Alternate Fuel for IC Engines

Alternative fuels for Internal Combustion Engines: An eventual freedom from Energy-Environment Crises Prof. L. M. DasCenter for Energy StudiesIndian Institute of Technology-Delhi

Internal Combustion EnginesBackbone of Transportation System

Victim of Energy-Environment Crises

Spark Ignition Engines and Compression Ignition Engine

Estimated World Oil SupplySource: EIA, Long Term World Oil Supply

THE DUAL CHALLENGE

NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Natural GasPetroleumNuclearCoalNonhydro renewablesHydropowerProjectionsHistoryEnergy Consumption by Fuel, 1980-2030quadrillion BtuEIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2007

Chart1

34.2023620.394115.387792.7391692.9001442.594276

31.9310419.9277615.891583.0075892.7579682.712606

30.2316118.5050915.299933.1311483.2655582.719794

30.0539217.3567915.878823.2025493.527262.960638

31.0513318.5069917.059143.5525313.3858113.044835

30.9221517.8339317.464944.0755632.9701923.062536

32.1960816.7079317.243674.3801093.0711793.060363

32.8650517.7443418.017084.7539332.6345083.052424

34.2219918.5524418.885875.5869682.3342653.154384

34.2111119.7116919.100175.6021612.8372633.456946

33.5525319.7295919.177426.104353.0463913.086181

32.8453620.1489319.001376.4221323.0159433.142144

33.5265920.8350819.157096.4792062.6174363.289711

33.8414821.3511719.862256.4104992.8916133.264345

34.6702721.8420219.967796.6938772.6834573.381322

34.5534722.7842720.149797.0754363.2053073.463953

35.7568523.1969221.024737.0866743.5896563.547143

36.2656523.3285121.491866.5969923.6404583.434695

36.9335422.9355821.722837.0678093.2970543.263578

37.9596523.0100921.680237.6102563.2675753.331056

38.4036223.9164522.644887.8623492.8111163.347116

38.3331522.9057821.943538.0326972.2418583.086492

38.4013523.628221.964758.1430892.6890173.146319

39.047323.0687222.371457.9588582.8245333.257195

40.1300922.9910522.527868.2317322.7252193.391071

40.2235822.8641323.366638.0805442.6843483.199024

40.3708622.8255823.441478.2192252.94463.411935

41.3183823.0449723.835948.4093973.026493.681045

41.839623.5484824.286138.4229533.0267173.746748

42.4315823.7311324.824228.4380033.0267913.837737

43.1403524.0434325.085218.4419653.0267914.053943

43.7795624.5441125.192798.4533473.0267914.083359

44.3302825.1441525.521248.4633693.0267914.102375

44.7991825.6577125.5418.4660473.0267894.187376

45.2809926.0683725.593858.540783.0293124.282938

45.6850226.6664925.662148.6585753.0293124.397181

46.1858927.0854525.895548.7959673.0293134.519976

46.7018627.2544226.232028.9446533.0293134.610708

47.2350927.4378726.642829.0386813.0293134.699439

47.7238627.6378627.018129.0852793.0293134.817065

48.1433227.7035827.646289.0892173.0381464.964722

48.5891827.7214528.240599.0892173.0381465.073628

49.0389527.7126428.912749.0892173.0381465.210188

49.4622527.779129.544349.0892173.0381465.323104

50.0431427.7887730.267829.0892173.0381475.476065

50.5726827.7785130.889059.0892173.0381465.569607

51.1770127.7835831.570129.0892173.0381455.703391

51.8190227.7094532.332499.0892173.0381465.782818

52.4275427.6384233.147929.0892163.0381455.868527

53.0197327.540133.929789.0892163.0381455.911229

53.578427.6566434.487179.08813.0381455.985361

Petroleum....................

Natural Gas..................

Coal.........................

Nuclear......................

Hydropower...................

Renewable/Other(excl. Hydro.)

Sheet1

1980199020002005201020202030

Petroleum....................34.2023631.9310430.2316130.0539231.0513330.9221532.1960832.8650534.2219934.2111133.5525332.8453633.5265933.8414834.6702734.5534735.7568536.2656536.9335437.9596538.4036238.3331538.4013539.047340.1300940.2235840.3708641.3183841.839642.4315843.1403543.7795644.3302844.7991845.2809945.6850246.1858946.7018647.2350947.7238648.1433248.5891849.0389549.4622550.0431450.5726851.1770151.8190252.4275453.0197353.5784

Natural Gas..................20.394119.9277618.5050917.3567918.5069917.8339316.7079317.7443418.5524419.7116919.7295920.1489320.8350821.3511721.8420222.7842723.1969223.3285122.9355823.0100923.9164522.9057823.628223.0687222.9910522.8641322.8255823.0449723.5484823.7311324.0434324.5441125.1441525.6577126.0683726.6664927.0854527.2544227.4378727.6378627.7035827.7214527.7126427.779127.7887727.7785127.7835827.7094527.6384227.540127.65664

Coal.........................15.3877915.8915815.2999315.8788217.0591417.4649417.2436718.0170818.8858719.1001719.1774219.0013719.1570919.8622519.9677920.1497921.0247321.4918621.7228321.6802322.6448821.9435321.9647522.3714522.5278623.3666323.4414723.8359424.2861324.8242225.0852125.1927925.5212425.54125.5938525.6621425.8955426.2320226.6428227.0181227.6462828.2405928.9127429.5443430.2678230.8890531.5701232.3324933.1479233.9297834.48717

Nuclear......................2.7391693.0075893.1311483.2025493.5525314.0755634.3801094.7539335.5869685.6021616.104356.4221326.4792066.4104996.6938777.0754367.0866746.5969927.0678097.6102567.8623498.0326978.1430897.9588588.2317328.0805448.2192258.4093978.4229538.4380038.4419658.4533478.4633698.4660478.540788.6585758.7959678.9446539.0386819.0852799.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892179.0892169.0892169.0881

Hydropower...................2.9001442.7579683.2655583.527263.3858112.9701923.0711792.6345082.3342652.8372633.0463913.0159432.6174362.8916132.6834573.2053073.5896563.6404583.2970543.2675752.8111162.2418582.6890172.8245332.7252192.6843482.94463.026493.0267173.0267913.0267913.0267913.0267913.0267893.0293123.0293123.0293133.0293133.0293133.0293133.0381463.0381463.0381463.0381463.0381473.0381463.0381453.0381463.0381453.0381453.038145

Renewable/Other(excl. Hydro.)2.5942762.7126062.7197942.9606383.0448353.0625363.0603633.0524243.1543843.4569463.0861813.1421443.2897113.2643453.3813223.4639533.5471433.4346953.2635783.3310563.3471163.0864923.1463193.2571953.3910713.1990243.4119353.6810453.7467483.8377374.0539434.0833594.1023754.1873764.2829384.3971814.5199764.6107084.6994394.8170654.9647225.0736285.2101885.3231045.4760655.5696075.7033915.7828185.8685275.9112295.985361

Transportation Share of EmissionsStill a major contributor, despite reductions in new vehicle emissions achieved over the last decadeCONOxLeadVOCsCO2Particulates79%53%13%44%33%25%SO27%Source: EPA

Relative Greenhouse Gases255075100ZeroZero or a CreditZero

Alternative Transportation Fuels Are at the Intersection of Key ObjectivesNational SecurityHealthy EnvironmentEconomic ViabilityAlternative Fuels

HydrogenCompressed Natural Gas(CNG)Bio-DieselHydrogen Added Natural GasEthanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)BiogasProducer GasBtL ( Biomass to Liquid)GtL ( Gas to Liquid)and CTL( coal to-liquid

Prospective Alternative Fuels

ETHANOLIn 1880 Henry Ford designed a car solely on ethanolSubsequently popular model t operated on ethanol and or gasolineEthanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose that have been converted into simple sugarsEthanol made from cellulosic biomass materials instead of traditional feedstocks (starch crops) is called bio-ethanol

ETHANOL Bio-ethanol is one of the lowest-cost, most consumer-friendly ways to reduce gasoline consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles

Higher octane number than gasoline reduces engine knock and allows higher Compression Ratio resulting in higher energy efficiency

EMISSIONS

Emissions vary with engine designE85 with respect to gasoline -produces fewer toxics like benzene and toluene-15% reduction in ozone forming voc -40%co reduction -particulate reduction 20% -10% reduction in NOx emissions-Sulfate emissions reduced by 80% -Higher acetaldehyde emissions

METHANOLMethanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 -a blend of 85% Methanol and 15% Gasoline

Methanol used to produce an oxygenate which is blended to gasoline to enhance octane number

The benefits include lower emissions, higher performance, and lower risk of flammability than gasoline

Methanol It is not a commonly used fuel at this time as methanol produces a high amount of formaldehyde in emissions

Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special materials for delivery and storage. Methyl-Tertiary-Butyl Ether(MTBE) production and use has declined due to the fact that it has been found to contaminate ground water

Transportation Fuels from Natural gas

NATURAL GASNatural gas is abundant.Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state CNG-Compressed Natural GasLNG-Liquefied Natural GasComposition Methane and other hydrocarbons such as Ethane, Propane. -gases such as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water vapor

Conversion of Natural Gas to Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) needs a compressor. Natural gas is compressed to a pressure of 200 bar Conversion of Natural Gas to Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) needs cryogenic setup to maintain to maintain the Natural Gas at 40CLiquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) is the byproduct of crude petroleum CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS TO CNG AND LNG

NATURAL GAS (Predominantly METHANE)

Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles emit low levels of toxics and ozone-forming hydrocarbons. But CNG fuel must be stored under pressure in heavy tanks, and the cost of accommodating these tanks must be considered.

There are significant tradeoffs for CNG vehicles among emissions, vehicle power, efficiency, and range.

CNG - AvailabilityTwo types of CNG fuel systems are on the market:dedicated vehicles, which operate exclusively on natural gas, anddual-fuel vehicles, which can use both natural gas and gasoline.

Auto manufacturers offer a variety of both dedicated and dual-fuel CNG vehicles, including trucks, vans, and buses and Autos.

CNG Emission CharacteristicsActual emissions will vary with engine design; these numbers reflect the potential reductions offered by compressed natural gas, relative to conventional gasoline.Reductions in CO emissions of 90-97%, and reductions in CO2 emissions of 25%.Reductions in NOx emissions of 35-60%.Potential reductions in non-methane hydrocarbon emissions of 50-75%.Fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, and little to no particulate matter produced.No evaporative emissions in dedicated engines (such as those associated with gasoline or diesel).

CNG Safety

Although CNG is a flammable gas, it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fuel.Strict safety standards make CNG vehicles as safe as gasoline-powered vehicles. In the event of a spill or accidental release, CNG poses no threat to land or water; it is nontoxic.CNG also disperses rapidly, minimizing ignition risk relative to gasoline.Natural gas is lighter than air and will not pool as a liquid or vapor on the ground. Nevertheless, leaks indoors may form a flammable mixture in the vicinity of an ignition source.CNG is primarily methane, however, which is a greenhouse gas that could contribute to global climate change if leaked.

PROPANE / LPGPropane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining.Main constituents - Propane, Propylene, Butane and Butylene in various mixturesPropane is being used as a transportation fuel for more than sixty years

Carbon build-up compared to gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS(LPG)Colorless and Odorless.Nontoxic. LPG is a liquid under pressure but a gas at ambient conditions. Ethyl Mercaptan is added as an odorant to detect LPG in case of leaks. It is lightly anesthetic and can cause suffocation, if present in sufficiently high concentrations. Liquid LPG can cause severe cold burns to the skin owing to rapid vaporization and the consequent lowering

MASS-BASED STORAGE DENSITY OF DIFFERENT FUELS

IMPROVEMENT OF LPG COMBUSTION ADDITIVES & COMBUSTION TECHNIQUEHigh anti knock qualityAddition of high octane number fuels, such as H2, Methane, Methanol, CO to LPG may further increase its octane numberTo reduce energy & achieve high power output, the best additives must be selected by considering both octane & energy densityBy adding H2 to LPG, unburned HCs, CO & aldehydes can be suppressed in exhaust gas due to max velocity of flame propagationMethanol sprayed into mixture of LPG-air reduces temperature thus increasing charge density of LPG because of high latent heat of vaporization (262 Kcal/Kg)

DME DiMethyl Ether (CH3-O-CH3)

High Cetane numberlow auto ignition temperatureNo additive such as Cetane improver or ignition aidOxygen containing fuelMixed with most Hydrocarbon fuel in any ratioReduced particulate matters. Low soot Emissionan excellent diesel fuel

DME

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OIL Clogging of Fuel Lines

Carbonization of injector tips

Deposit on Cylinder Walls

Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization

Lube oil Contamination

CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL

Biodiesel studied in IITD Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME)Linseed Oil Methyl Ester (LOME)Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (MOME)Neem Oil Methyl Ester(NOME)Polangamia Oil Methyl Ester(POME)Rubberseed Oil Methyl Ester(ROME)Simaruba Oil Methyl Ester(SOME)

(Catalyst)Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling Washing with waterMoisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heatingNeat or blended with dieselRemoval of excess alcohol by vacuum distillationTransesterification of typical non-edible Oil (in Lab)Contd

Transesterification

TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)Methanol/oil molarratio: 12:1Volume ratio: 1:2Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v)Temperature: 60oCReaction time: 3 hrs

Biodiesel production unitOne & Ten liter biodiesel extraction unit installed at the laboratory50 liters/batch biodiesel Pilot Plant installed at IIT Delhi, Sponsored by General Motor, USA

50 Litres/batch Pilot Plant for producing Biodiesel at IIT, DelhiWater storage tank for boiler, 2. Boiler, 3. Steam supply lineMixing tank, 5. Settling tanks, 6. Reactor vessel, 7. Alcohol condenser & recovery unit

VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES

Biodiesel Setup-IITD

Biodiesel pump installed at KARAD (SITARA)

BSFC Vs BMEP

Thermal Efficiency Vs BMEP

Emission Testing Long range road test of Tavera vehicle to KANYAKUMARI from DELHI with biodiesel blend

Emission testing of TATA SUMO fueled with biodiesel blendSingle cylinder research engine in the lab, (Sponsored by General Motor, USA)TATA Indica car fueled with Biodiesel blend (Sponsored by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, New Delhi)Tavera vehicle fueled with Biodiesel blend (Sponsored by General Motors, USA)ESCORT tractor fueled with biodiesel blend

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of B 100 is highest and B 50, B 20 and deisel follow in decreasing order due to presence of oxygen content in fuel

BTE

0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019

0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266

0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277

0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403

Diesel

B20

B50

B100

Engine Power Output (kW)

Brake thermal efficiency

Brake Thermal Efficiency

BSEC

23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471

15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528

13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778

13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh)

Brake Specific Energy Consumption (kJ/kWh)

BSFC

0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033

0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967

0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444

0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Brake specific fuel consumtion (kg/kWh)

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)

Smoke

7.515.67.56.8

14.523.49.512.9

28.126.91421.9

36.435.327.734

64.558.164.158.4

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Smoke Opacity (%)

Smoke Opacity (%) vs Engine power (kW)

NOx

7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072

5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431

4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178

4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh

Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen

HC

0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264

0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885

0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758

0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh

Emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbons

CO2

1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904

889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069

810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451

775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh

Emission of Carbon-dioxide

Raw data

CI Engine (Kirloskar 6.25 kW)

Diesel (baseline test)

PerformanceEmissions

% loadAlternator EfficiencyPower output (W)Engine power output (W)Current (A)Voltage (V)Theoretical Power (W)Fuel consumption (no. of min for 50 ml)Inlet air del_P (mm)Engine speed (rpm)CO (% vol)HC (ppm)Smoke (%)Lambda

00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649

280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264

560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459

760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991

940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583

Diesel (baseline test) - 2nd set



00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5

290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9

510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6

720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4

910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269

B20



00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042

250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306

540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452

760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912

980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574

B50



00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478

250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327

470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605

670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160

920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604

B100

Performance


00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756

270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32

540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48

760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928

940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556

CO

13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462

5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644

8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019

24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh

Emission of Carbon-monoxide

Storage stability

Effect of amount of antioxidants on storage stability of KOME biodiesel

TBHQ concentration (ppm)

10018.2

50093.5

1000140.7

BHA concentration (ppm)

100098.9196.7

Emission

Emissions in g/kWh

Diesel Baseline

Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowDiesel density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda

% volmol/hrg/hrg/kWh(% vol)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh(ppm)mol/hrg/hrg/kWh

0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649

1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264

3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459

4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991

5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583

B 20

Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB20 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda


0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042

1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306

3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452

4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912

6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574

B 50

Engine power output (kW)Time for 50 ml fuel flowB 50 density g/mlInlet air del_P (mm)Orifice dia (m)Exhaust molar mass (kg)Molar flow-rate (mol/hr)COHCSmoke (%)Lambda


0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478

1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327

2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605

4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160

5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604

B 100



0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756

1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32

3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48

4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928

5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556

mf=50ml*3600*Df/(Tfuel*106)

Df= 827kg/m3Tfuel= Time in sec for 50ml

Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5

d - dia of orifice=0.025mcd- Coeff of Discharge = 0.6Dw - density of WaterDa- density of Airhw - height of mannometer column in meter







Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Performance

Performance parameters

Diesel

Engine power output (kW)Engine speed (rpm)BSFC (kg/kWh)BSEC (kJ/kWh)BMEP (MPa)BTEVol. eff.

0.00015510.63134.056

1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688

3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008

4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991

5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592

B 20


0.00015550.67834.056

1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139

3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583

4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991

6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989

B50


0.00015440.6734.056

1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676

2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391

4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046

5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599

B100


0.00015550.67933.666

1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792

3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952

4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829

5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of Diesel is highest and B 20, B 50 and B 100 follow in decreasing order due to high calorific value

BTE

0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019

0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266

0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277

0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSEC

23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471

15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528

13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778

13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSFC

0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033

0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967

0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444

0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




Smoke

7.515.67.56.8

14.523.49.512.9

28.126.91421.9

36.435.327.734

64.558.164.158.4

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Smoke Opacity (%)


NOx

7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072

5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431

4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178

4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


HC

0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264

0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885

0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758

0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


CO2

1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904

889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069

810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451

775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Raw data





00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649

280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264

560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459

760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991

940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583




00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5

290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9

510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6

720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4

910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269

B20



00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042

250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306

540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452

760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912

980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574

B50



00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478

250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327

470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605

670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160

920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604

B100

Performance


00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756

270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32

540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48

760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928

940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556

CO

13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462

5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644

8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019

24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Storage stability



10018.2

50093.5

1000140.7


100098.9196.7

Emission

Emissions in g/kWh

Diesel Baseline



0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649

1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264

3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459

4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991

5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583

B 20



0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042

1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306

3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452

4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912

6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574

B 50



0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478

1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327

2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605

4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160

5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604

B 100



0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756

1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32

3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48

4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928

5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5








Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Performance


Diesel


0.00015510.63134.056

1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688

3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008

4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991

5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592

B 20


0.00015550.67834.056

1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139

3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583

4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991

6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989

B50


0.00015440.6734.056

1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676

2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391

4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046

5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599

B100


0.00015550.67933.666

1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792

3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952

4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829

5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


BTE

0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019

0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266

0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277

0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSEC

23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471

15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528

13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778

13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSFC

0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033

0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967

0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444

0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




Smoke

7.515.67.56.8

14.523.49.512.9

28.126.91421.9

36.435.327.734

64.558.164.158.4

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Smoke Opacity (%)


NOx

7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072

5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431

4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178

4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


HC

0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264

0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885

0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758

0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


CO2

1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904

889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069

810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451

775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Raw data





00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649

280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264

560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459

760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991

940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583




00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5

290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9

510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6

720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4

910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269

B20



00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042

250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306

540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452

760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912

980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574

B50



00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478

250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327

470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605

670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160

920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604

B100

Performance


00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756

270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32

540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48

760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928

940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556

CO

13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462

5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644

8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019

24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Storage stability



10018.2

50093.5

1000140.7


100098.9196.7

Emission

Emissions in g/kWh

Diesel Baseline



0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649

1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264

3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459

4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991

5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583

B 20



0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042

1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306

3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452

4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912

6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574

B 50



0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478

1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327

2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605

4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160

5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604

B 100



0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756

1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32

3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48

4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928

5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5








Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Performance


Diesel


0.00015510.63134.056

1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688

3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008

4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991

5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592

B 20


0.00015550.67834.056

1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139

3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583

4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991

6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989

B50


0.00015440.6734.056

1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676

2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391

4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046

5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599

B100


0.00015550.67933.666

1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792

3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952

4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829

5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Carbon monoxide emissions increase with load because fuel burning gets hindered at high loads due to which more fuel goes and doesnt get time to get completely burned. B 20 has minimum CO emissions

Hydrocarbon emissions are due to incomplete combustion and poor atomization. Therefore, B 20 is having minimum HC emissions as compared to other blends and diesel.

BTE

0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019

0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266

0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277

0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSEC

23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471

15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528

13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778

13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSFC

0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033

0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967

0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444

0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




Smoke

7.515.67.56.8

14.523.49.512.9

28.126.91421.9

36.435.327.734

64.558.164.158.4

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Smoke Opacity (%)


NOx

7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072

5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431

4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178

4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


HC

0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264

0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885

0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758

0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


CO2

1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904

889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069

810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451

775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Raw data





00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649

280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264

560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459

760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991

940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583




00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5

290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9

510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6

720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4

910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269

B20



00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042

250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306

540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452

760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912

980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574

B50



00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478

250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327

470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605

670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160

920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604

B100

Performance


00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756

270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32

540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48

760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928

940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556

CO

13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462

5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644

8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019

24.955541160826.757438545221.184392603524.075830199

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Storage stability



10018.2

50093.5

1000140.7


100098.9196.7

Emission

Emissions in g/kWh

Diesel Baseline



0.0002360.827440.610001.1940.0250.63134.0562410.04220071790.02920.691750.1500448621188.36947094070.060.713019.9653.238.02782307011673.224215084416.9150.01782554210.2852086731610.19132748485.739824544679.87.54.649

1.7261700.827420.610001.1940.0250.87633.2732670.04433538460.02930.661251.64249826191164.81448644010.070.815422.83013.22714.552.41665188982306.33268315141336.208618016314.9260.03028517660.48456282640.28073878043660.42632210212.78966306117.409884154580.514.53.264

3.5211290.827420.610001.1940.0251.15433.2733270.04926153850.02950.598757.50205787751167.28100001140.060.700419.6105.57026.171.20414100073132.9822040305889.913233051512.9230.0268474630.4295594080.12201492915860.68402666620.52079998025.82886536480.928.12.459

4.7751040.827410.610001.1940.0251.43132.8744060.0557476410.02970.532064.48554061521156.74025714480.131.503842.1058.81767.687.9122595433868.1394198922810.059113971911320.03701568820.59225101170.12402818976730.778486193123.35458579184.890877246181.236.41.991

5.868860.827410.610001.1940.0251.73132.8744960.06313687180.02980.471673.38389745881162.29859625060.455.2303146.45024.95558.9103.44457506634551.5613029173775.60237448818.7450.05230343680.83685498930.14260309237140.829881197724.89643593174.242441997381.964.51.583

B 20



0.0002250.848440.610001.1940.0250.67834.0562080.03949133330.02920.739246.98840499521189.84093544330.070.832923.3213.238.07490993421675.296037104117180.02141713680.34267418941490.17728629945.318588981479.715.64.042

1.5341720.848430.610001.1940.0250.88733.6662560.04343225640.02930.675351.170307241178.16368453550.070.824723.09215.05104.553.01736580412332.76409538031520.462312167515.2170.02002878260.32046052220.20887159043450.406466471212.19399413497.947871177280.223.43.306

3.3561300.848420.610001.1940.0251.17433.2733400.05032887180.02950.586358.75053481931167.33264077020.060.700419.6115.84336.272.37462372783184.4834440211948.846087402212.9220.02568131810.41090108960.12243175325800.677052931620.31158794946.052024164580.826.92.452

4.7621020.848410.610001.1940.0251.49632.8744300.05771810260.02970.514466.81932326761157.68398993040.141.620845.3819.53017.991.45703520454024.109548998845.063005289610.6320.03704588770.59273420280.12447418267120.824271000824.72813002495.192907305281.335.31.912

6.132850.848400.610001.1940.0251.79632.4715100.06428630770.02980.463973.8596314461148.91699488340.515.8595164.06526.75749.3106.84928052424701.3683430627766.74676839658.4380.04365884580.69854153290.11392522857250.832964821324.98894463874.075450198681.758.11.574

B 50



0.0002310.860440.610001.1940.0250.67034.0562360.04179020510.02920.699249.66408206331188.41441220340.060.713019.9653.440.40609001491777.867960656316.9170.0202030450.32324872011840.21866825186.560047555479.67.54.478

1.5621720.860430.610001.1940.0250.90033.6662510.04302174360.02930.681650.71202838841178.75344318780.060.707319.80312.68094.553.04390494342333.93181751181494.535286652315.1250.02946883610.47150137730.30192632053830.451462568713.54387706228.672833557480.39.53.327

2.9591380.860420.610001.1940.0251.12233.2733260.04917943590.02950.599157.40708659641167.29859846490.050.583616.3425.52315.867.7033187112978.94602328251006.773424535313.4290.03385165940.54162654970.18304971366010.701546457721.04639373037.112901584880.7142.605

4.1971100.860410.610001.1940.0251.40732.8743850.05402348720.02960.547962.57361472291158.26685743230.070.810822.7025.40867.182.23694687773618.4256626184862.070063821311.5230.02664013770.42624220350.10154986676830.791096263623.73288790885.654230348281.327.72.160

5.763900.860400.610001.1940.0251.72032.4714710.06108430770.02980.487870.09137227411147.45300261290.384.3603122.08921.18449.1104.41822323784594.4018224622797.20214271038.5450.05163538510.82616616190.14335303277790.89386588926.81597667114.653000518381.964.11.604

B 100



0.0002310.872430.610001.1940.0250.67933.6662160.04014815380.02920.726547.27501204261177.51397047490.060.706519.7823.136.50293308471606.129055727816.8190.02237276540.3579642471430.16838449785.051534933380.06.84.756

1.6851680.872420.610001.1940.0250.93433.2732550.04335015380.02930.676550.56762103171166.49230845180.060.699919.59711.63084.552.49215388032309.65477073451370.770717590415.1150.01749738460.2799581540.16615402643510.409438800312.2831640087.290007907280.312.93.32

3.3701300.872410.610001.1940.0251.20732.8743380.05016466670.02950.588057.96135022251155.4218152710.060.693319.4115.76026.170.48073073153101.1521521875920.260598006913170.01964217090.31427473380.09326038855860.677077183720.31231551256.027638343180.821.92.48

4.7371000.872410.610001.1940.0251.57032.8744250.05730758970.02970.517766.52994378681160.92727131730.111.277035.7577.54867.890.55232716273984.302395161841.130505645110.5290.03366689090.53867025390.11371927587190.834706708125.04120124235.286475817881.5341.928

5.895830.872400.610001.1940.0251.89132.4715160.06477892310.02980.460574.62231351561151.95359803980.445.0686141.92124.07589.4108.28363821574764.4800814926808.26001382468.1360.04147032950.66352527250.1125623237760.893915992126.81747976244.549393888382.058.41.556



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5








Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


Performance


Diesel


0.00015510.63134.056

1.72615450.87633.2730.507523809523251.08678095240.17186834780.15483147230.7707851688

3.52115261.15433.2730.327789883315016.97236420230.35492159980.23972874910.7803821008

4.77515161.43132.8740.299677562313729.06822736840.48457712170.26221735810.7761098991

5.86815031.73132.8740.294968609913513.33793004480.60067421110.26640346140.7828227592

B 20


0.00015550.67834.056

1.53415440.88733.6660.578133928625720.16096642850.15287081020.13996801980.7803943139

3.35615281.17433.2730.349804081615562.16793665310.33790651930.23133023720.7793606583

4.76215161.49632.8740.3141613976.42547840.48323480280.25757658890.7761098991

6.13215021.79632.4710.292909871213031.04465030040.62802812410.27626334620.773740989

B50


0.00015440.6734.056

1.56215360.933.6660.576315789524494.22789473680.15641106620.14697340190.7844588676

2.95915291.12233.2730.379194444416116.29476111110.29771458170.22337640590.7788509391

4.19715201.40732.8740.335210031314246.89562633230.42482513460.25268662690.7740675046

5.76314451.7232.4710.298447488612684.43609132420.61357742430.28381238030.8042622599

B100


0.00015550.67933.666

1.68515390.93433.2730.554325203321724.00471544710.16843034270.16571530190.7737901792

3.37015281.20732.8740.358174796714036.87028455280.33928572960.25646742660.7700147952

4.73715151.5732.8740.331444444412989.30777777780.48100874980.27715102770.7766221829

5.89515001.89132.4710.320794642912571.94205357140.60457455310.28635194030.7747726437



Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5




Cd*(3.14/4)*d2*3600*(2*g*Dw*Da*hw)0.5


NOx is temperature dependent and biodiesel blends has after combustion temperature due to presence of oxygen molecules. Hence more NOx wih with increasing % of biodiesel

BTE

0.15483147230.13996801980.14697340190.1657153019

0.23972874910.23133023720.22337640590.2564674266

0.26221735810.25757658890.25268662690.2771510277

0.26640346140.27626334620.28381238030.2863519403

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSEC

23251.086780952425720.160966428524494.227894736821724.0047154471

15016.972364202315562.167936653116116.294761111114036.8702845528

13729.068227368413976.425478414246.895626332312989.3077777778

13513.337930044813031.044650300412684.436091324212571.9420535714

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




BSFC

0.50752380950.57813392860.57631578950.5543252033

0.32778988330.34980408160.37919444440.3581747967

0.29967756230.314160.33521003130.3314444444

0.29496860990.29290987120.29844748860.3207946429

Diesel

B20

B50

B100




Smoke

7.515.67.56.8

14.523.49.512.9

28.126.91421.9

36.435.327.734

64.558.164.158.4

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Smoke Opacity (%)


NOx

7.40988415457.94787117728.67283355747.2900079072

5.8288653646.05202416457.11290158486.0276383431

4.89087724615.19290730525.65423034825.2864758178

4.24244199734.07545019864.65300051834.5493938883

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


HC

0.28073878040.20887159040.30192632050.1661540264

0.12201492910.12243175320.18304971360.0932603885

0.12402818970.12447418260.10154986670.1137192758

0.14260309230.11392522850.14335303270.112562323

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


CO2

1336.20861801631520.46231216751494.53528665231370.7707175904

889.9132330515948.84608740221006.7734245353920.2605980069

810.0591139719845.0630052896862.0700638213841.1305056451

775.6023744881766.7467683965797.2021427103808.2600138246

Diesel

B20

B50

B100


Emissions in g/kWh


Raw data





00.7300021203.564415514524146250.063.216.9151617.54.649

280.73126017265.122511482.54215454326746260.074.514.92636614.53.264

560.732570352110.522924052.094215264532747260.066.112.92358628.12.459

760.763610477514.923034271.444115164740648270.137.6113267336.41.991

940.764460586818.822842861.264115035149649270.458.98.74571464.51.583




00.7300021003.554315484621449180.063.316.52516511.5

290.73133018225.522412322.54315364524955200.075.114.23544220.9

510.73234032059.622721792.174315294732354220.066.112.82863427.6

720.76340044971422932061.54215225041054230.097.810.44875241.4

910.76433056971822841041.34115085348052240.49.57.66181269

B20



00.7300021403.454415554320851270.073.2171814915.64.042

250.73112015344.522310042.524315444425649270.074.515.21734523.43.306

540.73245033561023023002.14215284634049270.066.212.92258026.92.452

760.763600476214.823034041.424115164943049270.147.910.63271235.31.912

980.764660613218.822742681.254015025251051280.519.38.43872558.11.574

B50



00.7300021603.514415444423649220.063.416.9171847.54.478

250.73114015624.622710442.524315364525147260.064.515.1253839.53.327

470.73216029598.823020242.184215294532648260.055.813.429601142.605

670.763190419713.123030131.54115204738548260.077.111.52368327.72.160

920.764380576318.322941911.34014455047146280.389.18.54577964.11.604

B100

Performance


00.7300021003.514315555021649220.063.116.8191436.84.756

270.73123016855.122211322.484215394625549220.064.515.11535112.93.32

540.73246033701023123102.14115284533850240.066.1131758621.92.48

760.763600473714.923034271.44115154842550250.117.810.529719341.928

940.764480589518.822742681.234015005251650260.449.48.13677658.41.556

CO

13.227115612715.051041069912.680905462511.6307818462

5.57024676435.84333367615.5230517025.7602004644

8.81762911149.53005460515.40863420327.5486071019

24.955541160826.757438545221.18439

Documents

Alternate Fuel for IC Engines