Alley cropping/intercropping system Is an agricultural system in which agricultural crops are grown in alleyways formed by hedgerows of trees (usually plated with leguminous plants), shrubs and grasses Plants are regularly pruned during crop growth to prevent shade, reduce competition for light, nutrients and soil moisture between crops and trees, Commercial trees are managed through pruning and thinning in order to obtain a good quantity and quality of wood at the end of the rotation age, Legumes plants are selected primarily aimed to encourage nitrogen fixation for improving soil fertility. Pruned twigs and leaves can enrich the soil when added as mulch, or in certain places being used as a source of fuelwood.

Windbreaks Shelterbelt/windbreak consist of one or more rows of tree/shrubs which are planted across cropland to redirect or reduce wind flow, thereby changing microclimate and protecting home, crops and livestocks, Trees are planted perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and more effective when oriented at right angle to the prevailing wind, Windbreaks protect crops from wind erosion but it can also create competition for water and nutrients between trees and crops. Therefore the system can be beneficial or harmful to crops, Trees used in windbreak can provide wood products, such as firewood, timber, fruits and nuts, honey and fodder, However there are constraints with regard to selection of tree species to be planted. Environmental risks such as insect attack, wild and domestic animals, poor soil conditions, and draught are some of typical constraints in selecting suitable tree species.