Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Plant Breeding Department, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100
Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, SPAIN.
e-mail: [email protected]
Almond Breeding:
Important issues and challenges for research
F. Dicenta, J. Egea, E. Ortega, P. Martínez-Gómez, R. Sánchez-Pérez, M.
Rubio, P.J. Martínez-García, E.M. Gómez, J. del Cueto, A. Sánchez-
Prudencio and T. Cremades
CSIC
Why breed almonds?
Solve problems by releasing new cultivars
California and Australia: High productivity.
Mediterranean countries: Low productivity.
Lost of production by frost.
Problems during pollination.
Rainfeed culture or low irrigation.
Cultivar situation
California: Nonpareil (40%), Carmel, Butte, Monterrey, etc.
Australia: Nonpareil (50%), Carmel, Prize.
Mediterranean and other contries:
A lot of authoctonous cultivars.
New cultivars from breeding programs:
Late blooming
Self-compatible
Results of breeding programs: the “new” cultivars
INRA CITA IRTA CEBAS-CSIC USA
Ferragnès Ayles Francolí Antoñeta Avalon
Ferraduel Guara Masbovera Marta Carmel
Lauranne Moncayo Glorieta Penta Butte
Mandaline Blanquerna Vayro Padre
Cambra Constantí Price
Felisia Marinada Sonora
Soleta Tarraco Sweetheart
Belona Winter
Mardía Independence
Vialfás Folsom
Other important results: scientific research
Genetic control:
Quantitative traits: Flowering, Maturity,…
Qualitative traits: Self-compatibility, Bitterness.
Floral biology:
Self-incompatibility.
Solid orchards with self-compatible cultivars.
Molecular markers:
Identification of cultivars (SSRs).
Early selection (locus S).
Other informations: Resistance, quality, etc..
Some practical examples for breeding
Predicting the values of seedlings.
Most of quantitative traits have high h2.
Assuring self-compatibility in the offspring.
SfSf, sharing Si-allele, self-pollination.
Avoiding bitter seeded seedlings.
Use of homozygous SS.
Early selection of self-compatible seedlings.
PCR allele specific of S-locus.
Early selection of self-compatible seedlings
Biotechnological advances:
Marker Assisted Selection
CPPCT027 0
UDP96-005 7
CPPCT026 28
PMS67 31
BPPCT011 48
G1
UDP98-025 0
BPPCT004 7
BPPCT002 10
UDP96-013 17
UDP97-402b 23
UDP98-411 26
UDP98-410 43
UDP98-406 55
G2
UDP97-403 0
BPPCT007 2
CPDCT047 4
BPPCT039 10
BPPCT021 18
CPPCT002 22
UDP96-008 30
CPDCT027 46
G3
BPPCT010 0
pchgms2 9
CPPCT028 14
UDP98-024 18
UDP97-402a 31
UDP96-003 37
pchcms3 53
G4
BPPCT026 0
UDP97-401 6
BPPCT017 21
PceGA025 30
EPDCU5183 EPDCU4658
38
BPPCT038 39
BPPCT014 50
G5
CPPCT008 0
UDP96-001 12
BPPCT008 22 UDP98-407 23
MA027a 34
BPPCT025 39
UDP98-021 46
CPPCT030 58
G6
CPPCT022 0
UDP98-405 9
UDP98-408 11
BPPCT029 17
CPPCT033 28
EPDCU3392 48
G7
BPPCT033 0
CPPCT035 2
UDP96-019 7
CPPCT006 14
PS1H3 18
UDP98-409 42
G8
Shw - Q1 Shw - Q1 Shw - Q1
Shw - Q2 D D D-Q Shw - Q2 Shw - Q2
Lf - Q1
Kw - Q1
Lf - Q1 Lf - Q1
Kw - Q1 Kw - Q1 Kw - Q2
Lf - Q2
P - Q
Dk - Q
Lb
56 S
28 Sk
Simulation of early selection
1.000 seedlings
Self-compatibility
(Sx,Sf x SySz)
Self-incompatible
500
Self-compatible
500
Bitternes
(Ss x Ss)
Bitter
125
Sweet
375
Bitter
125
Sweet
375
Flowering time
(> or < mean population)
<x
63
>x
63
<x
188
>x
188
<x
63
>x
63
<x
188
>x
188
Selection of seedlings in the orchard
Productivity Fruits traits Flowering
Fingerprinting of cultivars (SSRs)
Check authenticity of cultivars.
Different “Marconas” and “Desmayos”
Felipa = Filippo Ceo
Guara = Supernova = Tuono
Protect the registered cultivars.
New breeding objectives for the future
PRODUCTIVITY
Kg/ ha
€, $, Dirham/ ha
Early ripening (short cycle).
Resistance to diseases and pests.
Kernel quality for especific uses.
Cultivars for each culture model.
Breeding for productivity 2
00
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
201
7
201
8
201
9
202
0
202
1
202
2
202
3
202
4
202
5
Demand Supply
Breeding for early ripening
Cultivar Fruct Penta January February March April May June July August Septemb.
Desmayo 222 88
Ramillete 160 26
Marta 143 9
Antoñeta 142 8
Wawona 186 52
Penta 134 0
Rojo Pasión 73 -61
Flordastar 87 -47
Breeding for resistance
Important pest and diseases:
Navel orangeworm, Capnode…
Monilinia, Polystigma, Fusicoccum, Pseudomonas, Verticillium…
Benefits:
Reduction of costs.
Environmentally friendly.
Healthier kernels.
Difficulties:
Sources of resistance (other species).
Genetic control and inheritance.
Isolation and handling of pathogen.
Effect of environment.
Breeding almonds for each use
Breeding cultivars for each orchard model
Modern irrigated orchards.
High production.
Traditional rainfed culture.
Self-compatibility.
Resistance to drought and diseases.
New high density plantations.
High and early production.
Low vigour.
Good ramification.
The final real test:
The experimentation in culture areas
Frequently, new released cultivars are not significatively
planted or even pulled off.
Cultivars may behave different in each area and culture
conditions.
Performance of each cultivar is related to grower
knowledge.
Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and
judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder.
If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject
for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable
perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great
improvements; if he lacks any of these qualities, he will
assuredly fail.
Charles Darwin 1859
The Origin of Species