Ali (a.s.)Ali (a.s.)During the 3 Previous KhalifasDuring the 3 Previous Khalifas

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MDFrom Wikipedia.comFrom Wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Referenceibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Qutaybah, Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Madelung, Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions Tabatabaei, Lapidus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward GibbonAl-Shaykh Al-MufidDakakeNahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of Islam. Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide ShowAli during Abu Bakr’s ReignThe AllegianceClaims and CounterclaimsAli’s ConvictionFadak: Inheritance Wells of Ali علي آبارAli during Omar’s ReignAli during Uthman’s ReignAli and UthmanUthman’s Dilemma Ali: Election as Khalifa The Pledge to Ali

After Muhammad: at SaqifaAfter Muhammad: at Saqifa

Having unified Arabia into a single polity, Muhammad's death in 632 Having unified Arabia into a single polity, Muhammad's death in 632 signaled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.

While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, body for burial,

at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifa, Abu Bakr was nominated by Omar for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first Khalifa.The choice of Abu Bakr was hotly disputed by some of the Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.

Ali during Abu Bakr’s ReignAli during Abu Bakr’s Reign

1.1. The AllegianceThe Allegiance

2.2. Claims and CounterclaimsClaims and Counterclaims

3.3. Ali’s ConvictionAli’s Conviction

4.4. Fadak: Inheritance Fadak: Inheritance

5.5. Wells of Ali Wells of Ali علي علي آبار آبار

6.6. The Quran The Quran in Chronological Orderin Chronological Order حسبالنزول ترتيب

The AllegianceThe Allegiance

Following Abu Bakr’s election to the Khilaafah, Following Abu Bakr’s election to the Khilaafah, Abu Bakr and Omar with a few other companions headed to Fatima's house to obtain homage from Ali and his supporters who had gathered there. Later on, it is alleged that Omar threatened to set the house on fire unless they swore allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then Omar pushed the door on Fatima, who was behind it.Fatima was pregnant at the time. It is said this led to her miscarriage of a baby boy (Muhsin).

The AllegianceThe Allegiance

When Abu Bakr's selection to the Khilaafah was presented as a fait When Abu Bakr's selection to the Khilaafah was presented as a fait accompli, accompli,

Ali withheld his oaths of allegiance until after the death of Fatima. Ali did not actively pursue his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.As he mentioned that in his Khutba about the Khilaafah

م�نه�ا م�ح�ل�ي� �ن� أ ��م �ع�ل �ي ل ��ه �ن و�إ ، ف�الن% �ق�م�ص�ها ت �ق�د� ل و�الله م�ا� أ

ق�ى �ر� ي و�ال ، ��ل ي الس� �ي ع�ن ��ح�د�ر �ن ي ح�ا، الر� م�ن� الق�ط�ب� م�ح�ل3 ��ر الط�ي �ي� �ل ،إ

By Allah he had dressed himself with it (the Khilaafah) and he certainly knows that to it my station is as central as the axis to

the hand-mill. My rank is such that it is too high for a bird to reach or water to drown.

In Sermon 3, page 49In Sermon 3, page 49 Ali: Sermon of ShiqshiqiyahAli: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah, ,

By Allah he had dressed himself with it (the Khilaafah) and he certainly knows that to it my station is as central as the axis to the hand-mill. My rank is such that it is too high for a bird to reach or water to drown.

I blockaded the Khilaafah from my mind and detached it from myself. Then began to think whether to assault without any help versus to endure such a blinding wretchedness. The situation is such that it enfeebles a man and ages the young, and even the believer is harshly strained till he meets his Lord.

I concluded that endurance thereon was wiser. So I adopted patience despite the affront and a chocked up feeling. I watched my inheritance plundered:

، ف�الن% �ق�م�ص�ها ت �ق�د� ل و�الله م�ا� أ

م�نه�ا م�ح�ل�ي� �ن� أ ��م �ع�ل �ي ل ��ه �ن و�إ ��ح�د�ر �ن ي ا، ح� الر� م�ن� الق�ط�ب� م�ح�ل3

�ي� �ل إ ق�ى �ر� ي و�ال ، ��ل ي الس� �ي ع�ن ، ��ر الط�ي

��ت و�ط�و�ي ،7 �و�با ث �ه�ا د�ون �د�ل�ت ف�س��ئ�ي ت ر�

� أ �و�ط�ف�ق�ت ،7 حا �ش� ك �ه�ا ع�نو� � أ ج�ذ�اء�، �د �ي ب ص�ول�

� أ �ن� أ �ن� �ي ب �م �ه�ر� ي �اء�، ع�م�ي �ة ي ط�خ� ع�ل�ى �ر� ص�ب

� أف�يه�ا ��ش�يب و�ي ، ��بير الك فيه�ا

م�ؤ�م�ن% ف�يه�ا ��د�ح �ك و�ي ، �الص�غ�ير. ��ه ب ر� �ق�ى �ل ي �ى ت ح�

�ا ه�ات ع�ل�ى �ر� الص�ب �ن� أ ��ت �ي أ ف�ر��ن� �ع�ي ال و�في ��رت ف�ص�ب �ح�ج�ى، أ

أرى ،7 جا ش� الح�ل�ق� و�في ق�ذى7، ،7 �ه�با ن اثي �ر� ت

This Contentious IssueThis Contentious Issue

This contentious issue led Muslims to later split into two This contentious issue led Muslims to later split into two groups, groups,

Sunni and Shi'a.

Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor,appointed a successor,

Abu Bakr was elected first Khalifa by the Muslim community. The Sunnis recognize the first four Khalifas as Muhammad's rightful successors.

Shi'as believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his Shi'as believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadeer Khum successor at Ghadeer Khum

and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by Divine order.

Claims and CounterclaimsClaims and Counterclaims

The two groups (Sunni and Shi'a) also disagree on:The two groups (Sunni and Shi'a) also disagree on:Ali's attitude towards Abu Bakr, and the two Khalifas who succeeded him: Omar and Uthman.

Sunnis tend to stress:Sunnis tend to stress:Ali's acceptance and support of their rule,

While the Shi'a claim that:While the Shi'a claim that:Ali distanced himself from them, more or less,and that he was kept from fulfilling the religious duty Which Muhammad had assigned to him.

Claims and CounterclaimsClaims and Counterclaims

Sunnis maintain that if Ali was the rightful successor as Sunnis maintain that if Ali was the rightful successor as ordained by God Himself, ordained by God Himself,

then it would have been his duty as leader of the Muslim nation to make war with these people (Abu Bakr, Omar and Uthman) until Ali established the decree.

Shi'a retort that Ali did not fight Abu Bakr, Omar or Uthman, Shi'a retort that Ali did not fight Abu Bakr, Omar or Uthman, because firstly he did not have the military strength and if he decided to fight, it would have caused a civil war amongst the Muslims. Ali also believed that he could fulfill his role of Imamah without this fighting .

Ali’s Conviction for KhilaafahAli’s Conviction for Khilaafah

Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for Khilaafah Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for Khilaafah based on his close kinship and his intimate association with Muhammad, and his knowledge of Islam,and his merits in serving Islam’s cause.

Ali told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as Ali told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as Khalifa: Khalifa:

was based on his belief of his own prior title, that Khilaafah belonged to him. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Omar and to Uthman but Ali had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.

Ali’s Conviction for KhilaafahAli’s Conviction for Khilaafah

According to historical reports, Ali maintained his right to According to historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the Khilaafah and said:the Khilaafah and said:

By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the Khilaafah) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill...I put a curtain against the Khilaafah and kept myself detached from it... I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed the Khilaafah over to the second one…See Slide #8 above (Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah).

After the Prophet: The aftermathAfter the Prophet: The aftermath

Ali Under pressure to give allegiance to Abu Bakr Ali Under pressure to give allegiance to Abu Bakr Fatima campaigns for AliFatima campaigns for AliFatima gives a stirring speech at the Masjid of the Fatima gives a stirring speech at the Masjid of the ProphetProphetFatima’s health deteriorates fastFatima’s health deteriorates fastTough times:Tough times:

FinanciallyPoliticallyAt home

Fadak: InheritanceFadak: Inheritance

After Muhammad died his daughter, Fatima, asked Abu Bakr to turn After Muhammad died his daughter, Fatima, asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, which was the means of their livelihood. It was: over their property, which was the means of their livelihood. It was:

the lands of Fadak and Khaybar but Abu Bakr refused. Abu Bakr told her that prophets leave no legacy, and Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqah." When Abu Bakr requested Fatima to summon witnesses for her claim.Ali together with Umm Ayman testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatima, yet Abu Bakr insisted not to return Fadak.Fatima became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued with that attitude until she died.

Life after MuhammadLife after Muhammad

Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Muhammad and:Muhammad and:

It lasted until the assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third Khalifa in 656.

During these years, Ali:During these years, Ali:neither took part in any battle or conquest,nor did he assume any executive position. He withdrew from political affairs, especially after the death of his wife, Fatima. He used his time to serve his family and worked as a farmer. Ali dug a lot of wells and gardens near Medina and endowed them for public use. These wells are known today as Abaar Ali علي Ali's") آبارwells").

Wells of Ali Wells of Ali علي علي آبار آبار

Ali: Tutoring and Freeing SlavesAli: Tutoring and Freeing Slaves

At night Ali was initially busy in tutoring Ibn At night Ali was initially busy in tutoring Ibn Abbas, Al-Hasan, and Al-Husain.Abbas, Al-Hasan, and Al-Husain.During daytime Ali worked to earn his livelihood.During daytime Ali worked to earn his livelihood.

Ali spent his money as neededWhat is left, was used to buy a slave.Ali bought one slave per one weekThen Ali set the slave free.Throughout his life Ali bought then freed 1,000 slaves.

At the same time Ali started compiling the Holy At the same time Ali started compiling the Holy Quran.Quran.

The QuranThe Quran

Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran, Mus'haf.Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran, Mus'haf.During the six months after the death of the Prophet. The volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people of Medina. It was at the time of Ridda wars and the mobilization for it.So people were not interested at the time.

It would have been extremely important in understanding the Quran’s It would have been extremely important in understanding the Quran’s incredible effect on the psychology of societyincredible effect on the psychology of societySince it shows step by step the order of the revelations, that can be Since it shows step by step the order of the revelations, that can be correlated with the eventscorrelated with the events

This Quran was entrusted with the Imams that followed Ali.It is not available today, neither his other books.

Ali and the Rashidoon KhalifasAli and the Rashidoon Khalifas

Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatima.Ali participated in the funeral of Abu Bakr Ali did not participate in the Ridda Wars, was not asked to participateNor was Ali involved in any administrative job.

Ali pledged allegiance to the second Khalifa OmarAli pledged allegiance to the second Khalifa OmarHe helped Omar as a trusted advisor. Khalifa Omar particularly relied upon Ali as the Chief Jurisprudent and Judge of Medina. Ali also advised Omar to set Hijrah as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Omar used Ali's suggestions in political issues as well as religious ones.

Ali during Omar’s ReignAli during Omar’s Reign

1.1. Ali’s writings during Abu Bakr and Ali’s writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s KhilaafahOmar’s Khilaafah

2.2. The electoral councilThe electoral council

3.3. Ali and the Rashidoon KhalifasAli and the Rashidoon Khalifas

4.4. Ali: Sermon of ShiqshiqiyahAli: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah

5.5. When Shura was intended for UthmanWhen Shura was intended for Uthman

Ali during Omar’s ReignAli during Omar’s Reign

Ali finishes off writing Tafseer of the QuranAli finishes off writing Tafseer of the QuranIt is called Mus’haf Fatima, in honor of his wifeThis Tafseer is in 3 Volumes.It was left with the Imams, and is not available nowadays.

Ali writes the wealth of Hadith:Ali writes the wealth of Hadith:Called Saheefa of Ali: Consists of 570 Hadith.

Ali starts writing the Ah'kaamAli starts writing the Ah'kaamAl-Hasan, preteen, helps his father in the writingAl-Hasan, preteen, helps his father in the writingOmar marries Ali’s daughter: Umm KulthoomOmar marries Ali’s daughter: Umm KulthoomAli continues to buy then free one slave per week (about 520 Ali continues to buy then free one slave per week (about 520 during Omar's Reign). during Omar's Reign).

Ali’s Writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s Khilaafah:Ali’s Writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s Khilaafah:

Ali’s writings during Ali’s writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s Abu Bakr and Omar’s Khilaafah:Khilaafah:

Corpus of Knowledge Corpus of Knowledge at the time consists of at the time consists of

the following:the following:

1.1. Quran in chorological Quran in chorological

order order ترتيب حسبالنزول

2.2. Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)

3.3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)

4.4. Ah’kaamAh’kaam

Ali and the Rashidoon KhalifasAli and the Rashidoon Khalifas

Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the third Khalifa which was appointed by Omar. third Khalifa which was appointed by Omar.

Although Ali was one of the two major candidates,

but the council's arrangement was against him. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdul Rahman bin Awf (who were Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdul Rahman bin Awf (who were cousins), cousins),

and were naturally inclined to support Uthman, and were naturally inclined to support Uthman,

Besides, Uthman was Abdul Rahman's brother-in-law. Besides, Uthman was Abdul Rahman's brother-in-law.

Omar gave the casting vote to Abdul Rahman.

Ali and the Rashidoon KhalifasAli and the Rashidoon Khalifas

Abdul Rahman offered the Khilaafah to Ali on the Abdul Rahman offered the Khilaafah to Ali on the condition that condition that

he should rule in accordance with 1.1. the Quran, the Quran, 2.2. the example set by Muhammad, the example set by Muhammad, 3.3. and the Sunnah Established by the First two and the Sunnah Established by the First two

KhalifasKhalifas. . Ali rejected the third condition while Uthman accepted it. According to Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence Ali insisted on his prominence there, but most of the electors supported Uthman and Ali was reluctantly urged to accept him.

In Sermon 3, page 49In Sermon 3, page 49

Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah, About ShuraAli: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah, About Shura

Good Heavens! What is to do with this Shura? When was there a doubt about me compared to the first one, let alone being considered akin to these ones?

But I decided to remain low when they were low and fly high when they flew high.

As such, one of them turned against me because of his rancor, the other inclined the other way due to his in-law relation, and this thing and that,

Till the third of these stood up heaving his breasts between his dung and fodder.

! م�ت�ى ى ور� �لش3 و�ل �الله� ف�يم�ع� ف�ي� ��ب ي الر� �ر�ض� اع�ت

�ت ص�ر� �ى ح�ت ، �ه�م� م�ن ��و�ل� اال ! �ر� �ظ�ائ الن هذ�ه� �ل�ى إ �ن ق�ر�

� أف3وا، س�

� أ �ذ� إ ��سف�ف�ت أ �ي لك�نوا، �ط�ار �ذ� إ �ت و�ط�ر�

�ه�م� م�ن �ج�ل ر� ف�ص�غ�ا �ر �خ� اال و�م�ال� �ه، ل�ض�غ�ن

و�ه�ن ه�ن م�ع� .ل�ص�ه�ره�،

،� الق�و�م ��ال�ث ث ق�ام� �ن� أ �ل�ى إ�يله� �ث ن �ن� �ي ب �ه� �ي ح�ض�ن 7 ا �اف�ج� ن

�ف�ه�، �ل و�م�ع�ت

In Sermon 74,In Sermon 74, When Shura was intended for UthmanWhen Shura was intended for Uthman

عثمان بيعة على عزموا :لم\ا

For sure you are aware that I am the For sure you are aware that I am the most rightful for the Khilaafah than all most rightful for the Khilaafah than all others. others.

But by Allah, so long as the affairs of But by Allah, so long as the affairs of Muslims remain sound Muslims remain sound

and there is no oppression in it except and there is no oppression in it except specifically on me specifically on me

I shall keep quiet: (thus) seeking reward I shall keep quiet: (thus) seeking reward for it from Allah, for it from Allah,

and keeping aloof from its allure and and keeping aloof from its allure and temptations for which you compete.temptations for which you compete.

�ن�ي أ �م� �م�ت ع�ل �ق�د� ل�ر�ي، غ�ي م�ن� �ه�ا ب �ح�ق3 أ

�م�ن� ل �س�� ال و�و�الله� �م�ور

� أ �م�ت� ل م�اس� ، �م�ين� ل �م�س� ال

ف�يه�ا �ن� �ك ي �م� و�ل�ي� ع�ل � �ال إ ج�و�ر%

خ�اص�ة7،�ك� ذل ��ج�ر� ال 7 ��تم�اسا ال

�ه�، و�ف�ض�ل�ما ف�ي 7 ه�دا �و�ز

م�ن� ��م�وه ت �ناف�س� ته� �ر�ج� و�ز�ب ف�ه� �خ�ر �. ز

Ali during Uthman’s ReignAli during Uthman’s Reign

1.1. Ali and UthmanAli and Uthman

2.2. Wilferd MadelungWilferd Madelung

3.3. Ali’s writings during the 3 KhalifasAli’s writings during the 3 Khalifas

4.4. Uthman’s Dilemma Uthman’s Dilemma

5.5. Ali versus UthmanAli versus Uthman

Ali during Uthman’s ReignAli during Uthman’s Reign

Ali advises Uthman at firstAli advises Uthman at firstUthman was attentive to Ali’s advice during the first few yearsUthman appoints Marwan as Secretary GeneralThen Uthman listen less attentively to the advice of many Sahaaba, including Ali.

Ali detects a mellow ruler in UthmanAli detects a mellow ruler in UthmanAl-Hasan and Al-Husain are marriedAl-Hasan and Al-Husain are marriedAl-Hasan and Al-Husain in North Africa's campaign Al-Hasan and Al-Husain in North Africa's campaign against the Byzantine. They reach Carthage in Libya to-against the Byzantine. They reach Carthage in Libya to-day.day.Carthage battle decisive, Muslims victoriousCarthage battle decisive, Muslims victorious

Ali and UthmanAli and Uthman

There is controversy among historians about the There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. relationship between Ali and Uthman.

Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of Uthman’s policies.

In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law.

He insisted that religious punishment had to be done in several cases such as Ubaid-ul-Allah ibn Omar and Walid ibn Uqba.

In 650 during pilgrimage, Ali confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual.

Ali and UthmanAli and UthmanWhen Uthman declared that he would take whatever he When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the income to the Public Treasury (fey‘), needed from the income to the Public Treasury (fey‘),

Ali exclaimed that in that case the Khalifa would be prevented by force.

Ali endeavored to protect some Companions from the: Ali endeavored to protect some Companions from the: Arrogant mistreatment by Uthman toward several of the earliest companions such as: Abu Dhar al-Ghafari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ood, and Ammar ibn Yasir.

This mistreatment provoked outrage among some This mistreatment provoked outrage among some people.people.

Wilferd MadelungWilferd Madelung

But Wilferd Madelung rejects the judgment of some that Ali But Wilferd Madelung rejects the judgment of some that Ali encouraged the revolt against Uthmanencouraged the revolt against Uthman

due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraish's support to be elected as a Khalifa.

According to him, there is even no evidenceAccording to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his Khilaafah,nor directed their actions.

Other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. Uthman without directly opposing him. However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zainul Abideen, the However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zainul Abideen, the grandson of Ali, that:grandson of Ali, that:

No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master (Uthman) than your master (Ali).

Ali during Uthman’s ReignAli during Uthman’s Reign

Ali finishes writing Al-Ah'kaamAli finishes writing Al-Ah'kaamAli writes the Jafr:Ali writes the Jafr:

White Jafr (About life of the Prophets)Red Jafr (About rules and etiquette of war)

It is said that Ali also wrote the Quran text as we It is said that Ali also wrote the Quran text as we read it nowadays:read it nowadays:

Ali compares the Quranic text he wrote with the one written during Khilaafah of Uthman. Surahs were the exact replica.

Ali’s writings during the 3 KhalifasAli’s writings during the 3 Khalifas

Ali’s writings during:Ali’s writings during:Abu Bakr,Abu Bakr,Omar, andOmar, and

Uthman’s Khilaafah:Uthman’s Khilaafah:

Corpus of Knowledge Corpus of Knowledge consists of the consists of the

following:following:

1. Quran in chorological order ترتيب حسبالنزول

2. Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)

3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)4. Ah’kaam5. Al-Jafr

1. White Jafr: Prophets and early times

2. Red Jafr: Rules of war in Islam

Uthman’s DilemmaUthman’s Dilemma

Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Benu Umayya, Benu Umayya, who seemed to dominate him: who seemed to dominate him:

They also supported his arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest Companions such as

Abu Dhar al-Ghafari, Abu Dhar al-Ghafari, Abdullah ibn Mas'ood and Abdullah ibn Mas'ood and Ammar ibn Yasir Ammar ibn Yasir

This provoked outrage among some groups of people. Dissatisfaction and resistance against Uthman openly Dissatisfaction and resistance against Uthman openly arose since 650-651 throughout most of the empire.arose since 650-651 throughout most of the empire.

Uthman’s DilemmaUthman’s Dilemma

The dissatisfaction with Uthman’s rule and the The dissatisfaction with Uthman’s rule and the governments appointed by himgovernments appointed by him

was not restricted to the provinces outside Arabia.

When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, control over him,

the noble companions including most of the members of elector council,

turned against him or turned against him or at least withdrew their support at least withdrew their support

putting pressure on the Khalifa to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin.

Ali versus UthmanAli versus Uthman

At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. directly opposing him. On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of the Hudud (Religious boundaries); the Hudud (Religious boundaries);

he had publicly shown sympathy for Abu Dhar al-Ghafari and had spoken strongly in the defense of Ammar ibn Yasir.He conveyed to Uthman the criticisms of other Companions and acted on Uthman's behalf as negotiator with the provincial opposition who had come to Medina;

because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family seems to have arisen. seems to have arisen. Finally Ali tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence Finally Ali tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water.that Uthman should be allowed water.

Ali: Election as KhalifaAli: Election as Khalifa

1.1. Circumstances of Ali’s Election Circumstances of Ali’s Election

2.2. Ali: Election as KhalifaAli: Election as Khalifa

3.3. Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah about his Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah about his electionelection

4.4. The Pledge to AliThe Pledge to Ali

5.5. Ali’s Works: During the 3 Pervious Ali’s Works: During the 3 Pervious KhalifasKhalifas

Circumstances of Ali’s ElectionCircumstances of Ali’s Election

Ali was Khalifa between 656 and 661, Ali was Khalifa between 656 and 661, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history,which also coincided with the First Fitna (Sedition).

Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new Khalifa. Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new Khalifa. This met with difficulties since the rebels were divided into several groups comprising the Muhajiroon, Ansaar, Egyptians, people from Kufa and Basrah. There were three candidates: Ali, Talha and al-Zubair. First the rebels approached Ali, requesting him to accept being the Khalifa. Some Companions tried to persuade Ali in accepting the office, but he turned down the offer, suggesting to be a counselor instead of a chief.

Ali: Election as KhalifaAli: Election as Khalifa

Talha, Zubair and other Companions also refused the rebels' offer Talha, Zubair and other Companions also refused the rebels' offer of the Khilaafah . of the Khilaafah . Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a Khalifa within one day, Khalifa within one day,

or they would apply drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the Khalifa. Initially Ali again refused to accept; simply because his most vigorous supporters seem to be the rebels. However, when some notable Companions of Muhammad, in addition to the residents of Medina, urged him to accept the offer, he finally agreed.

In Sermon 3, page 49In Sermon 3, page 49 Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah,Ali: Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah,

None took me by surprise as much as the rushing crowd towards me, eagerly advancing from every side like leopards

So much so that al-Hasan and al-Husain were being crushed and both sides of my shoulder garment were torn. They collected around me like the herd of sheep.

But when I took charge of government: One party broke away, Another turned disobedient, While the third acted wrongfully, as if they had not heard Allah saying: “That abode in the hereafter, We assign it for those who intend not to exult themselves in the earth, nor (to make) mischief (therein); and the end is (best) for the pious ones.”

��اس و�الن � إال �ي اع�ن ر� ف�م�ا ، �ع� الض�ب ف� �ع�ر� ك إلي�

�ل� ك م�ن� ع�ل�ي� �ون� �ال �ث �ن ي�ب، ج�ان

و�ط�ىء� �ق�د� ل �ى ح�تق� �و�ش ، �ان� ن الح�س�

�م�ع�ين� ت م�ج� ع�ط�ف�اي�، � �م الغ�ن �يض�ة� ب �ر� ك .ح�و�لي

��م�ر� �اال ب ��ه�ض�ت ن �م�ا ف�لق�ت� و�م�ر� �ف�ة%، ط�ائ �ت� �ث �ك نون� �آخ�ر وقسط ى، خ�ر�

� أالله� م�ع�وا �س� ي �م� ل �ه�م� ن

� �أ ك : ��ق�ول ي ��ه ان �ح� ب ��ك�( س �ل ت

�ة االخ�ر� �الد�ار�ريد�ون� ي � ال �ذ�ين� �لل �ه�ا �ج�ع�ل ن

� و�ال �ر�ض� اال في 7 �و\ا ع�ل ��ة و�الع�اق�ب 7 ادا ف�س�

(، �ق�ين� �م�ت �ل ل

The Pledge to AliThe Pledge to Ali

According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talha was According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talha was the first prominent companion who gave his the first prominent companion who gave his pledge to Ali, pledge to Ali,

Talha and Zubair later claimed they supported Ali Talha and Zubair later claimed they supported Ali reluctantly. reluctantly.

Regardless, Ali refuted their claims: Regardless, Ali refuted their claims: insisting they recognized him as Khalifa voluntarily.

Wilferd Madelung believes that:Wilferd Madelung believes that: force did not urge people to give their pledge

and they pledged publicly in the mosque.

The Pledge to AliThe Pledge to Ali

While the overwhelming majority of Medina's population as While the overwhelming majority of Medina's population as well as many of the rebels gave their pledge, well as many of the rebels gave their pledge,

some important figures or tribes did not do so.

Benu Umayya, (kinsmen of Uthman),

fled to the Iraq and Syria (Levant) or fled to the Iraq and Syria (Levant) or

remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy. remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy.

Sa‘ad ibn Abi Waqqas was absent

and Abdullah ibn Omar abstained from offering his allegiance,

but both of them assured Ali that they would not act against him.

Ali’s Works: During the 3 Pervious Ali’s Works: During the 3 Pervious KhalifasKhalifas

1. Ali digs a lot of wellsAli digs a lot of wells

2. Buying then freeing Slaves

3. Quran النزول ترتيب حسب

4. The Pledge to Ali

5. Sermon of Shiqshiqiyah

6. Withdraws from political affairs

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Ali during the 3 previous KhalifasAli during the 3 previous KhalifasAli during Abu Bakr’s ReignThe AllegianceFadak: Inheritance Ali during Omar’s ReignAli during Uthman’s ReignUthman’s Dilemma Ali: Election as Khalifa The Pledge to Ali

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to Truth and exhort one another to patience.

ح�من� الر� الله� � م �س� ب

� ح�يم الر��ع�ص�ر� و�ال

� ا �ن� رf الإ خ�س� �ف�ي ل ان� نس�

� �وا الإ و�ع�م�ل �وا آم�ن �ذ�ين� ال�و�اص�و�ا و�ت �ح�ات� الص�ال

�ر� �الص�ب ب �و�اص�و�ا و�ت �ح�ق� �ال ب

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in God’s CareBe in God’s Care

Dr. A.S. Hashim