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Melt processing and Mechanical Properties of Polyolefin Block Copolymers
Alhad PhatakAdviser: Frank Bates
Poly(styrene)-Poly(isoprene) BCP
Polymer-polymer blend Block copolymer
(Khandpur et al. Macromolecules 1995)Poly(lactic acid)-Poly(ethylene) blend
(Wang et al. J. Polym. Sci. 2001)
Combine properties of different polymers
Block Copolymer Morphologies
χN ~ 1/Tχ = Flory-Huggins interaction parameterN = Overall degree of polymerization
Khandpur et al. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8796.
PS-PI diblock copolymer
TODT
Commercial ApplicationsPolystyrene based BCPs:• Thermoplastic Elastomers (Kraton); PS-PI-PS, PS-PB-PS• High impact thermoplastics (K-resins, Chevron Philips); (PS-PB)n
www.kraton.com
Adhesives
Asphalt additives
Footwear
Packaging
Poly(cyclohexylethylene) - PCHE
( )n
• Higher Tg (147 ºC vs. 105 ºC)• Better thermal, oxidative, and UV stability
High entanglement molecular weight (~ 40 kg/mol) BRITTLE
( )n
+ H2, Pt/Re/SiO2
170 ºC, 500 psi
Hucul and Hahn, Adv. Mater., 2000; Bates, Fredrickson, Hucul, and Hahn, AIChE Journal, 2001
Solution: Make block copolymer with polyethylene
PS PCHE
Glassy Semicrystalline Block Copolymers
( )n
Poly(cyclohexylethylene)H2-ed PS
Tg ≈ 145 ºC
Me ≈ 40 kg/mol
C
( )0.92m
( )0.08m
[ ]ran
E
PolyethyleneH2-ed 1,4-PB
Tm ≈ 100 ºC
“Hard” block “Soft” block
Tg ≈ -100 ºC
Me ≈ 1 kg/mol
Polymer Nanofibers by Melt Blowing
Melt Processing
Lamellae-formingC/E Block Copolymers
Mechanical Properties
Outline
Outline
Polymer Nanofibers by Melt Blowing
Melt Processing
Lamellae-formingC/E Block Copolymers
Mechanical Properties
CEC - Ductile (Failure strain ≈ 300%)
CE diblock copolymer - Brittle (Failure strain ≈ 1%)Loose chain ends – Chain pullout
Lim et al, Macromolecules 2004
ECE – Brittle (Failure strain ≈ 1%)
“Soft” block must be anchored at lamellar interfaces
0% PE chains anchored at C/E interfaces 100% PE chains anchored at C/E interfaces
202530.4834ECEC
182050.6548ECECE
262
TODT, ºC(Rheology)
18
d*, nm(SAXS)
0.5634CEC*
wCMolecular weight, kg/mol
Polymer
* Made by Dow Chemical Company
PCHE
PE
Control degree of anchoring of PE block
Measurement of Tensile Properties
Stress (σ) versus strain (ε) measurement
Failure strain (εf) – Measure of “toughness”
Sample: 10mm x 5mm x 1mmExtension rate = 10mm/min
Room temperature
anneal above TODT
Common Parameter - ψE
CEC E,CEC ECEC E,ECECE
CEC E,CEC ECEC E,ECEC
n M n Mn M 2n M
+ψ =
+
CEC E,CEC ECECE E,ECECEE
CEC E,CEC ECECE E,ECECE
n M n Mn M 3n M
+ψ =
+ ECECE/CEC blends
ECEC/CEC blends
ψE = Weight fraction of PE anchored at C/E interfaces
ψE =
0, CE and ECE
0.33, ECECE
0.5, ECEC
1, CEC and CECEC
Common Parameter - ψE
Limited by PCHE
Weak PE
Toughening of PE
A. Phatak, L. S. Lim, C. K. Reaves, F. S. Bates Macromolecules (2006)
Pure ECECE
Pure ECEC
Summary
• Sensitivity of mechanical properties to molecular design• Tying down soft block is critical
ψE - Design parameter for making tough BCPs
Control mechanical toughness
Manipulate molecular architecture
Outline
Polymer Nanofibers by Melt Blowing
Melt Processing
Lamellae-formingC/E Block Copolymers
Mechanical Properties
0.56
0.56
wC
23152CECEC*
26234CEC*
TODT, °CMw, kg/molPolymer
CEC
CECEC
* Made by Dow Chemical Company
Extrusion• Capillary rheometer (Goettfert Rheo-Tester 1500) – Constant velocity mode
Extrusion flow curve - vs.
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ +
∆=
WH12L
PHσaw
2ap WH6Qγ =
apγ awσ
v
v×∇
Scale bar = 50 µm
Flow Curves - CEC
T < TODT
σ < σsh
σ > σsh
Scale bar = 50 µm
v
v×∇
Flow Curves - CECEC
T < TODT
σ < σsh
σ > σsh
Scale bar = 50 µm
CEC CECEC
σ < σsh σ < σsh
σ > σshσ > σsh
Surface Profiles – CEC and CECEC
Average surface roughness – CEC and CECEC
A. Phatak, C. W. Macosko, F. S. Bates, S. F. Hahn; J. Rheol. (2005)
CEC/CECEC blends
σaw > σshT = 200 ºC
Summary
• CECEC – Sharkskin-like surface fracture at high extrusion rates• CEC – Relatively smooth extrudates, even at high extrusion rates• 20 % CEC – Dramatically reduces surface roughness
Manipulate molecular architecture
Control melt processing behavior
Common theme
ECECE
CEC CECEC
ECEC
DESIGN BLOCK COPOLYMER MOLECULES
MELTPROCESSIBILITY
MECHANICALTOUGHNESS
Outline
Polymer Nanofibers by Melt Blowing
Melt Processing
Lamellae-formingC/E Block Copolymers
Mechanical Properties
Nonwoven products from polymer fibers ($16.4 billion industry*)
* Nonwovens Industry Magazine (2004), http://www.inda.org/category/nwn_index.html
Properties• High specific surface area (~ 1/d)• Chemical resistance
Motivation
Grafe et al. International Nonwovens Journal (2003)
Motivation
Nanofiber applications (few hundred nm)
From Huang et al., Compos. Sci. Tech. (2003)
U.S. patents on nanofibers
Motivation
• Slow process• Solvent handling
Electrospinning – Only continuous process to obtain nanofibers
• 10 nm to 1 µm fibers
Melt Blowing
• Faster• No solvent
Fiber formation (draw down) by air
Tg or Tc
Processing variables• Polymer and air temperatures (Tp, Ta)• Polymer and air flow rates
• Limited to “microfibers”
Action
Melt BlowingCurrent understanding• Models predict fiber diameters up to ~1-2 µm• Correlations between processing conditions and fiber diameter• Supposedly limited to “microfibers”
What is lacking?• What limits fiber attenuation below 1 µm?• Characterization of fiber diameter distributions
* V. A. Wente, Ind. Eng. Chem. 1956
*
Melt Blowing Die
Melt Blowing Die
Die orifice: d0 = 0.2 and 0.4 mm
Air Air
Materials
MFR = 350
15.0
2.1
Mn (kg/mol)
35190PBT
-2118PP
61-PS*
Tg (ºC)Tc (ºC)Polymer
* PS experiments performed by Chris Ellison
( )n
( )n
OO( )n
O O
0.4417100.035265PBT-5
1.220.44.50.35265PBT-4
0.3013.680.035220PP-5
0.4513.680.035180PP-4
1.230.560.35180PP-3
0.386.880.07280PS-3
1.61980.053180PS-1
dav, µmΓAir volumetric flow rate (SCFM)
Polymer mass flow rate (g/min)
Tp, Ta(ºC)
Run I.D.
Air mass fluxPolymer mass flux
Γ =
Higher Γ → Greater drag force on fibers → Finer fibers
0.4417100.035265PBT-5
1.220.44.50.35265PBT-4
0.3013.680.035220PP-5
0.4513.680.035180PP-4
1.230.560.35180PP-3
0.386.880.07280PS-3
1.61980.053180PS-1
dav, µmΓAir volumetric flow rate (SCFM)
Polymer mass flow rate (g/min)
Tp, Ta(ºC)
Run I.D.
Higher Tp
Lower melt viscosity
Higher ‘draw down temperature window’ [Tp < T < Tg (or Tc)]
0.4417100.035265PBT-5
1.220.44.50.35265PBT-4
0.3013.680.035220PP-5
0.4513.680.035180PP-4
1.230.560.35180PP-3
0.386.880.07280PS-3
1.61980.053180PS-1
dav, µmΓAir volumetric flow rate (SCFM)
Polymer mass flow rate (g/min)
Tp, Ta(ºC)
Run I.D.
Sub-micron fibers from all polymers
PBT
PBT
PP
PBT
PP
PS
Fiber Diameter Distribution
Asymmetric → Not normal distribution
> 200 fibers in every case
Log-normal Distribution
⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
2c2
1 (x - x )p(x) = exp - 2δδ 2π
xc: meanδ: standard deviationGaussian Fit:
Data• Mean [log(d)] = -0.42• Median [log(d)] = -0.41• St. dev [log(d)] = 0.25
Gaussian Fit• Mean, xc = -0.41• St. dev, δ = 0.25
- 0.45
- 0.30
- 0.04
0.07
0.22
0.30
0.52
0.79
- 0.58
- 0.41
- 0.03
0.26
0.29
- 0.46
0.00
0.22
0.23
- 0.47
- 0.24
0.20
Med[log(d)]
0.28
0.21
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.38
0.36
0.20
0.25
0.33
0.18
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.25
0.22
0.24
0.28
0.07
Std. dev [log(d)]
0.25- 0.44- 0.440.44MH_PBT- 2
0.19- 0.31- 0.280.60MH_PBT- 1
0.240.000.0041.31CEC- 6
0.240.070.011.69CEC- 5
0.270.210.232.10CEC- 4
0.280.290.322.61CEC- 3
0.410.530.535.05CEC- 2
0.310.790.839.82CEC- 1
0.20- 0.59- 0.570.30PP- 5
0.25- 0.41- 0.420.45PP- 4
0.37- 0.07- 0.041.23PP- 3
0.170.260.272.04PP- 2
0.210.280.302.23PP- 1
0.17- 0.48- 0.430.44PBT- 5
0.210.010.001.22PBT- 4
0.240.210.232.01PBT- 2
0.200.230.262.07PBT- 1
0.28- 0.47- 0.480.38PS- 3
0.29- 0.23- 0.290.62PS- 2
0.070.200.201.61PS- 1
δxc
Gaussian fit to log(d)Mean [log(d)]dav, µmRun I.D.
Why distribution of fiber sizes?
1
2
Distribution of drag forces
Fiber diameter distribution ↔ Fiber formation mechanism
AIR AIR
Fiber break up
PP PS
• High processing temperature and air flow rates → Smaller fibers• Surface tension driven• Average sphere diameter ≈ 1 µm; seen in fibers with dav < 0.6 µm• Dependent on fiber motion
Does this represent an onset of a fundamental limit of melt blowing?
Fundamental aspects• Verified existing correlations between fiber diameter and processing conditions• Melt blowing not limited to 1 µm
• produced few hundred nm fibers with variety of polymers (also with BCP)• Fiber diameter – Log-normal distribution
• characteristic of process (must be related to fiber formation mechanism)• Surface tension driven fiber break up (first time in melt blowing)
Technological aspects• Demonstrated lab scale melt blowing device (single and multi orifice)
small amounts (few grams) of material requiredshort run time (few hours)
• Narrow gap between melt blowing and electrospinning
• Biocompatible polymers• Nanoporous fibers (etch out one component from BCP fibers)••
Summary
Acknowledgements
Frank Bates
Chris Macosko
Lisa Lim, Cletis Reaves – C/E mechanical propertiesVince Holmberg – CEC/CECEC extrusion
Chris Ellison, David Giles Jim Stuart, Peter Herman (Cummins Filtration)
Polymer group
Cummins Filtration, U of M MRSEC – Financial support
Melt blowing