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All living things are made up of cells!
Cells
Prokaryotic
Bacteria Archaea
Eukaryotic
Animal Plant Protist Fungi
All cells are made up of structures & organelles.
Structures provide support to the cell & its organelles
Organelles each have a specific “function” (job) within the cell EX: the function
of the nucleus is to control all cell activities
ALL CELLS HAVE THESE 5 THINGS: Cytoplasm Genetic Material
(DNA) Cell/Plasma
Membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Simple Small Have:
Capsule Cell Wall Genetic Material in a
Nucleoid 5 things in all cells Structure for movement
(pili, cilia, or flagella)
Large Complex 4 different types Have:
Cell wall (Plants) 5 things in all cells Organelles Genetic material in a
real nucleus Structure for movement
(cilia or flagella)
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Review ?s: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Which type of cell is simple and small? Which type of cell has organelles? Which type of cell has a true nucleus that
stores genetic information? Which type of cell has a nucleoid (scattered
DNA)? Which type of cell is protected by a capsule in
addition to a cell wall & cell membrane? Which type of cell does not have organelles? What are the 5 things in ALL CELLS???
All living things are made up of cells!
Cells
Prokaryotic
Bacteria Archaea
Eukaryotic
Animal Plant Protist Fungi
Eukaryotic Cells are large & complex.
Square 5 things in all cells Structure for
movement Same organelles as
an animal cell PLUS… Chloroplast Cell Wall Large Vacuole
Round 5 things in all cells Structure for
movement Same organelles as a
plant cell except… NO CELL WALL
ONLY have a cell/plasma membrane
NO CHLOROPLAST Small vacuoles
PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS
Review Questions: Animal vs. Plant Which type of eukaryotic cell only has a
cell membrane? Which type of eukaryotic cell has a large,
centrally located vacuole? Which type of eukaryotic cell is round? Which type of eukaryotic cell uses a
chloroplast for photosynthesis? Which type of eukaryotic cell is square?
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Things in the cell that do work – they each are VITAL to the cell because they have a specific function!
Cell Structures & Organelles
Structures Around the Cell
Capsule Prokaryotic cells Extra layer of protection outside of the cell wall &
cell membrane Cell Wall
Protective, outer layer surrounding cells. Only in PLANT & PROKARYOTIC cells.
Cell Membrane In ALL CELLS Made up of a phospholipid bilayer (REMEMBER: lipids
make up membranes!) Selectively permeable --- lets things in & out!
A Closer Look @ the Cell/Plasma Membrane
Lines ALL cells Made up of a
phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic (water
fearing) tail Hydrohphilic (water loving)
head Most of the cell
membrane is hydrophobic Selectively Permeable
= ONLY lets things in that it NEEDS!!!
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobi
c Tail
Most of the Cell Membrane is HYDROPHOBIC
3 Ways that Cells Move!
1. Cilia• Most common • Tiny hair-like structures surrounding the cell
2. Flagella• Tail on the cell• Shown in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic
cells
3. Pseudopodia• LEAST COMMON• Cytoplasm extends out of the cell, sticks to
surface, & pulls cell forward
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Controls ALL cell activities
Brain of the cell Located in the
center of eukaryotic cells NOTE: prokaryotic
cells DO NOT have a nucleus
Center of the nucleus
Important in protein synthesis (creation of proteins)
Nucleus Nucleolus
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
The “trash can” of the cell
Throughout the cytoplasm
Larger than ribosomes
Remove waste & dying organelles
Protein factories of the cell
RNA Studded on
Rough E.R. Throughout the
cytoplasm
Lysosome Ribosome
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
After the Rough E.R. (which is next to the nucleus)
Lipid synthesis Steroid storage
Closer to the nucleus Ribosomes studded
all over it Vital in protein
synthesis… sends proteins to the Golgi Apparatus, which then go through the membrane to leave the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Organize, package, & distribute molecules to the rest of the cell
Like a post office
Protective gel that surrounds the entire cell
Supports the organelles
Ribosomes live in this
Golgi Apparatus (Body) Cytoplasm
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
ONLY in plant cells
Home of Photosynthesis
Chlorphyll (green pigment)
Food & water storage in the cell
PLANTS: Large & centrally located
ANIMALS: Small & all throughout the cytoplasm
Chloroplast Vacuole
Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Power house of the cell
Converts glucose into chemical energy (ATP) through cellular respiration
Network of filaments all over the cell that provide structure
Like the bones in a human body
Mitochondria Cytoskeleton
Cell Organelle Flash Cards!
Make flashcards for the following organelles using your notes!
Remember put the name of the organelle/structure on 1 side & the definition/description on the other
Make a flashcard for the following: Nucleus Cell membrane Cell wall Capsule Cytoplasm Nucleolus Lysosome Smooth E.R. Rough E.R. Golgi Apparatus Ribosome Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Movement (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia) Cytoskeleton
REMEMBER: the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, that has a hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head.
Hydrophobic = Water-fearing Hydrophilic = Water-loving
The majority of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, so hydrophobic molecules will pass through more easily.
EX: a lipid molecule will pass more easily than an H2O molecule
Molecules move in/out cells through the Cell/Plasma Membrane
Cellular Transport through the Cell Membrane can happen in a couple ways…
Cellular Transpor
t
Passive
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated
DiffusionOsmosis
Active
Active Transpor
t
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Passive Cellular Transport
1. Simple Diffusion Movement from high concentration to low concentration Easiest form of transport – hydrophobic molecules use
this!!!
2. Facilitated Diffusion Movement from high concentration to low concentration
through a protein channel Hydrophilic molecules use this form of transport –
protein channels are special passage ways that let them in
3. Osmosis: Movement of water through a membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Passive Transport Examples
Active Cellular Transport
1. Active Transport Moves against the concentration gradient by going from
low concentration to high concentration Requires ATP (ATP: stands for adenosine triphosphate
energy bearing molecule found in all living cells.) to do this!
2. Endocytosis The process that allows macromolecules to enter the cell
(bulk transport) Requires ATP (energy)
3. Exocytosis The process that allow macromolecules to leave the cell
(bulk transport) Requires ATP (energy)
So what’s the difference? ENERGY
Passive Transport Active Transport
Osmosis
Solutions are a mixture of a solvent & solute Solute = solid item in a solution (EX: salt) Solvent = liquid solute is dissolved in (EX:
water) Solution EX: salt water
The movement of water in the direction of the greater amount of solute concentration EX: if a cell was in a cup full of salt water, the
water in the cell will move out of the cell to the solution, making the cell shrivel
Type of passive cellular transport BUT ONLY INVOLVES WATER!
Cells NEED molecules in order to stay alive & healthy (EX: cells need oxygen)
Cells sometimes have too much of a molecule & will burst if they don’t get rid of it
If the cell & the outside environment are in equilibrium, cellular transport will not happen
Why does cellular transport happen?
There are major chemical processes that happen in the cell that allow cells & organisms to function. (1) Photosynthesis (2) Cellular Respiration
Chemical Reactions in the Cell
How do organisms get energy? EATING & DRINKING! In the food web of life there are
producers & consumers Plants = Producers
Producers use photosynthesis to make their own food!
Animals, humans, etc = Consumers Consumers eat producers or eat other
consumers who eat producers…so consumers need photosynthesis to happen!
Photosynthesis
Reactants (inputs) = Air (CO2), H2O, Light Energy
Products (outputs) = Carbohydrate (Glucose) & Oxygen (O2)
Chloroplasts, location of photosynthesis, in plant cells absorb energy from the sunlight
Purpose: convert solar energy into sugar (energy)
Photosynthesis (continued…)
Cellular Respiration allows consumers to use the energy from Photosynthesis!
Reactants (inputs) = Glucose & Oxygen
Products (outputs) = H2O, CO2, ATP (energy)
Purpose = convert glucose produced from Photosynthesis into energy that our cells can use (ATP)
Takes place in the mitochondria
Cellular Respiration (continued…)