Alma HeritageScience - Integrated Research Team...Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Italy) Cultural Heritage, Image, Structure and Materials: Conservation and Restoration

BIOARCHAEOLOGYBIOARCHAEOLOGY

MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

http://www.bioarcheologia.ithttp://www.bioarcheologia.it

OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY AND FORENSIC OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY AND FORENSIC OS

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http://www.sma.unibo.it/antropologiahttp://www.sma.unibo.it/antropologia

Maria Giovanna BelcastroMaria Giovanna Belcastro

AnthropologyAnthropologyLaboratory of Laboratory of BioarchaeologyBioarchaeology and Forensic and Forensic OsteologyOsteology

Dpt. of Experimental Evolutionary Biology Dpt. of Experimental Evolutionary Biology Faculty of ScienceFaculty of Science

Alma Mater Alma Mater StudiorumStudiorum University of Bologna (Italy)University of Bologna (Italy)

Cultural Heritage, Image, Structure and Materials: Conservation and Restoration

Alma HeritageScience - Integrated Research Team

14/12/10

HUMAN OSTEOLOGYHUMAN OSTEOLOGY

Ancient environment of deathArchaeology and Anthropology

Human Palaeontology(study of human evolution)

Bioarchaeology(study of life-style of ancient humans)

Recent environment of deathForensics

Crime scene

Personal identification

METHODOLOGIESMETHODOLOGIES

The Bioarchaeology is a discipline that emphasizes the human biologicalcomponent of the archaeological record. Although first applied toarchaeozoology (Clark, 1972) it has become convention to use this term in reference to the study of archaeological human remains (Larsen, 1997).

BIOARCHAEOLOGYBIOARCHAEOLOGY

Bones and teeth: preserve the marks of the life history and the history of ancient populations (age, sex, health and alimentary status, traumas, physical activities, etc.) and contribute to the reconstruction of the biologyand behaviour, style and quality of life (socio-economic, hygienic conditions, type and availability of food resources, level of physical stress, funerary rituals, etc.) of the ancient individuals and populations, allowing us to date back the ancient human adaptive strategies.

BoneBone: : osseousosseous tissuetissueTeethTeeth: : enamelenamel, , dentindentin and and cementcement

EspeciallyEspecially in the in the absenceabsence ofof otherother documentsdocuments and and sourcessourcesBioBio--culturalcultural archivearchive

Bone and teeth

• Socio-economic condition• Diet and nutritional status• Health status• Level of physical stress• Etc.

The human skeleton

GENETICfactors

ENVIRONMENTALfactors

• physical environment• diet• physical activity• traumas• diseases• etc.

MACROEVOLUTION Big evolutive events that bring to the emergence, for instance, of genus Homo

MICROEVOLUTION Evolutive events that create variability in the same species

• Human evolution

Humanliving

population

Discovered Discovered remainsremains

Humanskeletal remains

OSTEOARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

QUANTITYQUANTITYandand

QUALITYQUALITY

1.1. Conservation state

2.2. Monotone bone response

3.3. Methodologies

Problems for studyingthe human skeletal remains

QUANTITYQUALITY

2.2. Monotone bone response

ResorptionApposition

AGE

DISEASE

OCCUPATION

AGE

Skeletal markerDisease, physical activity, etc.

arthrosis

HyperostosisFrontalisInterna

Dental wear

(n. inv. 95, SS)Norella Maria Antonia, 45 y., Death date 1929METHODOLOGIES

IDENTIFIED SKELETAL COLLECTIONS (sex, age, etc.)

.ca 900 skeletons

APPLICATIONS

OSTEOARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

Beato AngelicoBeato Angelico 13951395--1455 1455 -- AnnunciationAnnunciation

Giza, Giza, EgypthEgypth

Venere(Willendorf, Upper Aurignatian)

(Limestone,11 cm)

1. Cultural heritage are the mobile and immobile goods belonging to State,…public institutions […] that represent artistic, historical, archaeological and ethnoantropologicalinterest.

2. a) Cultural heritage are the collections of the Museum […] …….

3. a) Cultural heritage are the mobile and immobile goods […] that represent artistic, historical, archaeological and ethnoantropological interest belonging to other subjects that those before cited only when they have been subjected to verification and declaration by the Ministry (art. 13).….

4. Among the things indicated in the comma 1 and 3.aa) the things that interest the paleontology, the prehistory and the primitive civilizations

Decreto Legislativo 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42 Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell'articolo 10 Legge 6 luglio 2002, n. 137

articolo 10

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), pub. L. 101-601, 104 Stat 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American cultural items and human remains to their respective peoples. Cultural items include funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. In addition, it authorizes a program of federal grants to assist in the repatriation process. It is now the strongest federal legislation pertaining to aboriginal remains and artifacts.

ExcavationRecoveryRestorationStudyPreservationManagementetc.

Many subjects are involved :

SoprintendenzaUniversityMuseumCuriaASLetc.

In Italy there are no defined rules for recovering and managing human skeletalremains.

It is necessary to provide standards that cover areas such as Health and Safety Regulations, Legal Requirements and EthicalIssues.

ExcavationRecoveryRestorationStudyPreservationManagement

The The activitiesactivities ofof the the Laboratory of Laboratory of BioarchaeologyBioarchaeology and Forensic and Forensic OsteologyOsteology



Bioarcheological approach for studying Italian and foreignosteoarchelogical collections (macroscopic and microscopic methods)

ModernModern male male skullskull

•Celtics, Etruscans, Romans•Late antiquity-Early Middle Ages transition

TfTf XIIXII--C4C4(M, AM)(M, AM)

130 000 130 000 y.BPy.BP CroatiaCroatia, , NeandertalNeandertal 12 000 12 000 y.BPy.BP MoroccoMorocco, , modernmodern humanshumans

•Neandertal-modern humans transition



KRAPINA Project KRAPINA Project

FARINELLI Project FARINELLI Project



OSTEOPOROSISOSTEOPOROSIS

Museo di AntropologiaMuseo di Antropologia

Sepolture anomale. Sepolture anomale. Indagini archeologiche Indagini archeologiche

e e antropologicheantropologiche

Settembre 2010Settembre 2010Marzo 2011Marzo 2011

NovNov 20092009FebFeb 20102010

Gen 2010Gen 2010 Sett/Sett/OttOtt 20102010



ANOMALOUS BURIALS ProjectANOMALOUS BURIALS Project



LA BIOARCHEOLOGIALO SCHELETRO UMANO COME DOCUMENTO STORICO

di

Mariotti Valentina e M.Giovanna Belcastro


MuseumMuseum ofofAnthropologyAnthropology




20062006

20082008

TerzaTerza edizioneedizione



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First meeting and school :

HUMAN SKELETAL COLLECTIONSAsti, 2010

“SKELETAL BIOLOGY GROUP”of the

Italian Anthropological Association (AAI)Coordinator

Maria Giovanna Belcastro

Ethical committee



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Docenti strutturati 1 Maria Giovanna Belcastro

Altro personale strutturato ‐

Assegnisti di ricerca 1 Valentina Mariotti

PhD (in corso) 2Alessandro RigaNico Radi

Borsisti ‐

Altro 2Benedetta Bonfiglioli (PhD) Stefania Zampetti (PhD)Marco Milella (PhD)

Contratto Unibo 1 Antonio Todero

Aula Didattica 2Maurizio Miramonti

Nadia Carpani

Servizio civile (2005 ‐….) 2 per anno

Studenti “150 ore”

Documents

Alma HeritageScience - Integrated Research Team...Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Italy) Cultural Heritage, Image, Structure and Materials: Conservation and Restoration