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Alternative Energy Propulsion in Short Route Ferries
Case Study: Halifax Harbour FerriesPresented By:
E.Y.E. Marine Consultants
What is meant by “Alternative Energy”?
Hybrid Green Energy
Reducing Emissions
But Does it Pay?
What we Are Comparing?
Diesel Engines Main source of
power from diesel fuel
No secondary sources of power
Diesel Propulsion vs. Hybrid Diesel Electric Main source of
power from Battery Bank
Secondary sources of power from diesel generator
Plug into electrical grid during stops and over night
vs.Battery Battery
Powered Main source of
power from Battery Bank
No secondary sources of power
Plug into electrical grid during stops and over night
Energy Density
Diesel, 10400
Li-Ion, 163 Lead Acid, 20
Engine Generated power, 4160
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 Litre
Wh
So Why bother? Consider ferry uses 15L/Trip of fuel Ferry operates 67 trips a day That’s 1005 Litres of Diesel Fuel per day. @ $1/L that’s $1005/day
Amount of energy used per day
1005L x 10.4 kW-h/L = 10452 kW-h/Day Diesel engine operates at approximately 40%
efficiency = 10452 x .4 = 4180.8 kW-h/Day Average rate of power from NS power is
$0.12/kW-h Total operating cost = 4180.8 x 0.12 = $501.70
Total Savings of $503.30/day
Let’s look at BatteriesLead Acid
(AGM)
Lithium Ion
Nominal Voltage 2.0V 3.70V
Energy Density 20 Wh/kg 163 Wh/kg
Cycle Life
(50% DOD)
~3000
(8 yrs.)
~300,000
Charge Capacity C/5 2C
Pack Maintenance
$0/ Life time $0/ Life time
Installation
Cost
$20 /kW-h $1600 /kW-h
Recyclable Yes Yes
Battery Propulsion
Total Required Capacity:
Diesel = 10451 kW-h
Battery = 2626 kW-h
Rate of Power Consumption
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66
# Trips
kW-h Rate of Consumption Diesel
Battery Capacity
The BreakdownTotal Power Used = 4238 kW-h/Day
Total Rechargeable Power = 1620 kW-h/DayAvailable Regeneration Rate
600V x 250Amps = 150 kW
Off Hours Recharge required = 2625 kW-h/Day
The Good
Daily SavingsSavings/Day $689.94Co2 Emission Saved 2.49 Ton/day
Yearly SavingsSavings/Year $137,287.57Co2 Emission Saved 907.06 Tons/yr
The BadActual Battery Capacity Needed:
AGM = 6562.5 kW-h
Li-Ion = 4375 kW-h
Installation Cost:
AGM = $ 131,670.00 (@ $20/kW-h every 8 years)
Li-Ion = $ 7,000,000.00 (@ $1600/kW-h Life time)
Over 30 yrs.Diesel PowerEngine Costs $235,000.00Maintenance $609,039.00Fuel $6,000,000.00Total $6,844,039.00
AGM PowerInstall Costs $493,762.50Maintenance $0.00Energy Costs $1,881,372.86Total $2,375,135.36
Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 7,000,000.00Maintenance 0.00Energy Costs $1,881,372.86Total $8,881,372.86
The UglyActual Battery Size Needed:
AGM = 321,125 kg or 87.5 m^3
Li-Ion = 26,840 kg or 13.7 m^3
The Ugly Cont’dCharging Constraints:
600V x 250 Amps = 150 kW
Max. Charge Off Duty
150 kW x 6 Hours x 2 chargers = 1800 kW-h
We Require 2625 kW-h
Now Where?
Need to reduce the Battery Bank Size.
Reduce the Battery Bank Capacity. Reduce the installation costs for
the battery bank.
What are the things we need to change?
SOLUTION?
HYBRID!
Hybrid Propulsion
Battery Capacity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
# of Trips
kW-h
1 Generators
2 Generators
3 Generators
4 Generators
The Breakdown1 Generator:
Required Battery Capacity = 1660 kW-h
Installed Capacity:
AGM = 4150 kW-h
Li-Ion = 2667 kW-h
2 Generators:
Required Battery Capacity = 1000 kW-h
Installed Capacity:
AGM = 2500 kW-h
Li-Ion = 1667 kW-h
30 Year Cost ComparisonDiesel PowerEngine Costs $235,000.00Maintenance $609,039.00Fuel $11,004,750.00Total $11,848,789.00
1 Generator 2 GeneratorsAGM PowerInstall Costs $312,246.00Engine Costs $75,000.00Maintenance $214,839.00Fuel $6,341,825.00Total $6,943,910.00
Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 2,666,666.67Engine Costs 150,000.00Maintenance 429,678.00Fuel 9,277,193.03Total 12,523,537.69
Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 4,426,666.67Engine Costs 75,000.00Maintenance 214,839.00Fuel $6,341,825.00Total 11,058,330.66
AGM PowerInstall Costs $188,100.00Engine Costs $150,000.00Maintenance $429,678.00Fuel $9,277,193.03Total $10,044,971.03
The Physical RestrictionsActual Battery Size Needed:
AGM = 207,500 kg or 53.3 m^3
Li-Ion = 16,973 kg or 8.7 m^3
Li-Ion Only Solution
The Good and Bad
30 yr. Savings of $ 790,458.40
Emission Savings of CO2 = 360.5 Tons/yr Nox = 5.96 Tons/yr
Less exposed to fluctuations in fuel prices
More exposed to fluctuations in electricity prices.
Still very high installation Costs
Additional costs for charging infrastructure required at dockside.
The Good The Bad
From Here? Further analysis required into ferry operating
loads. Further study into optimal generator size
and quantity. Discuss possible safety issues with regard
to stored battery capacity. Look for better battery technology to
improve energy densities. Determine Charging infrastructure
requirement and cost at dockside. Collect firm data with regards to purchasing
bulk energy and off peak recharging.
Conclusion Technology is viable today with modest
savings. Further savings possible with
development of emission credits. Government incentives to promote and
off set large installation costs. Further reduction in price with bulk
purchases of power and off peak recharging.
Satisfaction of saving emissions and helping environment.
E.Y.E. Marine ConsultantsSuite 1, 327 Prince Albert Road
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, CanadaB2Y 1N7
Phone: (902) 463.8940Fax: (902) 463.6319
Email: [email protected]
For a copy of this presentation please visit our latest news section at our website: www.eyemarine.com
