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Algeria
DevinKrystalLuke
French Rule• In the 1500’s, Algeria was a powerful country that controlled the Mediterranean Sea.
• They were made a French colony in 1834.
• Under French Rule, Algerians were given the lowest form of labor and were not allowed government representation.
• Only French citizens could work in skilled jobs with high pay.
•Struggles for independence began and the French created a parliamentary assembly made of half European and Algerian delegates in attempt to uphold French colonial rule.
• The assembly failed and more struggles for independence continued.
Algerian Independence• French Occupation: 1830-
1962• November 1, 1954 FLN begins
attacks on government installations
• FLN uses guerilla attacks to combat French
• French launch genocide against Algerian villages
• War of Independence: 1954-1962
• Ahmed Ben Bella is elected first president of Algeria in 1962
• Constitution was completed in 1963
Post-Independence
• Unemployment problems because of lack of established industries (like factories)
• Land and education reforms• Return to islam by government• Political power struggles continue• Debates over separation of church and state• Economy is based on exporting raw-materials
ie: oil, and agricultural products like: wheat, barley, grapes and olives
Ahmed Ben Bella
• An ex-sergeant of the French army, deported to Egypt for his Republican beliefs
• Joined 8 other Algerian exiles and formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) in 1954
• In 1954, he waged a guerilla war against the French government and attacked government buildings and military and police posts.
• In 1962, he was elected the first president of Algeria
• Declared Algeria a Arab-Islamic state and installed the FLN as a single-party political system
Pan-Africa
• Pan-africanism: the belief of a greater nation consisting of all of Africa. This would establish free trade within all of Africa and would also establish majority rule.
• We the delegation of Algeria do not support Pan-Africanism because we are still ruled by the white minority and they still don’t want to relinquish power to a higher, black authority
Bibliography
• http://www.marxist.org/history/algeria/• http://www.arab.net/algeria/aa_independence
.htm• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/featu
res/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml• http://www.answers.com/topic/algeria• http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook
CameroonBy
David
Dominique
Daniella
Francophone and Anglophone
•Mostly Francophone, partly Anglophone
•After World War I, the League of Nations gave the French a mandate over 80% of Cameroon and 20% to the British near Nigeria
•French Cameroons and the British Cameroons were created
•1961- the Federal Republic of Cameroon was created, unifying southern British Cameroons with the Republic of Cameroon(French)
H.E. Amado Ahidjo•Amadu Ahidjo is the leading independence leader and first president of an independent Cameroon
•He was first prime minister of the new self-government of French Cameroons in 1958
•French Cameroons gains independence with Ahidjo as president of the new Republic of Cameroon in 1960
•He led the National Cameroonian Union, the leading political party of Cameroon in 1966 of the Federal Republic of Cameroon
•In 1972 he created the United Republic of Cameroon under a unitary government
•1955 - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) begin an armed struggle for independence and union with British Cameroon
•Independence for French Cameroon was denied by France until 1960 because France wanted a union with all its colonies called the French Union
•1960 - French Cameroon receives its independence
•1961 - British Cameroon joins French Cameroon after the UN holds a plebiscite
Independence
Post-Independence Cameroon•1972- Cameroon became a one-party state with Ahidjo as president and the CNU controlling the government.
•1982- Paul Biya established authoritarian rule, generating opposition and calls for democratic reform
•1990- Biya ended one-party rule following a nationwide strike
•1992- Cameroon’s first democratic elections were held and Biya was reelected
•1990’s- economic problems and accusations of corruption
Position on Pan-Africanism•The continent of Africa needs to
be united to eliminate the legacy of colonialism in our land and to develop as a whole
•Share resources to end fighting over areas rich in resources
•End lasting border disputes that started when the European colonial powers divided up the continent
•We are an example:
•the British Cameroon has been divided and redivided between Nigeria and Cameroon, leading to fighting
•Competition with Nigeria to control the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula has led to more fighting
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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Sources
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm
http://www.southerncameroons.info/map.htm
http://www.ambaFrance-cm.org/lmth/camero/histoir/camr1p.htm
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad39
Ethiopia: Through The Ages
Ethiopia: Through The Ages
By Adam Miller and Robert Saunders
Ethiopia: Important Dates and People
1896-19501896-Modern Ethiopia emerged under Menelik II
1917- Menelik’s death brings daughter to throne
1930-Empress dies, cousin Tafari Makonnen crowned emperor Haile Selassie I.
1931-Ethiopian Constitution created
1896 1950
1944-Ethiopia regains independence in Anglo- Ethiopian Treaty, making Ethiopia one of 2 independent black nations.
1935- Selassie exiled by Italy
1941- British remove Italians from Ethiopia, Selassie returns to Addis Ababa. Ethiopia placed under British control
Ethiopia: Important Dates and People
1950- 1965
1950 1965
1960-Coup d’etat failed
1955- Selassie created new constitution without consulting Parliament
1952- U.N. establishes Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Ethiopia never accepted Eritrean independence
1955- Eritrean political parties dissolved
1962- Eritrean parliament eliminated
1956- Selassie cut ties from Patriarch of Alexandria, claimed right to appoint members of the church
Ethiopia: Important Dates and People
1966- 1980
1966 1980
1977- Mengistu Haile Miriam gains control of military junta known as Derg after internal disputes known as “Red Terror”
1974- Selassie forced into exile by military coup d’etat
1973- Thousands die of famine in parts of country as result of oil crisis and closure of Suez Canal
1976-Politically discontent group in province of Tigray take up weapons against Addis Ababa regime
1977-USSR changes African policy providing Ethiopia with financial and military support, realizing Ethiopia was more populous then Eritrea and Somalia
Ethiopia: Important Dates and People
1981- Present
1981Present
1991- Ethiopian people revolt,Democratic party takes control or Eritrea
1981-Ethiopian army regains control of Eritrea with newly acquired supplies from USSR
1981-Mengistu rule found to be as oppressive as Selassie
1984- Severe famine strikes Ethiopia again, thousands dying a week
1985- Villagization put into effect, concentrating people in large settlements to reduce effects of famine
1989- Soviet Union falls apart, leaving Ethiopia without aid, leaving the government powerless
1998- Dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea arises over borders
2000- Border dispute turns into war
Haile Selassie I(Tafari Makonnon)
● Born Tafari Makonnen , July 23, 1892
●At age 13 became the Dejazmach, “commander or general of the gates”, in Ethiopia
●1907, Tafari appointed governor over part of the province of Sidamo.
●Tafari becomes Regent, making him the actual ruler of the Ethiopian Empire.
●Tafari Makonnen made governor of Harar, April 11, 1911 due to a poorly executed previous ruler
Haile Selassie (cont.)●Regent Tafari developed the idea of careful modernization, secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations in 1923, and abolished slavery in 1924
●Tafari crowned as emperor by Empress Zewditu in 1928; this was the first time in Ethiopian history that two emperors/empresses ruled in the same region in the same time
●After Zewditu's sudden death in 1930, Makonnen proclaimed Emperor and King of Kings in Ethiopia. He was crowned on November 2nd. Crowned Haile Selassie because Haile Selassie was the baptismal name given to him at his christening as a baby.
●Selassie made Ethiopia's first written constitution on July 16, 1931, made an appointed bicameral legislature. This was the first time a non-noble subject could have a role in government
Haile Selassie (cont.)
●The League of Nations failed to stop Italy from invading Ethiopia in 1935, so Selassie was exiled for five years
●Selassie returned to Ethiopia in 1941 after Italy was defeated by Ethiopia and the United Kingdom, after this Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations
●1955, Selassie introduced revised constitution, retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of to become an elected body.
●In 1963 Selassie headed the establishment of the Organization of African Unity with the new organization setting up its headquarters in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa.
●In 1975, Haile Selassie I died
Bibliography"Ethiopia." World History At KMLA. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/ethiopia194474.html>.
"Ethiopia." Introduction to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/intro.html>.
"Ethiopia." A Country Study Of: Ethiopia. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html>.
"Ethiopia." Mengistu. 15 Feb. 2006 <www.lemonde.fr>.
"Ethiopia." Haile Selassie I. 15 Feb. 2006 <www.time.com>.
• Under British rule, Ghana was known as the Gold Coast.
• Ghana gained independence on March 6, 1957
Colonial Background
•Economic development also led to political development
•Government power shifted to the Ghanaians from the British governor and his officials.
• The Constitution of 1925 created provincial councils of chiefs.
• In the 1930’s, six African newspapers provoked discontent about a lack of adequate representation.
• In 1943, two “unofficial members” were added to the council, and in 1946, representatives from a previously unincluded region, Asante, were
added.
• After rioting about issues such as the political domination of foreigners and shortages of housing in early 1948, government power was put into African hands.
Political Development
• Dr. Kwame Nkrumah revolutionized presidential elections in Ghana.
• Nkrumah was the pan-africanist leader of Ghana.
• Kwame Nkrumah was elected President of Ghana on April 8, 1950.
• On March 5, 1952 Kwame Nkrumah was named Prime Minister of Ghana.
• He was appointed general of the United Gold Coast Convention in 1948.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
President Nkrumah was the leading supporter of Pan-Africanism
Ghana contributed $5 million to the African Fund
Nkrumah campaigned throughout the country and set up summits to
spread Pan-African ideas
Nkrumah pursued a radical policy for Pan-Africanism
More About Kwame Nkrumah
•In 1984, PNDC creates the National Commission of Democracy.
•In 1993, a fourth party, the National Democracy Congress, is formed.
•John Kufuor is now the president of Ghana.
•In 1960, Ghana became a republic with Nkruma as president.
•On February 24, 1966, Nkrumah is overthrown by the military.
•In 1979, the Provisional National Defense Counsel (PNDC) comes into power.
Post-Independence Ghana
Bibliography
http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html
http://www.africawithin.com/nkrumah/nkrumah.htm
http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/images/ghana.gif
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/africapromaps/ghana.jpg
http://www.tlcafrica.com/john_kufuor.JPG
Kenya
By:
Davis
Matt
Joseph
Hurdles to Independence
1930’s - • Kenyans had almost no claim to land• Had to work on itinerant farms• Hut tax introduced by the British1950’s - • Mau Mau (Kenyan rebel group) began attacks• Supporters sent to detention camps• Had to fight against both the British and Africans (King’s African Rifles)
Similarities towards other African Nations• Dependency on European goods• Treated as inferior• Had no history of self governing
Jomo Kenyattaleader of Kenya
1945 -
• Organized 5th Pan African Congress (PAC)
1947 -
• Becomes president of Kenya African Union (KAU)
1948 - 1951
• Gave lectures around the country condemning idleness, robbery and
urged hard work
April 8, 1953 - Sentenced to 7 years in prison for managing Mau Mau
1960’s -
• Elected Kanu president while still in jail
• Forms a “self-government”
• Helped to convince white settlers to work for a free Kenya and to “forgive
and forget”
Post-Independence History
• Post independence history marked by stable yet dictatorial rule• Kenya gained independence in December of 1963• Due to the stability in Kenya, it has been able to play an active role in keeping
peace in neighboring countries• Jomo Kenyatta became the first president in 1963• From the beginning of its independence, Kenya’s only political party, KANU
crushed all attempts at opposition• In 1982, the national Assembly made Kenya a one-party state• Revolts and tension forced the one-party system to be repealed in 1991• Squabbling between young opposition parties diminished their initial success• In 2002, several powerful opposition groups joined together into NARC• Its candidate, Mwai Kibaki became the first non-KANU president• Though his rule has been less dictatorial than that of the KANU presidents, the
power of the president is still considered to be too large
Legacy of Imperialism
•Kenyan farmers protested the unfair land leases they were forced to accept under British rule
•Kenya’s economy remains focused around raw material exportation
•Because British had crushed all opposition groups during their rule, after independence the government easily became dictatorial
•Ethnic tensions are a result of the grouping of a myriad of ethnicities
•Kenya fought against Somalia and Uganda because under British rule, the three countries had been ruled together and borders had been
unclear
Position on Pan-Africanism•Pan-Africanism is a movement to unite all of Africans and the desendents of africans under one politcal and economic entity
• Kenya has an interest in the success of the Pan-African movement
Reason why
•Kenya has an economy based on agriculture and needsof import a lot of goods
Bibliography• Bowen, Rich. "Mzee Jomo Kenyatta." RCBowen Kenya Page. 10 Feb. 2006
<http://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html>. • "Case Study: Kenya." The Story of Africa. BBC News. 8 Feb. 2006
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml>. "Kenya." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Kenya>.
• "Jomo Kenyatta." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552618/Kenyatta_Jomo.html>.
• "Kenya." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564507/Kenya.html>.
• "Kenya." U.S. Department of State. 8 Feb. 2006
<http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2962.htm>. • "Kenya." Wikipedia.com. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.wikipedia.com>.• “Somalia.” Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Somalia>.• ”Uganda." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Uganda>.
By: Chris
Sarah
Daniel
Nigeria: A British Sphere Of Influence
1885 - Great Britian declares Nigeria its Sphere of Influence
1900 - Royal Niger Company goes under British government control
-Britain consolidates control to present-day Nigeria
1914 - Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
-divided into NORTH, SOUTH, and LAGOS regions
Post-WWII - increase in Nigerian nationalism
October 1960 - Nigerian independence under a federal government
-divided into NORTH, EAST, and WEST regions
Nnamdi Azikiwe
•Born in Nigeria in 1904
•Attended college in the United States
•Was inspired by the works of W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey
•Founded NCNC in 1944
•Became governor in general of Nigeria in 1963
•Was elected president of Nigeria in 1966
•Founded Nigerian peoples party in 1979
Important Nigerian Political Leaders
Emeka Ojukuwu (1967-1970) - declares “Republic of Biafra” in Eastern Nigeria
Alhaji Shenu Shagari (1979-1983) - part of the National Party Of Nigeria, won his position in an election, later he was overthrown because his elections were rigged
Muhammadu Buhari (1983-1985) - tried to reform the government and economy but could not handle the responsibility
Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993) - reformed the government and economy, wanted civilian participation in the government
Nigeria After Independence (post 1963)
• New constitution made.
• 1966- for the first time of many, army officers overthrow the current government.
• The leaders divided Nigeria into more and more separate states.
• 1977- a new constitution was drafted that ended military rule.
•1983- Military leaders take control of the state again.
•Similar to situation in Latin America with the Creole leaders after countries gained independence.
Nigeria Post Independence (Cont.)
• Finally during 90’s attempts at democratic elections made.
• The current corrupt government tried to prevent these election.
• Sanctions by other countries and pressure by citizens forced the government to allow elections.
• In late 90’s, Nigeria finally became a democracy ruled by people.
• Nigeria is still in major debt though, their economy is 98% oil based.
• Agriculture suffered because of lack of irrigation and mismanagement.
• Current debt is 32 billion dollars.
Pan African Support
• We support Pan-Africanism!
• Pan-Africanism will help our struggling economy.
• Pan-Africanism will also help create stability in our government, and help us create a stronger government.
• It will unify our many ethnic groups.
Works Citedhttp://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t043/T043490A.jsm
http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/mobolaji_aluko/zik.jpg
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november98.html
http://countrystudies.us/
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAU/FOUNDERS/oau_Founders.htm
The Sudan
By Austin, Jeff, and Brennan
The Sudan is located in North Eastern Africa
•Sudan is an English-speaking, or “anglophone”, country.
•The ruling style which the Sudanese people faced was that of the British, in which they were treated as inferiors and faced racism. •Britain was reluctant to support her colonies that were breaking free, because they did not
want to lose their land.•Britain and Egypt shared Sudan as a
condominium, a political territory over which two sovereign powers agree to share sovereignty
without dividing it.
General Information
Legacy of Imperialism1896- Anglo-Egyptian forces invade Sudan
1898- Battle of Omdurman: France and England almost fight over control of Sudan’s nile banks.
1899- England and Egypt become rulers of sudan
1899-1845- Military campaigns take place to reinforce Anglo-Egyptian rule
1953- Anglo-Egyptian rule ends and Sudan moves toward self-rule
Sudanese Independence
•Struggled to gain independence from both Egypt and Great Britain.•Civil war broke out between the North and the South in 1955.•Southern Sudan was forced by Britain to join Northern Sudan.•Became independent in 1956.
Post independence in Sudan
Corruption, chaos, disorder
•After Sudan gained independence in 1956 there were many power
struggles.
•In 1962 conflict in the south intensified.
•October revolution ousted Abboud regime ousted.
• after this there were many other revolutiuons and to this day there are many conflicts especially in
the darfur region.
Darfur Conflict
Conflict between Janjaweed and non-Arab peoples of the region
•Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide•The Government denies connections with Janjaweed even
though they support them•There has been a large amount of violence between the two
groups•Currently, UN peacekeepers are offering to put troops in
Sudan
Sources:
www.bbc.co.ukIas.berkeley.edu
www.Cia.govwww.wikipedia.com
By Sarah
Elana
Kara
Julius Kambarage Nyerere
1954 - formed TANU1958 - entered Legislative Council1960 - became chief minister of Tanganyika1961 - achieved internal self-government1961 - accomplished full independence in December
1962 - became president of Tanganyika1964 - Republic of Tanzania was formed
Road to Independence
• Colony of Germany in 1885• Tanganyika became independent on Dec. 9th 1961• Zanizbar made independent on Dec. 10th 1963• after six months Zanizbars new government was thrown
out by armed groups and the island merged with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
• On April 26 1964 Tanzania became an independent country
Predictions for the Future of Tanzania
Successes:•Gaining independence as a republic
•The ruling class will be the African majority
•Economic, social, and political unity of the country’s multiple tribes
•Dialogue between political parties
Failures:•Rivalries between Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and Civic United Front (CUF)
•Continued and conflict between supporters and opposers of African unity
•Villages have control over land rather than individuals
•Becoming economically behind other African countries
Pan-Africa
• Economic unification– One currency
• Greater African Congress– Leaders/Representatives meet once a year
AFRICA
List of Sourceshttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.htmlhttp://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072386.stmhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/http://timelines.ws/countries/TANZANIA.HTMLhttp://travelmax.startravel.co.uk/sisp/?
fx=destination&loc_id=135557§ion=culturehttp://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniand.htmlhttp://members.aol.com/dpaterson/eamusic.htmhttp://www.leksikon.org/images/nyerere_julius.jpg
