons per year!– Nov 2005: $24 billion in oil imports (33% of trade
deficit)
2005 – world demand 83.8 million barrels/day4
3 = http://www.gravmag.com/oil.html4 = http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil.html
America is Addicted to Oil
Bush State of the Union address – Jan 2006
Keeping America competitive requires affordable energy. And here we have a serious problem: America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world. The best way to break this addiction is through technology. Since 2001, we have spent nearly $10 billion to develop cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable alternative energy sources -- and we are on the threshold of incredible advances.
So tonight, I announce the Advanced Energy Initiative -- a 22-percent increase in clean-energy research -- at the Department of Energy, to push for breakthroughs in two vital areas. To change how we power our homes and offices, we will invest more in zero-emission coal-fired plants, revolutionary solar and wind technologies, and clean, safe nuclear energy. (Applause.)
We must also change how we power our automobiles. We will increase our research in better batteries for hybrid and electric cars, and in pollution-free cars that run on hydrogen. We'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn, but from wood chips and stalks, or switch grass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within six years. (Applause.)
Breakthroughs on this and other new technologies will help us reach another great goal: to replace more than 75 percent of our oil imports from the Middle East by 2025. (Applause.) By applying the talent and technology of America, this country can dramatically improve our environment, move beyond a petroleum-based economy, and make our dependence on Middle Eastern oil a thing of the past. (Applause.)
Vehicle MPG
Fuel Economy Leaders: 2007 Model Year5
Rank Manufacturer/ModelMPG
city/hwy
1 Toyota Prius (hybrid-electric) 60/51
*** 1991 Honda Civic CRX HF (manual) 49/52
2 Honda Civic Hybrid 49/51
3 Toyota Camry Hybrid 40/38
4 Ford Escape Hybrid FWD 36/31
5 Toyota Yaris (manual) 34/40
6 Toyota Yaris (automatic) 34/39
7 Honda Fit (manual) 33/38
8 Toyota Corolla (manual) 32/41
9Hyundai Accent (manual) Kia Rio (manual)
32/3532/35
10Ford Escape Hybrid 4WDMercury Mariner Hybrid 4WD
32/2932/29
5 = http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/overall-high.htm
Petroleum Supply
Crude oil supply5
– from U.S.: 5.18 million barrels / day– Texas: 1.06 million barrels / day
– foreign sources: 10.13 million barrels / day– OPEC: 5.59 million barrels / day– OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries– Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Nigeria, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait,
Libya, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (Iran, Qatar)
5 = http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbblpd_a.htm
History of U.S. Crude Oil Supply
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1905 1919 1932 1946 1960 1973 1987 2001
Year
Oil
Im
po
rts
(Th
ou
san
d B
arre
ls p
er D
ay)
Total ImportsNon-OPECOPEC
Persian Gulf
Top 5 U.S. Crude Oil Suppliers
Brainstorm– list of possible countries
Survey Says?– vote from list of possible countries
Top 5 U.S. Crude Oil Suppliers
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1971 1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2004
Year
Oil
Imp
ort
s (
Th
ou
sa
nd
Ba
rre
ls p
er
Da
y) Canada
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
Venezuela
Nigeria
Alternatives to Traditional Internal Combustion Engines
Other fuels– ethanol (current, flex-fuel, or dedicated vehicles)6
– mixed alcohols– biodiesel (in standard diesel engine)7
– compressed natural gas8
Gasoline-battery hybrids9
– plug-in hybrids (aftermarket now, production later?)10
Electric-only vehicles– cars11
– scooters– bicycles12
6 = http://www.e85fuel.com/index.php
7 = http://www.biodiesel.org/8 = http://automobiles.honda.com/models/civic_gx_phill.asp?ModelName=Civic+GX
9 = http://autos.msn.com/advice/article.aspx?contentid=402256010 = http://www.calcars.org/vehicles.html
11 = http://www.evworld.com/12 = http://www.ebikes.ca/hubmotors.shtml
Alternatives to Traditional Internal Combustion Engines
Nov 2006 PRISM
Can engineers serve up enough cellulosic ethanol to quench our thirst for foreign oil?
Alternative Liquid Fuels Facts #1
Gasoline additives to boost octane rating– MTBE
– good: octane, volatility, pipeline shipping, energy– bad: groundwater damage
– ethanol– good: octane, groundwater damage– bad: volatility, pipeline shipping
– mixed alcohols– good: everything
Biodiesel– good: reduced emissions (except NOx)– bad: cold-temperature gelling, vehicle fuel pumping
Alternative Liquid Fuels Facts #2
U.S. gasoline consumption: 140 billion gallons / yr– ethanol: 4.2 billion gallons in 2005
– produced from corn– now at 5.1 billion gallons of capacity– 3.8 billion gallons of capacity in construction13
– biodiesel: 25 million gallons14
Net energy debate– 1 unit of fossil fuel produces:
– 3.2 units of biodiesel– 1.3 units of bioethanol– 0.81 units of gasoline
13 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/locations/14 = http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/
U.S. Ethanol Production Facilities
Expanding Production of Alternative Liquid Fuels
Can we make more using CURRENT methods?– ethanol 2005: 14% of corn crop to ethanol15
– 1.575 billion bushels (out of 11 billion bushels)– biodiesel: 5 billion gallons of vegetable oil TOTAL16
– 300 million gallons as waste cooking oil– soybean, rapeseed, mustard
Can we make more with NEW methods?– ethanol: obtain sugars from “waste biomass”
– Corn stover, wheat straw, wood chips, paper– Energy crops (switchgrass, energy cane)
– biodiesel: algaculture– 250x the amount of oil per acre, compared to
soybeans
15 = http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=180416 = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
Current Ethanol Production Methods
Dry mill process is most popular in the U.S.17
– similar to beer production– Freshman Clinic 2 with Farrell or Lefebvre
17 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/made/
Future Fuel Production Methods
Mixed Alcohol (MixAlco) method– presentation at:
http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/holtzapple_v3.html
– slides at:
http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
– make fuel from anything!– biomass, sewage sludge, garbage– pretreat with lim– ferment with “natural” organisms to acids– collect acid salts (e.g calcium acetate)– thermally convert to ketone– hydrogenate to alcohol (e.g. Raney nickel
catalyst)
Future Ethanol Production Methods
Ethanol from lignocellulose17
– similar to current method– additional pretreatment to liberate sugars from
complex polymers of 5- and 6- carbon sugars
17 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/made/
Ethanol from Lignocellulose
Renewable fuels standard– 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol by 2012– cheaper feedstock
– renewable supply of 1.3 billion tons / yr18
– Ccorn stover: 250 million tons, 50-66% usable19
– 68 gallons of ethanol / ton of corn stover, 3 tons / acre
– move to higher yield biomass could boost supply– More expensive processing
– chemical pretreatment– enzymatic pretreatment– fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon sugars in the
presence of inhibitors formed during pretreatments
18 = Perlack, R.B., Wright, L.L., Turhollow, A., Graham, R.L., Stokes, B., and Erbach, D.C., “Biomass as a feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: the technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply,” U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of
Agriculture (2005). Available at http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf19 = Morris, D. (2001). Biomass: which road to take. Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Available at: http://
www.newrules.org/de/biomassstrategy.pdf20 = Glassner, D.A., Hettenhaus, J.R., and Schechinger, T.M. (1998). Corn stover collection project. BioEnergy98: expanding bioenergy
partnerships. Available at: http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/bio98paper.pdf
Sources of Lignocellulose
Switchgrass21
– 3.4 tons / (acre * yr)– 1150 gallons ethanol / acre
21 = http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html
Sources of Lignocellulose
Energy Cane22
– 30 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
Sources of Lignocellulose
Energy Cane22
– 30 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
Sources of Lignocellulose
Water hyacinth22
– 70 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
In Practice
Iogen Corp. in Ottowa, Canada23
– 40 tons / day wheat straw to ethanol plant
Abengoa Bioenergy add-on to Spain plant– wheat straw
DuPont and Broin24
– partnership to build plant in Iowa?– Zymomonas mobilis as fermenting organism
– high ethanol tolerance (250 g/L sugar→120 g/L ethanol)
– “low” tolerance to common inhibitors
MixAlco pilot plant in Texas23 = http://www.iogen.ca
24 = http://www.agriculture.com/ag/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/ag/story/data/1160057829655.xml&catref=ag1001
Conclusions
Engineers create and distribute life-enhancing technolgies
21st century challenge is to continue this work in growing “global” market
Energy independence is an important aspect– conservation– renewable production methods
Engineers are making progress on renewable energy independence