All About Plumbing

Vortex Care & Safety


PLUMBING TIME LINE

8000 B.C.: 6000 B.C 3000 B.C

2700 B.C2500 B.C2255 B.C

2100 B.C 1500 B.C800 B.C

710 B.C705 B.C

432 B.C

206 B.C

52 A.D


600 700 - 15001596

1775 1829 1870

18851915 - 1919

2010

2002


Ancient Plumbing

Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water, and drainage of wastes. Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft Improvement in plumbing systems was very slow, with virtually no progress made from the time of the Roman systems of aqueducts and lead pipes until the growth of modern cities. Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo wood or stone Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools

Modern Plumbing

Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Due to lead’s toxicity, lead has not been used in modern water-supply piping since the 1930s in the United States, although lead was used as a solder until 1986. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead.The "straight" sections of plumbing systems are pipes or tubes. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing compression fitting crimping or for plastics, solvent welding


What is High rise Structure ???

A high-rise building is a structure whose architectural height is between 35 and 100 meters. A structure is automatically listed as a high-rise when it has a minimum of 12 floors, whether or not the height is known. If it has fewer than 40 floors and the height is unknown, it is also classified automatically as a high-rise.

A multi-storey structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors.

The six-member high rise committee Mumbai, consisting of officials from the civic development plan department, fire department, private architects and civil engineers, was formed five years ago to vet the proposals for high rises. Under the definition, a high rise is any building over 70 meters in height (approximately 20 storey's).


The term High-Rise is very ambiguous, meaning one thing to one person and something else to another. In search to overcome ever-escalating cost of land, as well as the scarcity of appropriate sites, builders have adopted the philosophy of building vertically rather than horizontally. Some visionaries have already proposed vertical cities to maintain our open spaces and halt the devastation of open spread. Buildings are going higher rather then wider. During the 1930s and 40s a six story was considered highrise , and few buildings which exceeded this height were classified as SKY – SCRAPERs. During the 50s, 20 and 30 storey became common place and during the 60s, the 100- storey building was no longer oddity.


Gravity feed System:

Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve required pressure. For proper operation of the system, the gravity tank is located at least 30 ft or 10 m above the highest outlet or consumer. In tall buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing valves in the lowest floors before the fittings.

Advantages of gravity system:

Extreme simplicity : There are no complicated or sophisticated controls Most Reliable : It is the only system which has a available in the event of the power or water supply failure Economical: Operating costs are much less and capital is usually no higher than other systems. Minimum maintenance: Only requirement beyond terms is periodic cleaning and possible repainting of the tank. Fewer pressure regulating valves are required for the control system Provides additional reserve capacity for fire protection while domestic water is available in addition to the fire reserve


Gravity Tank

Suction Tank

City MainPump

PG

PG

Gravity Feed System

Pressure is to be controlled with the help of prv stations

where ever it exceeds max. pressure limits

Break pressure tanks to be provided at

regular intervals


Use less energy: Pump head, therefore horse power is less then required in other systems. The pumps operate to replenish the tank and then shut off so that a high horse power pump is not requires to satisfy light demands as is required for the tank less booster pump system. The pumps operate on optimum duty point on the pump curve for the greater efficiency and less energy wastage. Minimum pressure variations in the distribution systems.

Disadvantages of Gravity System

The tank must be elevated. Provision must be made on the roof of the building to support the tank. A tank on the roof is unslightly and if it is enclosed and dressed up, there is additional architectural expense. The weight of the water and the tank can increase the structural costs.Tanks require maintenance, periodic cleaning and painting Is required. If the tank ruptures. A large quantity of water is released which may cause damage.


Hydro-pneumatic pressure system

Is a modernization of the older gravity tank method of water supply. Its main purpose is to control or boost a limited supply pressure to a higher or more uniform value so that a continuous and satisfactory water supply will be available at all fixtures within the system. A suitable pump, a pressure tank and essential control devices for making the system operate automatically with the least amount of supervision. The pump is used for supplying the required amount of water into the tank at the proper pressure while the tank acts as a storage vessel for the proper ratios of water and air within the pressures and levels maintained by the control devices. The expansion of air under reducing pressures regulates the amount of water which can be used by the system before the pump is again called upon to replenish the reserve that is desired to be maintained in the tank. This pressure and volume relationship is a well known law of physics which states that at constant temperature the volume of a given weight of gas varies inversely as the absolute pressure.


Hydro pneumatic pressure boosting

Suction Tank

Pressure Vessel

CityMain

PG

Pressure to controlled with the help of prv

stations where ever it crosses the Max.

pressure limit


Advantages:

Does not have to be elevatedCan be located anywhere in the building.Can save valuable space by being located outside the buildingIt is not exposed to the outer elements.

Disadvantages:

Inside corrosion of tank and piping is danger due to addition of air in the tank.A pressure variation of 20 psi is normal in the system pressure.Pumps of higher head are required.Higher initial and operating costs than gravity system due to pressure vessel type tank, higher head pumps and more sophisticated controls.May take valuable space in the basement or other area.


Pressure requirements in Plumbing Hydraulics

Model plumbing codes limit the pressure supplied to a fixture to 80 psi One feet head equates to pressure of 0.433 psi 1’(feet) = 0.433 psi (pound per square inch) Any Building Over 100 ft tall will require more then one water Distribution - 104 x 0.433 = 45 psi - 45 + 25 = 70 psi - 10% safety factor and friction. - Say 80 psi, there fore a system should never be designed above 80 psi. The most demanding fixtures are: e.g W.C = 25 psi , Shower = 20 psi

Pressure Zoning Building Over 10 storeys in height requires multiple water piping zone


Pressure and velocity effects on plumbing system

Excessive pressures and velocities do present some very real dangers:Excessive wear or erosion of piping. Wire drawing of valve seats with resultant maintenance problems.

Hydraulic shock and the resulting stresses that could rupture pipes or damage equipments.

Damage to fixtures or equipment which are not designs for high pressure or velocity.

Wasted water at outlets due to high rates of flow in excess of required flow. The nuisance of splashing that wets the walls and floors or the users.

Reduced life expectancy of the system and equipment.Increased costs of equipment which require special construction for operation at the higher working pressures


Hydro Pneumatic System


Hot water System

Solar Heating System Local Heating System


Swimming Pools


W.C

W.BSink

Shower

Floor Finish

Drainage Line

Com

bined Soil &

Waste

Pipe

Connections Typical for all floors

One Pipe SystemExternal Drainage Line

Drainage


W.C

W.BSink

Shower

Floor Finish

Drainage Line

Connections Typical for all floors

Two Pipe System

Vent

Pipe

Soil

Pipe

GulleyTrap External Drainage Line


DrainageFlow conditions in plumbing Drainage: The flow in the stack tends to cling to the wall of the pipe. There is a slight spiral motion as the water flows down the pipe. Terminal velocity occurs after 3 stories of flow. VT = 3.0 (q/d)2/5 where : q = flow rate in gpm VT = terminal velocity in stack, d = diameter in inches Terminal velocity in drainage is same from 4th to 100 th storey. Drainage in the stack is the same for a hotel or an office building.

Venting:It is important to understand that the sole purpose of venting is to relieve the pressure fluctuations in the soil or waste stack it serves A vent stack must connect to the base of the drainage stack. The connection must be at or below the lowest horizontal branch. The lowest floor would connect to the horizontal building drain after the hydraulic jump. when more ten 10 storeys in height the relief vent is to be the same size of the vent.


Air movement is within the conventional stack, which pressures attempt to balance between the floors Relief vent must be located every 10 ten branch intervals down from the top of stack for conventional systems

Storm Water Drainage

Storm water piping is probably subjected to the most frequent movement of any plumbing system, but not necessarily the maximum expansion . the movement is due to the frequently changing difference in the outside temperature relative to the inside temperature. Low temperature flow in the storm water piping will cause condensation to form on the outside of the piping in the building. It is therefore advisable to insulate all storm water offsets to prevent condensation from staining ceilings. The higher the buiding the more economical its use becomes, but even far importance than the economies realized, controlled flow roof drainage is one of the best way to combat water flooding during heavy rainfalls.


Terrace Lvl

Filtration

Harvesting Tank To Non Potable water Tanks For Flushing & Irrigation Purpose

Rain Water Harvesting

Storm Water run off is collected in filtration (silt remover) through Channels

Over Flow is connected to the Bore well

Water is pumped back for non potable use

Storm Water Harvesting


Pre- Treatment

PrimaryTreatment

Secondary Treatment

TertiaryTreatment

Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw waste water before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.). It Includes Screening Grit removal Flow equalization Fat and grease removal

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary

treatment.

Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigneous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment

Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,...). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for ground water recharge

or agricultural purposes.

Sewage Treatment Plant

Treated WaterTank

Non Potable water Tank for

Fishing & Irrigation

Over Flow to Municipal Sewer


Plumbing fixtures are divided in to following classes:Water ClosetsUrinalsLavatoriesSinksService SinksBath tubsShowersDrinking FountainsBidets.

A Water Closet is a Closet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack

A Urinal is a specialized toilet for urinating into. It has the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing.

A sink (also basin, hand basin and wash basin) is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for dishwashing or other purposes.


Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser

Service Sink is a Deep fixed basin, supplied with hot and cold water, which is used for rinsing of mops, disposal of cleaning water, or washing clothes and other household items.

A bath tub or tub (informal) is a large container for holding water in which a person may bathe (take a bath). Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or fiberglass, but alternatives are available in enamel over steel or cast iron, and occasionally waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a shower

A shower (or shower-bath, walk-in shower, steam shower) is an area in which one bathes underneath a spray of water

A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)

Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia, perimeum, inner buttocks, and anus. They may also be used to clean any other part of the body such as feet. Despite appearing similar to a toilet, it would be more accurate to compare it to the wash basin or bathtub.

TrapsTrap plays an very important part where drainage is concerned, it is a part of sanitary appliance which is designed to hold a quantity of water. This part of water is called a trap seal, trap seal acts as a barrier to prevent air from passing out from water and in to the room

The primary purpose of the trap is to prevent the passage of air, odours or vermin through it from the sewer in to the buildings. The require of the ideal trap is as follows. It must be able to pass used water freely without mechanical help.It must be self cleansing.It must have seal,prefarably more then 50 mm deep.It must have strong and proof against leakage from it of gas or liquid.It must have no moving partsIt must be provided with a clean out to access to the interior in the event of chocking


It must have no recess or cavities or pockets.It must have no internal projections to catch hold hair, lint, bits of matches.

Bottle Traps:This device is provided that recieves wastes from washbasins, kitchen sinks and other appliances where the appliances do not have built in traps in it. Nahani / Floors Traps:The waste water from floors, wash basins and sinks are often taken to waste pipe through floor traps. The depth of water seal provided is about 50 mm . Gully trapsThe function of this trap is to form an obstacle to the passage of foul gases from the interior of the drain or waste to the outside and thus to prevent the surrounding air being polluted by sewage gas.

Grease TrapsIt is the device installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures for the purpose of separating grease from the liquid and retaining the grease. A grease trap is required in the waste pipe from sinks and other fixtures in which greasy and oily foods are prepared and dishes are washed. Such as hotels, restaurants, food courts etc


Sewer TrapThis trap is installed where internal sewer line connects to the main (city sewer) sewer line. So that the odor in the mains do not enter the internal sewer of the building.


Galvanised Iron Pipes:Although GI pipes are widely used in india , GI pipes are more prone to corrosion. Corrosion in pipes reduces the bore diameter and subsequent water flow in the pipe and shortens its life span. GI pipes usually give service not more then 20 years. Copper PipesUse of copper pipes is as old as our civilization, they are easy to assemble ,they do not rust and do not require painting, which in case of hot water pipes avoids the unpleasant smell of warm paint. The very smooth internal surface offers a very low frictional resistance to flow of water. The joints commonly used are compression joints and capillary joint. Both these joints can be safely used for higher temperatures and pressures of water.

Plastic PipesNow a days plastic pipes are becoming more and more common, due to their properties of corrosion resistance, light weight and economy.


LDPELow density poly ethylene pipes are flexible and this material is used up to 63mm diameter pipes. These pipes are recommended for usage in long runs. These pipes require supports at closer intervals due to flexibility. These are not suitable for internal supply system.

HDPEThese are tougher compared to LDPE. These a pipes are not used in smaller sizes due to practical difficulties. cPVCChlorinated poly vinyl chloride pipes are made from speciality thermoplastics, These pipes are useful for hot and cold water distribution. Pipes can withstand temperature upt o 93 deg C without insulation. This material do not support combustion increasing the fire safety of building

uPVCunplasticized (Rigid) poly vinyl chloride pipes are widely used for cold water services internal/external water supply system, water mains, rain water system, soil /waste piping system and also in underground drainage piping.


PPRCGreen polypropylene Random Copolymer pipes are green in colour and are made as per DIN standards these pipes are reliable for hot and cold water supply. The pipes are designed to last for 50 years at a pressure of 10 kg/cm2 and temp. Of 60 deg. C. PE-AL-PEThese re polyethylene aluminum composite pipes that combines the best features of both material to form a pipe that is light, strong, and does not support corrosion. These are designed for hot water reliability up to 95 deg.C for 50 years. It is clean non corroding plastic interior, there will be never a problem of odor, colour, taste, etc. Sanitary fittingsSpouts, mixers, waste couplings valves, faucets and stop cocks are called fittings and are used for controlling the flow into, through, and from the pipe.


Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.

Material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include: Carbon Steel (CS) Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS) Stainless Steel (SS) Non-Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoly Cupro - Nickel etc.) Non-Metallic (ABS, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. ) Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) — Generally used for high temperature service

Elbow: is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle though 22.5° elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same , the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an adapter


Union : is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. Reducer: allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.Olets are generally used Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available .Tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads.Cross fittings : are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded endsCap: is a type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used like plugPlug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated.Nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes. Valve is equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path.Sweep elbows are usually long radius or sweep types, to reduce flow resistance and solids deposition when the direction of flow is changedVortex Care & Safety

Closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is attached. It is a specialized type of flange connection designed to sit flush with the floor.Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow access to drains without requiring removal of plumbing fixtures. Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are maintained, as necessary to keep sewer gases out of buildings. Combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving center connecting joint. It is used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs.Sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section designed to minimize the possibility of siphon action that could draw water out of a trap.Double Sanitary tee differs from a standard cross in that two of the ports have curved inlets. The fitting has been used in the past for connecting the drains of back-to-back fixtures Wye is a "Y" shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45 degree angle.Double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads on the inside diameter of the bushing


Fastening of pipesA fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connectionsA Solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting.To make a Solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint, and the pipe is inserted.Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary gap between them.Welding is a fabrication that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescene.Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped compression ring, and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to make a leak proof connection.Flared connections should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not interchangeable. Flared connectors lack a compression ring, but do use a threaded nut.Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.


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