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Fernando Perna, Maria J. Custodio, Pedro M. Gouveia
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Algarve Tourism Competitiveness Research
Fernando Perna, Maria J. Custódio, Pedro M. GouveiaFernando Perna, Maria J. Custódio, Pedro M. Gouveia
Supported by:
COMPETITIVTUR CONFERENCE: TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS ON MATURE
DESTINATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH. FARO: OCTOBER, 29, 2010
The Concepts of Competitiveness
Authors Concepts
Ritchie e Crounch, 2003: 2.
“What makes a tourism destination truly competitive is its ability to increase tourism
expenditure, to increasingly attract visitors while providing them with satisfying,
memorable experiences, and to do so in a profitable way, while enhancing the well-being of
destination residents and preserving the natural capital of the destination for future
generations”.
Scott and Lodge, 1985 in Ritchie e Crounch: 12.
“Country’s ability to create, produce, distribute, and/or service products in international
trade while earning rising returns on its resources (…) this ability is more a question of
strategy than natural endownments”.Crounch: 12.
strategy than natural endownments”.
Dwyer, Forstyth andRao, 2000: 9.
” Tourism competitiveness is a general concept that encompasses price differentials
coupled with exchange rate movements, productivity levels of various components of the
tourist industry and qualitative factors affecting the attractiveness or otherwise of
destination’s”.
OECD, 2010. “Competitiveness is a measure of a country's advantage or disadvantage in selling its
produts in international markets”
Oxford Dictionary in
Ritchie e Crounch, 2003: 12.
“To compete is to strive for superiority in a quality”.
Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Competitive Advantage vs. Comparative Advantage
Competitive Advantage
“Resulting from value-added
activities by firms and organizations”
will relate to “construct” elements
like tourism infraestructure, events,
Comparative Advantage
Would relate to inherited or
endowed resources such as
climate, scenary, flora, fauna, (…)”Dwywer and Kim, (2003: 372)..like tourism infraestructure, events,
government policy (…)” Dwywer and Kim (2003: 372).
Dwywer and Kim, (2003: 372)..
• Competitiveness compared to what and whom?
• Which attributes should be considered? Overnights, bed places, revenues, prices,
quality, image? Which products? Which key-factors?
• Competitiveness and Tourism Area Life Cicle, a new relation?
Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Key Principals for Destination CompetitivenessPoon (1993) in Dwyer and Kim (2003: 375)
“Put the environment first
Make tourism a leading sector
Strengthen the distributionchannels in the market place
Built a dynamic private sector”.
Hassan (2000)
– Comparative advantage
– Demand orientation
– Industry structure
– Environmental
commitment
?
Sco
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: http
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Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
CategoriesAddapted from Dwyer and Kim (2003)
Hard IndicatorsAddapted from Crouch et al. (2000)
Soft IndicatorsAddapted from Crouch et al. (2000)
“Resources” Nº of berths (Marinas)
Nº of holes (Golf)
Nº of Direct Flights
Nº of Bed Places *
Occupancy Rate*
Climate
Urban Cleanliness
Image and Quality of LifeService Quality (Satisfaction)
Airports
Tourism for All
Acessibilities
“Destination Tourism Activity Monitoring
Marketing Activity Monitoring
Knowledge on Competition products
Model and Indicators for Competitiveness...
Competitiveness Evaluation
Where is the Starting Point?“DestinationManagement”
Marketing Activity Monitoring
Promotion Investment vs ROI
“Situational Conditions” Distance to Main Markets
Hotels prices
Airfares
Exchange Rate
Safety
“Demand” Destination Awarness Destination Perception
Consumer Preferencies
“Market” Overnights stays*
Market Share
Tourist Expenditure
Price Indexs
Rate of revisit * Hotels and similar establishements
Where is the Starting Point?
→ Tourism Area Life Cycle
→ Carrying Capacity
Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
wt = vt / m
Tourism Area Life Cycle: Stage IndicatorsAlgarve
Renovação
INTERVALO CRÍTICO DE Estagnação ELEMENTOS DE CAPACIDADE Consolidação
Declínio
Sta
tist
ics
Sp
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01
0
Desenvolvimento
Envolvimento
Exploratória
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Da
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COMPETITIVTUR: The Variables
Hospitality Market Adjust. (overnights stays vs. beds)
Diversity of Markets by origin
Tourist Average Expenditure by Day
Golfe (holes)
Marinas (berths)
Resources (and Products)
Hospitality Sector
Markets
Destination Area Life Cicle Seasonality (overnight stays)
Tourism Density (beds vs. inhabitants)
Occupancy Rate
Demographic Pressure (nights vs. inhabitants)
Domestic Product (PPS per inhabitant in % of the EU-27 average).
Destination Management / Situational Conditions / Demand
Hospitality Internet Prices
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Fonte: www.mapas-espana.com
COMPETIVTUR, Posicionamento EspacialCOMPETIVTUR, Posicionamento EspacialCOMPETIVTUR, Posicionamento EspacialCOMPETIVTUR, Posicionamento EspacialAlgarve e Costa Mediterrânica de EspanhaAlgarve e Costa Mediterrânica de EspanhaAlgarve e Costa Mediterrânica de EspanhaAlgarve e Costa Mediterrânica de Espanha
COMPETITIVTUR: The Territories
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
COMPETITIVTUR: CIITT Index14 Regions Model
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
Sta
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ics
Sp
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@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
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COMPETITIVTUR Competitiveness Index
ALGARVE: 4,28
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults Sta
tist
ics
Sp
ain
, 2
01
0
Algarve
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Da
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COMPETITIVTUR Competitiveness Index
ALGARVE: 4,28
MÁLAGA: 3,95
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults Sta
tist
ics
Sp
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Algarve
Málaga
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
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COMPETITIVTUR Competitiveness Index
ALGARVE: 4,28
BALEARIC: 5,32
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults Sta
tist
ics
Sp
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, 2
01
0
Algarve
Balearic
Islands
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
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COMPETITIVTUR Competitiveness Index
ALGARVE: 4,28
HUELVA: 3,60
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults Sta
tist
ics
Sp
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Algarve
Huelva
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Da
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COMPETITIVTUR CIITT Index14 Regions Model
Provisional Provisional ResultsResults
Sta
tist
ics
Sp
ain
, 2
01
0
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Da
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COMPETITIVTUR: Future Developments...
Benchmarking: Alargar a rede de regiões
envolvidasEstabilizar os indicadores hard e soft
Reforçar a componente de preços e gastos
Estabelecer a componente de percepção e
imagem do destino
Monitorização coerente e estável, em prática
durante x anos.
Have something (diferent) to sell and let the world know you have that.Prof. Larry Dwyer, Vilamoura Oct.’10
Grupo “informal” do turismoEstabelecer análise à procura sobre canais de
comunicação e canais de comercialização.
@ Perna, Custódio and Gouveia (2010)
Algarve Tourism Competitiveness Research
Fernando Perna, Maria J. Custódio, Pedro M. GouveiaFernando Perna, Maria J. Custódio, Pedro M. Gouveia
MUITO OBRIGADO.