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1 9 7 5 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0
ELEC
TRIC
AL
ENER
GY
(K
WH
PER
CA
PIT
A)
YEAR FIGURE 1.1
CHANGE IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Australia Finland Canada USA Qatar
Alternative Energy Sources Including
Bioethanol as a Fuel
Kerry Whitelaw
Abstract
This article details alternative energy methods; the likelihood only alternative energy
can be used and the correlation between non-renewable energy use and climate
change. The usability and effectiveness of bioethanol was also tested through
research of experimentation. The rest of the report was comprised of other research
from relevant sources in order to gain a further understanding of alternative energy
sources. It was found that though bioethanol is slightly more environmentally
friendly it does not produce the same results as regular, non-renewable fuel. Other
findings also stated that though it is not entirely impossible to live off renewable
energy, the cost and time scale leaves too much to chance. Instead, the best option
seems to be to live off these in tandem with more focus on the renewable sector as
non-renewable fuel has shown to have a severe impact on climate change. A group of
pupils completed a survey after watching a presentation of these findings and classed
the information as useful and relevant to their course.
I. Introduction What is energy? Energy, by definition,
is the measure of work needed for a
system to produce something or
change and is used everyday by the
population of the world, without a
second thought. Energy comes in
many different forms: heat, sound,
kinetic, electrical, chemical etc and is
used to heat our homes, power our cars
and even to cook our food. Energy is
not something that can be created. In
fact, through the conservation of
energy we have found that energy
cannot be created or destroyed, but
instead only transferred from one form
to another.
Due to the numerous forms of
technology; increasing numbers of cars
on the road and the rapidly growing
industry sectors, the demand for energy
has grown in the past few decades. For
example, average electrical energy
consumption of the world has
increased from 1200kWh per capita in
1971 to over 3000 kWh per capita in
2013 (Bank, 2014).
As shown in figure 1.1, the world’s
electrical energy demand is rising
(Bank, 2014), this energy must be
supplied somehow and since their
discovery, fossil fuels have been the
world’s leading suppliers of energy.
Fossil fuels are fuels from natural
sources and are in the form of coal, gas
and oil. They are the remains of living
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
1960 2013
% o
f to
tal E
ne
rgy
Years Figure 1.2
% of Fossil Fuels Used in Total Energy
Australia
Germany
Nehterlands
UK
US
organisms and are a result of millions
of years of high pressure and
temperature conditions.
As shown in figure 1.2, fossil fuels
play a crucial role in many countries
source of energy, but how is energy
released from fossil fuels such as coal,
gas and oil? In order to release energy
from fossil fuels they must be burned.
As these fossil fuels are burned,
pollutants are emitted along with the
useful energy. Combustion is an
exothermic reaction meaning that
energy is released from the reaction.
There are two forms of combustion,
complete combustion and incomplete
combustion. In complete combustion,
the reactant is completely burned in
oxygen and the products are water and
carbon dioxide (CO2, a greenhouse
gas), in incomplete combustion, the
reactant is not completely burned in
oxygen and the products are water and
carbon monoxide (CO). Water vapour
is actually a greenhouse gas, meaning
that is has a significant impact on the
climate crisis. CO2 and CO are also
products of these reactions, both are
able to cause significant damage to the
ozone and even cause respiratory
problems. The major problem with
CO2 is that it is a greenhouse gas,
which contributes to climate change.
Another problem we face with burning
fossil fuels is the natural traces of
sulfur present in these hydrocarbons
such as coal. This means that when
combustion takes place, the Sulfur is
oxidised (gain of oxygen bonds)
making sulfurdioxide (SO2) (Bitesize,
2011). This by-product has an extreme
environmental effect through its
creation of acid rain. This happens as
SO2 is a soluble non-metal oxide and
therefore when it reacts with water in
the atmosphere, H2SO4 is created and
the water turns acidic. Sulfurdioxide
also plays a large role in human
respiratory problems. Another
contributor to acid rain is NOx which is
created when nitrogen and oxygen
react at a high temperature. This
creates NO which is release into the
atmosphere from the likes of car
engines and burning fossil fuels.
When in the atmosphere, the NO reacts
with oxygen to become NO2, which
forms acid rain and causes respiratory
problems (BBC, 2014). Due to fossil
fuels releasing these pollutants,
greenhouse gases, soil and water have
been tainted by acid rain, natural crop
production is becoming increasingly
difficult and the temperature of the
earth is rising. One final problem with
fossil fuels is that they are finite and so
will eventually run out.
So how do we fix these problems?
How do we ensure a greener future
whilst also guaranteeing that our
energy needs are satisfied? Perhaps our
answer lies in renewable energy.
Renewable energy is energy produced
by utilizing natural occurrences such as
wind, waves and sunlight unlike fossil
fuels these are not finite and will last
until the sun dies. By harnessing these,
no harmful by products are formed,
except in the production of receptors
such as wind turbines.
Renewable energy is incredibly
important. Climate change is
becoming a growing problem, to put
this in perspective; many governments
have placed the threat held by climate
change next to that of terrorism. Is it
possible to live without fossil fuels
though? Dr David McKay of the
University of Cambridge considered a
point in time where we are without
fossil fuels. In his conclusion, Dr
McKay decided that, in theory, it
would be possible to live off of
sustainable energy alone however the
cost and vast changes may cause
problems (Engineering.com, Online).
Through this, we know that there is
still a way we can live on sustainable
energy creating a greener future, jobs
and security in the energy industry.
II. Wave Power
Wave power is a form of renewable
energy which transforms the natural
occurrence of waves into energy. Due
to the lack of emissions from this
process, it makes it an incredibly green
way of energy production. There are
several methods of harnessing waves
for energy. The first is using a
chamber and a generator. A chamber
is built half in the water half out.
When a wave hits the chamber the
water in the chamber is forced to rise
as well as the air in the chamber.
When the air is forced up it has
nowhere to go but through a turbine
powered generator. The force of the
air causes the turbine to turn as well as
the generator. From there the
generator transforms the kinetic energy
into electrical energy (Resources,
Online).
Another method used in harnessing
wave power is that of the Pelamis
wave energy converter. In design it
looks like a giant snake in the water.
The Pelamis wave energy converter
Figure 2.1 (Olson, 2010)
works through the use of pistons inside
it. Hinges that attach different sections
of the “snake” are connected to pistons
which sit inside a cylinder. When the
wave moves the snake the hinges and
pistons also move. The pistons move
hydraulic fluid through to a motor
which is attached to an electrical
generator. The electricity from the
generator is then sent to the shore
through a sub-sea cable, allowing the
electricity to be used by the national
grid.
Figure 2.2 (ONLINE, 2012)
These are the two main sources of
wave energy, both of which are
incredibly promising. However the
question remains, how much energy is
wave power capable of producing?
The World Energy Council, a UN
approved body that looks to inform
large organizations and countries on
energy strategies and statistics,
estimates that around 2 terawatts of
power can be produced from the
Earth’s oceans solely from wave
power. To put this in perspective, this
figure is roughly twice the world’s
current electricity production (Green,
Online).
Another factor that needs to be taken
into account when discussing wave
power is how cost effective and
efficient the system is. There is no
point in spending millions of pounds
on a project which does not deliver a
suitable amount of electricity to put
into the grid. Not many studies have
been conducted into the chamber
method; however the Pelamis wave
snake had immense results with an
efficiency level of roughly 70% (index,
2011). This is promising as it shows
that the work and money put onto this
device delivers satisfactory results.
Though the pros of wave power as a
green source of alternative energy
production are extensive, the cons must
also be analysed. One of the main
problems many companies and
governments run into when discussing
wave power is the large upfront cost.
Though wave power is one of the less
pricey alternatives in terms of running
cost and maintenance, it does take a
large sum of money to initially
produce. Pelamis launched the wave
snake first in Portugal with the initial
cost of the project reaching a
staggering €9 million (website,
Online), equivalent to around
£7,650,000. Due to this large cost
many are reluctant to implement this
source.
Another possible issue that wave
power poses is a threat to marine life.
With the presence of these devices in
the water or on the shoreline, marine
life is disturbed. There are many
points that can have an impact on sea
life. The receptor itself; the cable that
attaches it to the sea bed or the anchor
within the seabed itself. The
construction of the receiver on the
shoreline, and the alternative routes
that boats may need to take meaning
that more surface are on the sea is
used, rather than just a small amount
for transport. The hydraulic fluid
present in the snake can seep into the
sea if anything were to break the snake,
causing a severe environmental impact.
Another possible downside of wave
power, is the by-products and
emissions present in the actual
production of these receptors. For the
shoreline wave power receptor,
construction crews and equipment will
need to be present; therefore the fumes
from work vehicles will have an
impact on the environment. The
production of the Pelamis wave snake
will also produce greenhouse gases due
to the large amount of metal and
plastic used.
Many of these problems are similar to
that of any energy source, i.e. the
building of power stations. However,
some of these problems are fairly
severe, so how can we ensure that the
problems are avoided in the future?
In terms of the hydraulic fluid, using a
water soluble alternative may be the
answer. Therefore, in the case of a
spillage or a snake breaking, the
marine life is not harmed.
Other than this, there is no obvious fix
for the impact wave energy has on
marine life, or the cost to produce
products such as the Pelamis wave
snake. Due to these severe
implications wave energy is perhaps
not the first choice for an alternative
energy source.
III. Wind Power The world’s most common method in
the production of green energy is wind
power. For centuries wind has been
used from grinding corn to pumping
water however the more recent
application is of that to produce
electricity. A typical wind turbine is
made up of three rotors which sit atop
a tower that is anchored in the ground.
In order for the rotors to spin, they
must act opposite to the wind. The
force of the wind pushes against the
rotors and causes them to turn, this
then causes the shaft- which is
connected to the rotors- to turn as well.
The shaft is connected to a gearbox
which turns when the shaft does, this is
then connected to a generator which
converts the mechanical energy of the
gearbox to electrical energy (Layton,
Online).
Figure 3.1 (TurbinesInfo, 2011)
There are a few different types of wind
turbines; the most common is the
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine or
HAWT for short. The typical design is
that of a propeller which spins on the
horizontal axis as the wind catches it
(Meyers, Online). In order to stop the
turbine’s blades from catching the
tower as they spin the blades are made
stiff and are sometimes pointed slightly
upwards away from the tower.
An advantage of the HAWT is that it
can withstand strong winds due to its
strong tower, and therefore can be
placed in areas of higher wind speeds
increasing the energy output of the
turbine. HAWT is one of the most
efficient wind turbines to date, this is
due to the blades rotating
perpendicular to the wind and therefore
the wind pushes the blades through the
whole motion meaning that the blades
never need to act against the wind
(Meyers, Online).
Another type of wind turbine is the
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine or VAWT
which has the rotors arranged in a
vertical state. A main advantage of
this is that unlike the HAWT, the
VAWT does not need to be pointed
into the wind and can harness the
movement from any angle (Meyers,
Online). The main mechanical
components of the VAWT are not
positioned at the top of the tower, but
instead at the base meaning that
maintenance is slightly easier than on
the HAWT.
An advantage of VAWT is that unlike
HAWT they are positioned closer to
the ground and can therefore be
mounted on rooftops in order to benefit
from the high velocity winds many of
these tall structures receive. By doing
this the efficiency of the VAWT is
greatly increased. Another advantage
of the VAWT systems is that is does
not need as high a wind speed to
startup as HAWT. This allows energy
to still be produced even from low
wind speeds (Meyers, Online)
Figure 3.2 (SRM, 2012)
One disadvantage of wind power as a
whole is the image it can tarnish a
landscape. Many people describe wind
turbines as an eyesore, and feel that it
can ruin the image of a country side.
Many projects to further develop wind
power have failed due to public
opposition, with petitions and meetings
being called for across the country in
order to stop more wind turbines being
built in certain areas. Due to the lack
of public support it can be hard to find
funding for these projects and thus the
price can become too much.
As mentioned previously the cost to
build and maintain wind turbines can
be a big problem. With limited
funding the likely hood of more wind,
farms are small, even though they
seem to be popping up everywhere.
Another issue with wind power is the
environmental impact it has. Yes, it is
a renewable source of energy, however
the wildlife the building of these
structures disrupts is immense. Not
only are the animals living in the
ground where these structures are
being built in danger, but the rotor
blades also pose a danger to birds and
bats. The threat is so extreme that in
Australia, the Tasmanian wedge-tailed
eagle faces threat of extinction due to
the presence of wind turbines
(Hambler, 2013).
Another possible disadvantage of wind
power is the turn off speed for wind
turbines. When winds around a wind
turbine reach a certain speed, the
turbine turns itself off for self-
preservation. There have been many
broken and damaged wind farms due to
high winds. The typical speed for a
large wind turbine to shut itself down
is around 56mph (mpoweruk, Online).
The turbine can be shut off in a number
of ways, the main ones of course being
through mechanical and electrical
brakes (mpoweruk, Online).
Though this is a disadvantage, in a way
it is also an advantage. The turbine
shuts off in order to protect itself; if it
were to continue to run it may get
damaged. This would mean that repair
work would need to take place or in
extreme cases, the turbine would need
to be replaced.
There are two other methods however
which stop the turbine and allow it to
be completely shut off; these are called
stalling and furling. Stalling occurs
when the wind speed becomes too
great and the stress put onto the rotor
blade is becoming too much, therefore
the flat edge of the rotor faces into the
wind. Furling is when the pitch angle
is used to decrease the angle of attack
and thus in turn, reduce the lift. This
method also means that the flat edges
of the blade is facing onto the wind, in
order to slow the turbine down and
reduce damage (mpoweruk, Online).
Figures 3.3 and 3.4 both showing
stalling and furling. (ONLINE, 2013)
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4 Another issue with wind power is that
if wind speeds are not high enough
then the turbines will also shut off.
This is because there is no point in
keeping a turbine running if the same
energy output from the turbine is the
energy needed to run it. The typical
wind speed for this to happen is 9mph
(mpoweruk, Online). Wind turbines
have an optimum working speed,
usually of around 25mph. The reason
for this is because this usually
produces the marked voltage output of
the generator. When speeds exceed
this, the angle of the rotor blades needs
to be altered in order to protect the
generator. Though a wind turbine can
continue to function at speeds up to
that of the cut off speed, the higher the
winds, the less efficient the system is.
These are all relevant problems and
ones that can perhaps be holding back
wind power as being a more prominent
figure in our energy sector, so how can
we fix them?
In terms of expense, though the initial
cost of wind power is expensive, the
actual output from it is cheaper than
that of fossil fuels (Crew, 2015). Over
the years, the price of non-renewable
energy has been increasing, however
due to the lack of energy input needed
to convert renewable energy into
electricity; the price of renewable
energy has fallen. Therefore in the
long-term, wind power is actually
cheaper due to its lack of needed man
power in harvesting it and its lack of
necessary energy to run.
In terms of harm to wildlife, one
solution may be to introduce more off
shore wind farms. On land many
animals are seeing the adverse effects
of wind farms, however studies are
showing that marine life is doing
exceedingly well around off shore
wind turbines. Marine biologists have
even been finding new species of fish
in areas where wind turbines are
present (Hill, 2012).
IV. Bioethanol A much discussed subject over the past
few years has been “Is there a more
eco-friendly way to power my
car/motor”. This has sparked many
questions about the abilities,
advantages and disadvantaged of
different biofuels such as bioethanol.
In the US, bioethanol is fairly
common. In fact, due to ethanol’s high
octane rating, a measurement of
performance for a vehicular fuel
(ONLINE, 2016), it has replaced lead
as a fuel enhancer (Bioethanol?, What
is Bioethanol?). The E10 blend is used
in most cars and does not require any
vehicle specifications for a car to run
on this fuel. It is comprised of a
mixture of 10% ethanol and 90%
petrol. As the ratio of ethanol to petrol
increases, a certain type of car must be
used. As the blend reaches E85 (85%
ethanol and 15% petrol) a “flex-fuel”
vehicle must be used (Bioethanol?,
What is Bioethanol?).
E10 has made a significant
environmental impact already, with
emissions being lessened so much that
it is equivalent to taking 7 million cars
off of the road (environment, 2009).
V. Production Bioethanol is simply ethanol produced
by either the fermentation of sugar or
by the reaction of ethene with water.
The reason why ethanol is becoming
such a popular fuel source is due to the
fact that it can be produced from
biological sources such as corn, maize
and fruits. The production of ethanol
starts with biomass which is
predominantly made up of cellulose (a
chain of sugar molecules);
hemicellulose (like cellulose but of a
simpler structure) and lignin (an
organic polymer found in many
plants). This does not however contain
the necessary concentration of sugars
needed to produce ethanol so these
carbohydrates must be treated with
various enzymes or acids in order to
extract and breakdown the plant walls
into sucrose and glucose. This
happens when the hemi cellulose and
the cellulose are hydrolysed. The
lignin however is still leftover and can
later be used in order to power the
boilers for the ethanol production
(Bioethanol?, What is Bioethanol?).
Unlike petrol, it is readily available in
many countries and does not need
importation due to its vast production
possibilities. Therefore countries that
usually have to import petrol such as
India will have a more readily
accessible alternative to fuel. For
example, one possible method for
producing bioethanol can be from fruit.
Many fruits are high in sugars, making
them ideal candidates for fermentation
into ethanol. There are many different
factors that affect how large a
percentage yield of ethanol someone
can attain from fermentation of fruit.
A group of researchers from the
University of Malaya conducted an
experiment into bioethanol produced
from bananas to see how effective the
production was in terms of fuel and
educing agricultural waste. In the
experiment they also detailed how the
highest yield of ethanol can be
attained. Their results showed that by
using a higher temperature; more
water; longer shaking hours; rotten
fruit and more enzymes the
concentration of ethanol increases
(Hossain, 2011).
VI. Fuel Results
So how effective is ethanol as a fuel?
The answer is, not very. As shown in
figure 6.1, ethanol has a much smaller
enthalpy of combustion, meaning that
the energy given out per mole when
completely burned in oxygen is smaller
than that of gasoline.
Figure 6.1 (TutorVista.com, 2016)
This therefore means that the mileage
ethanol gives is not as good as that of
the mileage diesel or gasoline gives.
A company called Edmunds compared
E85 to regular gasoline. They did this
by driving from San Diego to Las
Vegas, a 333 mile run in a Chevrolet
Tahoe. Their plan was to drive to and
from Las Vegas on the first day on
regular gasoline and then do the same
the next day on E85. In order for the
test to be fair, the team hired a
mechanic to completely drain the
Tahoe the next day so no residual
gasoline would be left over. The team
found that on regular gasoline to and
from Las Vegas, they spent $124.66 on
36.5 gallons however on E85 they
spent $154.29 on 50 gallons of fuel.
From this the team found that E85 was
26.5% worse in fuel economy
compared to regular gasoline
(Edmunds, 2009). Perhaps in this
sense then, E85 is not the best blend
since it costs more and gives less miles
per gallon (mpg).
Another issue that many consumers
have experienced with using ethanol
laced fuels, is car damage. Ethanol’s
ability to retain and attract water
compared to that of gasoline is much
higher. This is due to ethanol’s
hydroxyl group as it attracts water
Fuel Enthalpy of
combustion (kJ
mol-1
) Ethanol -29,676
Gasoline -48,201
Diesel -45,700
Propane -49,973
from moisture in the air through
hydrogen bonding (Stefan.V, 2015).
Due to the absorption of water from
any moisture within the tank, the
ethanol can be rendered useless at any
point in the cars lifetime (Lapine,
Online). Another problem motorists
have found when using ethanol fuels,
is that when left for a period of time,
the ethanol and water can actually
separate and thus when the engine is
eventually, the water is sucked in
through the intake valve and into the
cylinder, flooding the engine.
Again, another recurring issue
especially with older vehicles is the
damage ethanol causes to small parts
of the car. Ethanol has corrosive
properties and therefore can damage
and deform small plastic and metal
parts of a car (Lapine, Online).
VII. Conclusion
After extensive research, it is clear that
renewable energy, though theoretically
possible, should not be the only form
of energy we live on. Yes, it is more
environmentally friendly to produce
and burn, however it is not nearly
efficient enough to feed the
continuously growing need for energy.
Nevertheless, we cannot continue to
live off of fossil fuels to the current
extent that we are as the Earth’s
temperature is rising, hurricanes are
becoming more intense and the sea
level is predicted to rise to as much as
1.2 meters in the next century.
From this we can safely conclude that
the best option in moving forward is
that of fossil fuels and renewable
energy working together. Neither is
the perfect solution on its own,
however if we were to focus mainly on
renewable energy, whilst also
incorporating non-renewable energy in
the process an effective balance can be
reached. This gives us the cost of non-
renewable energy as well as reducing
the amount of greenhouse gases.
VIII. Relevance
In order to test how useful this
information is, a class presentation
took place in which a group of
National 5 pupils volunteered their
time in order to try and learn more on
alcohols and alternative energy. The
class were preparing for an upcoming
assignment on a similar topic. They
completed a questionnaire before and
after the presentation in order to gain
an idea of how much the learned. The
presentation was made up of
information from this report. The
questionnaire was comprised of three
questions before and four after, all on a
scale of 1-10. The results were as
follows.
1. How knowledgeable are you on
alcohol as a fuel?
Scale 1-10 Before After
5 or Under 77% 0%
Over 5 23% 100%
2. How knowledgeable are you on the
production of bioethanol?
Scale 1-10 Before After
5 or Under 100% 15%
Over 5 0% 75%
3. How knowledgeable are you on its
effects on the environment?
Scale 1-10 Before After
5 or Under 100% 0%
Over 5 0% 100%
This shows that the information given
from this report in the presentation was
useful.
The fourth question from the
questionnaire asked how suited to the
year group the presentation was, 84.6%
of pupils rated it a 10.
Overall, each pupil’s knowledge on the
production and environmental impacts
of bioethanol was furthered through
the presentation. The class all found
that it was well suited to their year
group and found the information
relevant to their course.
IX. References
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http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG
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Bioethanol?, W. i., What is
Bioethanol?. What is Bioethanol?.
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gas-and-solar-is-getting-close
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https://www.google.co.uk/?gfe_rd=cr&
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Hill, J. S., 2012. Fish and Wind Farms
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https://cleantechnica.com/2012/04/11/f
ish-wind-farms-marine-life-thriving/
[Accessed 18th November 2016].
Hossain, A. B. M. S. A. S. A. A. M. A.
M. A. A. A. M. S. M. H. M. N. H.,
2011. Bioethanol fuel production from
rotten banana as an environmental
waste management and sustainable
energy, Kuala Lumpur: Academic
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