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8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
1/1728
The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah
by
Alfred Edersheim
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
2/1728
About The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiahby Alfred Edersheim
The Life and Times of Jesus the MessiahTitle:http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.htmlURL:Edersheim, Alfred (1825-1889)Author(s):
Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal LibraryPublisher:Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1953Print Basis:Public DomainRights:This text has been proofread and corrected. Hebrew text has not beenentered.
Status:
Dr. Chris Benner (Digitizer)Contributor(s):All; Classic; History;CCEL Subjects:BT301LC Call no:
Doctrinal theologyLC Subjects:Christology
Life of Christ
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.htmlhttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/authInfo.htmlhttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/authInfo.htmlhttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.html8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
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Table of Contents
p. iiAbout This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 2Preface to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 8Preface to the Second and Third Editions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 12List of Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 473List of Abbreviations and References to Rabbinic Writings.. . . . . . . . . .
p. 478
Introductory. The Preparation for the Gospel; the Jewish world in the days
of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 478
CHAPTER I. THE JEWISH WORLD IN THE DAYS OF CHRIST - THE
JEWISH DISPERSION IN THE EAST.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 488
CHAPTER II. THE JEWISH DISPERSION IN THE WEST - THE
HELLENISTS - ORIGIN OF HELLENIST LITERATURE IN THE GREEK
TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE - CHARACTER OF THE
SEPTUAGINT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 499
CHAPTER III. THE OLD FAITH PREPARING FOR THE NEW -
DEVELOPMENT OF HELLENIST THEOLOGY: THE APOCRYPHA,
ARISTEAS, ARISTOBULUS, AND THE PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC
WRITINGS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 505
CHAPTER IV. PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA, THE RABBIS, AND THE
GOSPELS - THE FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF HELLENISM IN ITS
RELATION TO RABBINISM AND THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST.
JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 518
CHAPTER V. ALEXANDRIA AND ROME - THE JEWISH COMMUNITIES
IN THE CAPITALS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 529
CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE OF THE JEWISH
DISPERSION IN THE WEST - THEIR UNION IN THE GREAT HOPE OF
THE COMING DELIVERER.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 536
CHAPTER VII. IN PALESTINE - JEWS AND GENTILES IN 'THE LAND' -
THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONS AND FEELINGS - 'THE WALL OFSEPARATION.'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 543
CHAPTER VIII. TRADITIONALISM, ITS ORIGIN, CHARACTER, AND
LITERATURE - THE MISHNAH AND TALMUD - THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST
- THE DAWN OF A NEW DAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 556From the Manger in Bethlehem to the Baptism in Jordan.. . . . . . . . . . .
p. 556CHAPTER I. IN JERUSALEM WHEN HEROD REIGNED. . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER II. THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF HEROD - THE TWO
WORLDS IN JERUSALEM.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 571CHAPTER III. THE ANNUNCIATION OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. . . . .
p. 579
CHAPTER IV. THE ANNUNCIATION OF JESUS THE MESSIAH, AND
THE BIRTH OF HIS FORERUNNER.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 590CHAPTER V. WHAT MESSIAH DID THE JEWS EXPECT?. . . . . . . . .
p. 606CHAPTER VI. THE NATIVITY OF JESUS THE MESSIAH.. . . . . . . . .
p. 616
CHAPTER VII. THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN AND THE
PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 623
CHAPTER VIII. THE VISIT AND HOMAGE OF THE MAGI, AND THE
FLIGHT INTO EGYPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 634CHAPTER IX. THE CHILD-LIFE IN NAZARETH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 647
CHAPTER X. IN THE HOUSE OF HIS HEAVENLY, AND IN THE HOME
OF HIS EARTHLY FATHER - THE TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM - THE
RETIREMENT AT NAZARETH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 661
CHAPTER XI. IN THE FIFTEENTH YEAR OF TIBERIUS CSAR AND
UNDER THE PONTIFICATE OF ANNAS AND CAIAPHAS - A VOICE IN
THE WILDERNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 676CHAPTER XII. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS: ITS HIGHER MEANING.. . . .
p. 686The Ascent: From the River Jordan to the Mount of Transfiguration.. . . . .
p. 686CHAPTER I. THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 697
CHAPTER II. THE DEPUTATION FROM JERUSALEM - THE THREE
SECTS OF THE PHARISEES, SADDUCEES, AND ESSENES -
EXAMINATION OF THEIR DISTINCTIVE DOCTRINES.[1480]. . . . . . .
p. 718
CHAPTER III. THE TWOFOLD TESTIMONY OF JOHN - THE FIRST
SABBATH OF JESUS'S MINISTRY - THE FIRST SUNDAY - THE FIRST
DISCIPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 728
CHAPTER IV. THE MARRIAGE FEAST IN CANA OF GALILEE - THE
MIRACLE THAT IS 'A SIGN.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 737
CHAPTER V. THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE - 'THE SIGN,' WHICH
IS NOT A SIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 746
CHAPTER VI. THE TEACHER COME FROM GOD AND THE TEACHER
FROM JERUSALEM - JESUS AND NICODEMUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 754
CHAPTER VII. IN JUDA AND THROUGH SAMARIA - A SKETCH OFSAMARITAN HISTORY AND THEOLOGY - JEWS AND SAMARITANS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 765CHAPTER VIII. JESUS AT THE WELL OF SYCHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 777
CHAPTER IX. THE SECOND VISIT TO CANA - CURE OF THE
'NOBLEMAN'S' SON AT CAPERNAUM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER X. THE SYNAGOGUE AT NAZARETH -
SYNAGOGUE-WORSHIP AND ARRANGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 798CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST GALILEAN MINISTRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 804
CHAPTER XII. AT THE 'UNKNOWN' FEAST IN JERUSALEM, AND BY
THE POOL OF BETHESDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 812
CHAPTER XIII. BY THE SEA OF GALILEE - THE FINAL CALL OF THE
FIRST DISCIPLES, AND THE MIRACULOUS DRAUGHT OF FISHES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 816CHAPTER XIV. A SABBATH IN CAPERNAUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 823
CHAPTER XV. SECOND JOURNEY THROUGH GALILEE - THE HEALING
OF THE LEPER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 830
CHAPTER XVI. THE RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - CONCERNING THE
FORGIVENESS OF SINS - THE HEALING OF THE PARALYSED . . . . .
p. 836
CHAPTER XVII. THE CALL OF MATTHEW - THE SAVIOUR'S WELCOME
TO SINNERS - RABBINIC THEOLOGY AS REGARDS THE DOCTRINEOF FORGIVENESS IN CONTRAST TO THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST - THE
CALL OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 848
CHAPTER XVIII. THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT - THE KINGDOM OF
CHRIST AND RABBINIC TEACHING.[2499] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 861
CHAPTER XIX. THE RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - HEALING OF THE
CENTURION'S SERVANT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 868
CHAPTER XX. THE RAISING OF THE YOUNG MAN OF NAIN - THE
MEETING OF LIFE AND DEATH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 875CHAPTER XXI. THE WOMAN WHICH WAS A SINNER . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 881
CHAPTER XXII. THE MINISTRY OF LOVE, THE BLASPHEMY OF
HATRED, AND THE MISTAKES OF EARTHLY AFFECTION - THE
RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - HEALING OF THE DEMONISED DUMB -
PHARISAIC CHARGE AGAINST CHRIST - THE VISIT OF CHRIST'S
MOTHER AND BRETHREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 887
CHAPTER XXIII. NEW TEACHING 'IN PARABLES' - THE PARABLES TO
THE PEOPLE BY THE LAKE OF GALILEE, AND THOSE TO THE
DISCIPLES IN CAPERNAUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 902
CHAPTER XXIV. CHRIST STILLS THE STORM ON THE LAKE OF
GALILEE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 906
CHAPTER XXV. AT GERASA - THE HEALING OF THE
DEMONISED.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 912
CHAPTER XXVI. THE HEALING OF THE WOMAN - CHRIST'S
PERSONAL APPEARANCE - THE RAISING OF JAIRUS' DAUGHTER
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER XXVII. SECOND VISIT TO NAZARETH - THE MISSION OF
THE TWELVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 940
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE STORY OF THE BAPTIST, FROM HIS LAST
TESTIMONY TO JESUS TO HIS BEHEADING IN PRISON . . . . . . . .
p. 955
CHAPTER XXIX. THE MIRACULOUS FEEDING OF THE FIVE THOUSAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 961
CHAPTER XXX. THE NIGHT OF MIRACLES ON THE LAKE OF
GENNESARET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 976
CHAPTER XXXI. THE CAVILS OF THE PHARISEES CONCERNING
PURIFICATION, AND THE TEACHING OF THE LORD CONCERNING
PURITY - THE TRADITIONS CONCERNING 'HAND-WASHING' AND
'VOWS.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 992
CHAPTER XXXII. THE GREAT CRISIS IN POPULAR FEELING - THE
LAST DISCOURSES IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF CAPERNAUM - CHRIST
THE BREAD OF LIFE - 'WILL YE ALSO GO AWAY?' . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 1001CHAPTER XXXIII. JESUS AND THE SYRO-PHOENICIAN WOMAN . . .
p. 1006
CHAPTER XXXIV. A GROUP OF MIRACLES AMONG A SEMI-HEATHEN
POPULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1011
CHAPTER XXXV. THE TWO SABBATH-CONTROVERSIES - THE
PLUCKING OF THE EARS OF CORN BY THE DISCIPLES, AND THE
HEALING OF THE MAN WITH THE WITHERED HAND . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1019
CHAPTER XXXVI. THE FEEDING OF THE FOUR THOUSAND - TO
DALMANUTHA - 'THE SIGN FROM HEAVEN' - JOURNEY TO CSAREA
PHILIPPI - WHAT IS THE LEAVEN OF THE PHARISEES AND
SADDUCEES? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1026
CHAPTER XXXVII. THE GREAT CONFESSION - THE GREAT
COMMISSION - THE GREAT INSTRUCTION - THE GREAT TEMPTATION
- THE GREAT DECISION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1038
The Descent: From the Mount of Transfiguration into the Valley of Humiliation
and Death.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1038CHAPTER I. THE TRANSFIGURATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1046CHAPTER II. ON THE MORROW OF THE TRANSFIGURATION. . . . .
p. 1051
CHAPTER III. THE LAST EVENTS IN GALILEE - THE TRIBUTE-MONEY,
THE DISPUTE BY THE WAY, THE FORBIDDING OF HIM WHO COULDNOT FOLLOW WITH THE DISCIPLES, AND THE CONSEQUENT
TEACHING OF CHRIST.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1063
CHAPTER IV. THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM - CHRONOLOGICAL
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LAST PART OF THE GOSPEL-NARRATIVES
- FIRST INCIDENTS BY THE WAY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER V. FURTHER INCIDENTS OF THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM
- THE MISSION AND RETURN OF THE SEVENTY - THE HOME AT
BETHANY - MARTHA AND MARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1078
CHAPTER VI. AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES - FIRST DISCOURSE
IN THE TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1084CHAPTER VII. IN THE LAST, THE GREAT DAY OF THE FEAST'. . . . .
p. 1090
CHAPTER VIII. TEACHING IN THE TEMPLE ON THE OCTAVE OF THE
FEAST OF TABERNACLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1100CHAPTER IX. THE HEALING OF THE MAN BORN BLIND.. . . . . . . .
p. 1108
CHAPTER X. THE 'GOOD SHEPHERD' AND HIS 'ONE FLOCK' - LAST
DISCOURSE AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1113
CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST PERAN DISCOURSES - TO THE PHARISEES
CONCERNING THE TWO KINGDOMS - THEIR CONTEST - WHAT
QUALIFIES A DISCIPLE FOR THE KINGDOM OF GOD, AND HOW
ISRAEL WAS BECOMING SUBJECT TO THAT OF EVIL. . . . . . . . . .
p. 1119
CHAPTER XII. THE MORNING-MEAL IN THE PHARISEE'S HOUSE -
MEALS AND FEASTS AMONG THE JEWS - CHRIST'S LAST PERAN
WARNING TO PHARISAISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1127
CHAPTER XIII. TO THE DISCIPLES - TWO EVENTS AND THEIR MORAL.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1136
CHAPTER XIV. AT THE FEAST OF THE DEDICATION OF THE TEMPLE.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1143
CHAPTER XV. THE SECOND SERIES OF PARABLES - THE TWO
PARABLES OF HIM WHO IS NEIGHBOUR TO US: THE FIRST,
CONCERNING THE LOVE THAT, UNASKED, GIVES IN OUR NEED;
THE SECOND, CONCERNING THE LOVE WHICH IS ELICITED BY OUR
ASKING IN OUR NEED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1149
CHAPTER XVI. THE THREE PARABLES OF WARNING: TO THE
INDIVIDUAL, TO THE NATION, AND TO THE THEOCRACY - THE
FOOLISH RICH MAN - THE BARREN FIG-TREE - THE GREAT SUPPER.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1156
CHAPTER XVII. THE THREE PARABLES OF THE GOSPEL: OF THE
RECOVERY OF THE LOST - OF THE LOST SHEEP, THE LOST
DRACHM, THE LOST SON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1164
CHAPTER XVIII. THE UNJUST STEWARD - DIVES AND LAZARUS -
JEWISH AGRICULTURAL NOTES - PRICES OF PRODUCE - WRITING
AND LEGAL DOCUMENTS - PURPLE AND FINE LINEN - JEWISH
NOTIONS OF HADES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER XIX. THE THREE LAST PARABLES OF THE PERAN
SERIES: THE UNRIGHTEOUS JUDGE - THE SELF-RIGHTEOUS
PHARISEE AND THE PUBLICAN - THE UNMERCIFUL SERVANT . . . .
p. 1189
CHAPTER XX. CHRIST'S DISCOURSES IN PERA - CLOSE OF THE
PERAN MINISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1197
CHAPTER XXI. THE DEATH AND THE RAISING OF LAZARUS - THE
QUESTION OF MIRACLES AND OF THIS MIRACLE OF MIRACLES -
VIEWS OF NEGATIVE CRITICISM ON THIS HISTORY - JEWISH
BURYING-RITES AND SEPULCHRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1211
CHAPTER XXII. ON THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM - DEPARTURE
FROM EPHRAIM BY WAY OF SAMARIA AND GALILEE - HEALING OF
TEN LEPERS - PROPHETIC DISCOURSE OF THE COMING KINGDOM
- ON DIVORCE: JEWISH VIEWS OF IT - THE BLESSING TO LITTLE
CHILDREN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1218
CHAPTER XXIII. THE LAST INCIDENTS IN PERA - THE YOUNGRULER WHO WENT AWAY SORROWFUL - TO LEAVE ALL FOR CHRIST
- PROPHECY OF HIS PASSION - THE REQUEST OF SALOME, AND
OF JAMES AND JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1226
CHAPTER XXIV. IN JERICHO AND AT BETHANY - JERICHO - A GUEST
WITH ZACCHUS - THE HEALING OF BLIND BARTIMUS - THE PLOT
AT JERUSALEM - AT BETHANY, AND IN THE HOUSE OF SIMON THE
LEPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1235The Cross and the Crown.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1235
CHAPTER I. THE FIRST DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - PALM-SUNDAY -
THE ROYAL ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1242
CHAPTER II. THE SECOND DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE BARREN
FIG-TREE - THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE - THE HOSANNA OF
THE CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1246
CHAPTER III. THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE EVENTS OF
THAT DAY - THE QUESTION OF CHRIST'S AUTHORITY - THE
QUESTION OF TRIBUTE TO CSAR - THE WIDOW'S FARTHING - THE
GREEKS WHO SOUGHT TO SEE JESUS - SUMMARY AND
RETROSPECT OF THE PUBLIC MINISTRY OF CHRIST . . . . . . . . .
p. 1258
CHAPTER IV. THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE LASTCONTROVERSIES AND DISCOURSES - THE SADDUCEES AND THE
RESURRECTION - THE SCRIBE AND THE GREAT COMMANDMENT -
QUESTION TO THE PHARISEES ABOUT DAVID'S SON AND LORD -
FINAL WARNING TO THE PEOPLE: THE EIGHT 'WOES' - FAREWELL.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER V. THE THIRD DAY IN PASION-WEEK - THE LAST SERIES
OF PARABLES: TO THE PHARISEES AND TO THE PEOPLE - ON THE
WAY TO JERUSALEM: THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE
VINEYARD - IN THE TEMPLE: THE PARABLE OF THE 'NO' AND 'YES'
OF THE TWO SONS - THE PARABLE OF THE EVIL HUSBANDMEN
EVILLY DESTROYED - THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE
KING'S SON AND OF THE WEDDING GARMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1285
CHAPTER VI. THE EVENING OF THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK
- ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES: DISCOURES TO THE DISCIPLES
CONCERNING THE LAST THINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1301
CHAPTER VII. EVENING OF THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK-ON
THE MOUNT OF OLIVES-LAST PARABLES: TO THE DISCIPLES
CONCERNING THE LAST THINGS-THE PARABLE OF THE TEN
VIRGINS-THE PARABLE OF THE TALENTS-SUPPLEMENTARY
PARABLE OF THE MINAS AND THE KING'S RECKONING WITH HISSERVANTS AND HIS REBELLIOUS CITIZENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1311
CHAPTER VIII. THE FOURTH DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - JESUS IN HIS
LAST SABBATIC REST BEFORE HIS AGONY, AND THE SANHEDRISTS
IN THEIR UNREST - THE BETRAYAL - JUDAS: HIS CHARACTER,
APOSTASY, AND END. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1319
CHAPTER IX. THE FIFTH DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - 'MAKE READY THE
PASSOVER!' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1329
CHAPTER X. THE PASCHAL SUPPER - THE INSTITUTION OF THE
LORD'S SUPPER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1345
CHAPTER XI. THE LAST DISCOURSES OF CHRIST - THE PRAYER OF
CONSECRATION.[5716] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1359CHAPTER XII. GETHSEMANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1368
CHAPTER XIII. THURSDAY NIGHT - BEFORE ANNAS AND CAIAPHAS
- PETER AND JESUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1382CHAPTER XIV. THE MORNING OF GOOD FRIDAY. . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1393CHAPTER XV. 'CRUCIFIED, DEAD, AND BURIED.' . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1422
CHAPTER XVI. ON THE RESURRECTION OF CHRIST FROM THE
DEAD.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1429CHAPTER XVII. 'ON THE THIRD DAY HE ROSE AGAIN FROM THEDEAD; HE ASCENDED INTO HEAVEN' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1446APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1446APPENDIX I. Pseudepigraphic Writings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1449APPENDIX II. Philo of Alexandria and Rabbinic Theology. . . . . . . . . .p. 1454
APPENDIX III. Rabbinic Views as to the Lawfulness of Images, Pictorial
Representations on Coins, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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p. 1456
APPENDIX IV. An Abstract of Jewish History from the Reign of Alexander
the Great to the Accession of Herod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1471APPENDIX V. Rabbinic Theology and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1526
APPENDIX VI. List of the Maccabees, of the Family of Herod, of the
High-Priests, the Roman Procurators of Juda, and Roman Govenors of
Syria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1527APPENDIX VII. On the Date of the Nativity of our Lord. . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1529
APPENDIX VIII. Rabbinic Traditions about Elijah, the Forerunner of the
Messiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1532
APPENDIX IX. List of Old Testament Passages Messianically Applied in
Ancient Rabbinic Writings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1567APPENDIX X. On the Supposed Temple-Synagogue. . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1568APPENDIX XI. On the Prophecy, Is. XL. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1569APPENDIX XII. The Baptism of Proselytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1587APPENDIX XIV. The Law in Messianic Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1589
APPENDIX XV. The Location of Sychar, and the Date of our Lord's Visit
to Samaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1592
APPENDIX XVI. On the Jewish Views about 'Demons' and 'The Demonised,'
together with some Notes on the Intercourse between Jews and Jewish
Christians in the First Centuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1598
APPENDIX XVII. The Ordinances and Law of the Sabbath as Laid Down
in the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1608
APPENDIX XVIII. Haggadah about Simeon Kepha (Legent of Simon
Peter). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1611
APPENDIX XIX. On Eternal Punishment, According to the Rabbis and the
New Testament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1618INDEX I. Of Subjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1657
INDEX II. Of Passages from the Four Gospels Referred To in these
Volumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1702Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1702Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1711Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 1723Index of Pages of the Print Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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THE
LIFE AND TIMESOF
JESUS THE MESSIAH
BY
ALFRED EDERSHEIM, M.A.Oxon., D.D. Ph.D.
TO
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS, AND SCHOLARS
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
THESE VOLUMESARE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
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PREFACE
TO
THE FIRST EDITION.
In presenting these volumes to the reader, I must offer an explanation, - though I would fain
hope that such may not be absolutely necessary. The title of this book must not be understood as
implying any pretence on my part to write a Life of Christ in the strict sense. To take the lowest
view, the materials for it do not exist. Evidently the Evangelists did not intend to give a full record
of even the outward events in that History; far less could they have thought of compassing the
sphere or sounding the depths of the Life of Him, Whom they present to us as the God-Man and
the Eternal Son of the Eternal Father. Rather must the Gospels be regarded as four different aspects
in which the Evangelists viewed the historical Jesus of Nazareth as the fulfilment of the Divine
promise of old, the Messiah of Israel and the Saviour of man, and presented Him to the Jewish and
Gentile world for their acknowledgment as the Sent of God, Who revealed the Father, and wasHimself the Way to Him, the Truth, and the Life. And this view of the Gospel-narratives underlies
the figurative representation of the Evangelist in Christian Symbolism.1
In thus guarding my meaning in the choice of the title, I have already indicated my own
standpoint in this book. But in another respect I wish to disclaim having taken any predetermined
dogmatic standpoint at the outset of my investigations. I wished to write, not for a definite purpose,
be it even that of the defence of the faith, - but rather to let that purpose grow out of the book, as
would be pointed out by the course of independent study, in which arguments on both sides should
be impartially weighed and facts ascertained. In this manner I hoped best to attain what must be
the first object in all research, but especially in such as the present: to ascertain, as far as we can,
the truth, irrespective of consequences. And thus also I hoped to help others, by going, as it were,
before them, in the path which their enquires must take, and removing the difficulties andentanglements which beset it. So might I honestly, confidently, and, in such a matter, earnestly,
ask them to follow me, pointing to the height to which such enquires must lead up. I know, indeed,
that there is something beyond and apart from this; even the restful sense on that height, and the
happy outlook from it. But this is not within the province of one man to give to another, nor yet
does it come in the way of study, however earnest and careful; it depends upon, and implies the
existence of a subjective state which comes only by the direction given to our enquires by the true
(St John xvi. 13).This statement of the general object in view will explain the course pursued in these enquiries.
First and foremost, this book was to be study of the Life of Jesus the Messiah, retaining the general
designation, as best conveying to others the subject to be treated.
But, secondly, since Jesus of Nazareth was a Jew, spoke to, and moved among Jews, in
Palestine, and at a definite period of its history, it was absolutely necessary to view that Life and
Teaching in all its surroundings of place, society, popular life, and intellectual or religious
development. This would form not only the frame in which to set the picture of the Christ, but the
very background of the picture itself. It is, indeed, most true that Christ spoke not only to the Jews,
1 Comp. the historical account of these symbols inZahn, Forsch. z. Gesch. d. Neu-Test. Kanons, ii. pp. 257-275.
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to Palestine, and to that time, but - of which history has given the evidence - to all men and to all
times. Still He spoke first and directly to the Jews, and His words must have been intelligible to
them, His teaching have reached upwards from their intellectual and religious standpoint, even
although it infinitely extended the horizon so as, in its full application, to make it wide as the bounds
of earth and time. Nay, to explain the bearing of the religious leaders of Israel, from the first, towardsJesus, it seemed also necessary to trace the historical development of thought and religious belief,
till it issued in that system of Traditionalism, which, by an internal necessity, was irreconcilably
antagonistic to the Christ of the Gospels.
On other grounds also, such a full portraiture of Jewish life, society, and thinking seemed
requisite. It furnishes alike a vindication and an illustration of the Gospel-narratives. A vindication
- because in measure as we transport ourselves into that time, we feel that the Gospels present to
us a real, historical scene; that the men and the circumstances to which we are introduced are real
- not a fancy picture, but just such as we know and now recognize them, and would expect them
to have spoken, or to have been. Again, we shall thus vividly realise another and most important
aspect of the words of Christ. We shall perceive that their form is wholly of the times, their cast
Jewish - while by the side of this similarity of form there is not only essential difference but absolutecontrariety of substance and spirit. Jesus spoke as truly a Jew to the Jews, but He spoke not as they
- no, not as their highest and best Teachers would have spoken. And this contrariety of spirit with
manifest similarity of form is, to my mind, one of the strongest evidences of the claims of Christ,
since it raises the all-important question, whence the Teacher of Nazareth - or, shall we say, the
humble Child of the Carpenter-home in a far-off little place of Galilee - had drawn His inspiration?
And clearly to set this forth has been the first object of the detailed Rabbinic quotations in this
book.
But their further object, besides this vindication, has been the illustration of the
Gospel-narratives. Even the general reader must be aware that some knowledge of Jewish life and
society at the time is requisite for the understanding of the Gospel-history. Those who have consulted
the works ofLightfoot, Schttgen, Meuschen, Wetstein and Wnsche, or even the extracts from
them presented in Commentaries, know that the help derived from their Jewish references is very
great. And yet, despite the immense learning and industry of these writers, there are serious
drawbacks to their use. Sometimes the references are critically not quite accurate; sometimes they
are derived from works that should not have been adduced in evidence; occasionally, either the
rendering, or the application of what is separated from its context, is not reliable. A still more
serious objection is, that these quotations are not unfrequently one sided; but chiefly this - perhaps,
as the necessary consequence of being merely illustrative notes to certain verses in the Gospels -
that they do not present a full and connected picture. And yet it is this which so often gives the
most varied and welcome illustration of the Gospel-narratives. In truth, we know not only the
leading personages in Church and State in Palestine at that time, their views, teaching, pursuits,and aims; the state of parties; the character of popular opinion; the proverbs, the customs, the daily
life of the country - but we can, in imagination, enter their dwellings, associate with them in familiar
intercourse, or follow them to the Temple, the Synagogue, the Academy, or to the market-place
and the workshop. We know what clothes they wore, what dishes they ate, what wines they drank,
what they produced and what they imported: nay, the cost of every article of their dress or food,
the price of houses and of living; in short, every detail that can give vividness to a picture of life.
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All this is so important for the understanding of the Gospel-history as, I hope, to justify the
fulness of archological detail in this book. And yet I have used only a portion of the materials
which I had collected for the purpose. And here I must frankly own, as another reason for this
fulness of detail, that many erroneous and misleading statements on this subject, and these even
on elementary points, have of late been made. Supported by references to the labours of truly learnedGerman writers, they have been sometimes set forth with such confidence as to impose the laborious
and unwelcome duty of carefully examining and testing them. But to this only the briefest possible
reference has been made, and chiefly in the beginning of these volumes.
Another explanation seems more necessary in this connection. In describing the
Traditionalism of the time of Christ, I must have said what, I fear, may, most unwillingly on my
part, wound the feelings of some who still cling, if not to the faith of, yet to what now represents
the ancient Synagogue. But let me appeal to their fairness. I must needs state what I believe to be
the facts; and I could neither keep them back nor soften them, since it was of the very essence of
my argument to present Christ as both in contact and in contrast with Jewish Traditionalism. No
educated Western Jew would, in these days, confess himself as occupying the exact standpoint of
Rabbinic Traditionalism. Some will select parts of the system; others will allegorise, explain, ormodify it; very many will, in heart - often also openly - repudiate the whole. And here it is surely
not necessary for me to rebut or disown those vile falsehoods about the Jews which ignorance,
cupidity, and bigoted hatred have of late again so strangely raised. But I would go further, and
assert that, in reference to Jesus of Nazareth, no educated Israelite of to-day would identify himself
with the religious leaders of the people eighteen centuries ago. Yet is not this disclaimer of that
Traditionalism which not only explains the rejection of Jesus, but is the sole logical raison dtre
of the Synagogue, also its condemnation?
I know, indeed, that from this negative there is a vast step in advance to the positive in the
reception of the Gospel, and that many continue in the Synagogue, because they are not so convinced
of the other as truthfully to profess it. And perhaps the means we have taken to present it have not
always been the wisest. The mere appeal to the literal fulfilment of certain prophetic passages in
the Old Testament not only leads chiefly to critical discussions, but rests the case on what is, after
all, a secondary line of argumentation. In the New Testament prophecies are not made to point to
facts, but facts to point back to prophecies. The New Testament presents the fulfilment of all
prophecy rather than of prophecies, and individual predictions serve as fingerposts to great
outstanding facts, which mark where the roads meet and part. And here, as it seems to me, we are
at one with the ancient Synagogue. In proof, I would call special attention to Appendix IX., which
gives a list of all the Old Testament passages Messianically applied in Jewish writings. We, as well
as they, appeal to all Scripture, to all prophecy, as that of which the reality is in the Messiah. But
we also appeal to the whole tendency and new direction which the Gospel presents in opposition
to that of Traditionalism; to the new revelation of the Father, to the new brotherhood of man, andto the satisfaction of the deepest wants of the heart, which Christ has brought - in short, to the
Scriptural, the moral, and the spiritual elements; and we would ask whether all this could have been
only the outcome of a Carpenters Son at Nazareth at the time, and amidst the surroundings which
we so well know.
In seeking to reproduce in detail the life, opinions, and teaching of the contemporaries of
Christ, we have also in great measure addressed ourselves to what was the third special objectin
view in this History. This was to clear the path of difficulties - in other words, to meet such objections
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as might be raised to the Gospel-narratives. And this, as regards principle - not details and minor
questions, which will cause little uneasiness to the thoughtful and calm reader; quite irrespective
also of any theory of inspiration which may be proposed, and hence of any harmonistic or kindred
attempts which may be made. Broadly speaking, the attacks on the Gospel-narratives may be
grouped under these three particulars: they may be represented as intentional fraud by the writers,and imposition on the readers; or, secondly, a rationalistic explanation may be sought of them,
showing how what originally had been quite simple and natural was misunderstood by ignorance,
or perverted by superstition; or, thirdly, they may be represented as the outcome of ideas and
expectations at the time, which gathered around the beloved Teacher of Nazareth, and, so to speak,
found body in legends that clustered around the Person and Life of Him Who was regarded as the
Messiah. . . . And this is supposed to account for the preaching of the Apostles, for their life-witness,
for their martyr-death, for the Church, for the course which history has taken, as well as for the
dearest hopes and experiences of Christian life!
Of the three modes of criticism just indicated, importance attaches only to the third, which
has been broadly designated as the mythical theory. The fraud-theory seems - as even Strauss admits
- psychologically so incompatible with admitted facts as regards the early Disciples and the Church,and it does such violence to the first requirements of historical enquiry, as to make it - at least to
me - difficult to understand how any thoughtful student could be swayed by objections which too
often are merely an appeal to the vulgar, intellectually and morally, in us. For - to take the historical
view of the question - even if every concession were made to negative criticism, sufficient would
still be left in the Christian documents to establish a consensus of the earliest belief as to all the
great facts of the Gospel-History, on which both the preaching of the Apostles and the primitive
Church have been historically based. And with this consensus at least, and its practical outcome,
historical enquiry has to reckon. And here I may take leave to point out the infinite importance, as
regards the very foundation of our faith, attaching to the historical Church - truly in this also the
, [columna et fulcrum] (the Church of the LivingGod, the pillar and stay [support] of the truth).
As regards the second class of interpretation - the rationalistic - it is altogether so superficial,
shadowy and unreal that it can at most be only regarded as a passing phase of light-minded attempts
to set aside felt difficulties.
But the third mode of explanation, commonly, though perhaps not always quite fairly,
designated as the mythical, deserves and demands, at least in its sober presentation, the serious
consideration of the historical student. Happily it is also that which, in the nature of it, is most
capable of being subjected to the test of historical examination. For, as previously stated, we possess
ample materials for ascertaining the state of thought, belief, and expectancy in the time of Christ,
and of His Apostles. And to this aspect of objections to the Gospels the main line of argumentation
in this book has been addressed. For, if the historical analysis here attempted has any logical force,it leads up to this conclusion, that Jesus Christ was, alike in the fundamental direction of His teaching
and work, and in its details, antithetic to the Synagogue in its doctrine, practice, and expectancies.
But even so, one difficulty - we all feel it - remaineth. It is that connected with miracles, or
rather with the miraculous, since the designation, and the difficulty to which it points, must not be
limited to outward and tangible phenomena. But herein, I venture to say, lies also its solution, at
least so far as such is possible - since the difficulty itself, the miraculous, is of the very essence of
our thinking about the Divine, and, therefore one of the conditions of it: at least, in all religions of
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which the origin is not from within us, subjective, but from without us, objective, or, if I may so
say, in all that claim to be universal religions (catholic thinking). But, to my mind, the evidential
value of miracles (as frequently set forth in these volumes) lies not in what, without intending
offence, I may call their barely super-naturalistic aspect, but in this, that they are the manifestations
of the miraculous, in the widest sense, as the essential element in revealed religion. Miracles areof chief evidential value, not in themselves, but as instances and proof of the direct communication
between Heaven and earth. And such direct communication is, at least, the postulate and first
position in all religions. They all present to the worshipper some medium of personal communication
from Heaven to earth - some prophet or other channel of the Divine - and some medium for our
communication with Heaven. And this is the fundamental principle of the miraculous as the essential
postulate in all religion that purposes again to bind man to God. It proceeds on the twofold principle
that communication must first come to manfrom Heaven, and then that it does so come. Rather,
perhaps, let us say, that all religion turns on these two great factors of our inner experience: mans
felt need and (as implied in it, if we are Gods creatures) his felt expectancy. And in the Christian
Church this is not merely matter of the past - it has attained its fullest reality, and is a constant
present in the indwelling of the Paraclete.Yet another part of the task in writing this book remains to be mentioned. In the nature of
it, such a book must necessarily have been more or less of a Commentary on the Gospels. But I
have sought to follow the text of the Gospels throughout, and separately to consider every passage
in them, so that, I hope, I may truthfully designate it also a Commentary on the Four Gospels -
though an informal one. And here I may be allowed to state that throughout I have had the general
reader in view, reserving for the foot-notes and Appendices what may be of special interest to
students. While thankfully availing myself of all critical help within my reach - and here I may
perhaps take the liberty of specially singling out Professor Westcotts Commentary on St. John - I
have thought it right to make the sacred text the subject of fresh and independent study. The
conclusions at which I arrived I would present with the more deference, that, from my isolated
position, I had not, in writing these volumes, the inestimable advantage of personal contact, on
these subjects, with other students of the sacred text.
It only remains to add a few sentences in regard to other matters - perhaps of more interest
to myself than to the reader. For many years I had wished and planned writing such a book, and
all my previous studies were really in preparation for this. But the task was actually undertaken at
the request of the Publishers, of whose kindness and patience I must here make public
acknowledgment. For, the original term fixed for writing it was two or three years. It has taken me
seven years of continual and earnest labour - and, even so, I feel as if I would fain, and ought to,
spend other seven years upon what could, at most, be touching the fringe of this great subject. What
these seven years have been to me I could not attempt to tell. In a remote country parish, entirely
isolated from all social intercourse, and amidst not a few trials, parochial duty has been diversifiedand relieved by many hours of daily work and of study - delightful in and for itself. If any point
seemed not clear to my own mind, or required protracted investigation, I could give days of
undisturbed work to what to others might perhaps seem secondary, but was all-important to me.
And so these seven years passed - with no other companion in study than my daughter, to whom I
am indebted, not only for the Index Rerum, but for much else, especially for a renewed revision,
in the proof-sheets, of the references made throughout these volumes. What labour and patience
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this required every reader will perceive - although even so I cannot hope that no misprint or slip
of the pen has escaped our detection.
And now I part from this book with thankfulness to Almighty God for sparing me to complete
it, with lingering regret that the task is ended, but also with unfeigned diffidence. I have, indeed,
sought to give my best and most earnest labour to it, and to write what I believed to be true,irrespective of party or received opinions. This, in such a book, was only sacred duty. But where
study necessarily extended to so many, and sometimes new, departments, I cannot hope always to
carry the reader with me, or, which is far more serious - to have escaped all error. My deepest and
most earnest prayer is that He, in Whose Service I have desired to write this book, would graciously
accept the humble service - forgive what is mistaken and bless what is true. And if anything personal
may intrude into these concluding lines, I would fain also designate what I have written asApologia
pro vita mea (alike in its fundamental direction and even ecclesiastically) - if, indeed, that may be
called anApologia which is the confession of this inmost conviction of mind and heart: Lord, to
Whom shall we go? The words of eternal life hast Thou! And we have believed and know that
Thou art the Holy One of God.
ALFRED EDERSHEIM8 BRADMORE ROAD, OXFORD:
September1883
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PREFACETO THE
SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS.
IN issuing a new edition of this book I wish, in the first place, again to record, as the
expression of permanent convictions and feelings, some remarks with which I had prefaced the
Second Edition, although happily they are not at present so urgently called for.
With the feelings of sincere thankfulness for the kindness with which this book was received
by all branches of the Church, only one element of pain mingled. Although I am well convinced
that a careful or impartial reader could not arrive at any such conclusion, yet it was suggested that
a perverse ingenuity might abuse certain statements and quotations for what in modern parlance
are termed Anti-Semitic purposes. That any such thoughts could possibly attach to a book
concerning Him, Who was Himself a Jew; Who in the love of His compassion wept tears of bitter
anguish over the Jerusalem that was about to crucify Him, and Whose first utterance and prayerwhen nailed to the Cross was: Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do - would seem
terribly incongruous and painful. Nor can it surely be necessary to point out that the love of Christ,
or the understanding of His Work and Mission, must call forth feelings far different from those to
which reference has been made. To me, indeed, it is difficult to associate the so-called Anti-Semitic
movement with any but the lowest causes: envy, jealousy, and cupidity on the one hand; or, on the
other, ignorance, prejudice, bigotry, and hatred of race. But as these are times when it is necessary
to speak unmistakably, I avail myself of the present opportunity to point out the reasons why any
Talmudic quotations, even if fair, can have no application for Anti-Semitic purposes.
First: It is a mistake to regard everything in Talmudic writings about the Gentiles as
presently applying to Christians. Those spoken of are characterised as the worshippers of idols,
of stars and planets, and by similar designations. That the heathens of those days and landsshould have been suspected of almost any abomination, deemed capable of any treachery or cruelty
towards Israel, - no student of history can deem strange, especially when the experience of so many
terrible wrongs (would they had been confined to the heathen and to those times!) would naturally
lead to morbidly excited suspicions and apprehensions.
Secondly: We must remember the times, the education, and the general standpoint of that
period as compared with our own. No one would measure the belief of Christians by certain
statements in the Fathers, nor judge the moral principles of Roman Catholics by prurient quotations
from the Casuists; nor yet estimate the Lutherans by the utterances and deeds of the early successors
of Luther, nor Calvinists by the burning of Servetus. In all such cases the general standpoint of the
times has to be first taken into account. And no educated Jew would share the follies and
superstitions, nor yet sympathise with the suspicions or feelings towards even the most hostile and
depraved heathens, that may be quoted from the Talmud.
Thirdly: Absolutely the contrary of all this has been again and again set forth by modern
Jewish writers. Even their attempts to explain away certain quotations from the Talmud -
unsuccessful though, in my view, some of them are - afford evidence of their present repudiation
of all such sentiments. I would here specially refer to such work as Dr. Grnebaums Ethics of
Judaism (Sittenlehre d. Judenthums) - a book deeply interesting also as setting forth the modern
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Jewish view of Christ and His Teaching, and accordant (though on different grounds) with some
of the conclusions expressed in this book, as regards certain incidents in the History of Christ. The
principles expressed by Dr. Grnebaum, and other writers, are such as for ever to give the lie to
Anti-Semitic charges. And although he and others, with quite proper loyalty, labour to explain
certain Talmudic citations, yet it ultimately comes to the admission that Talmudic sayings are notthe criterion and rule of present duty, even as regards the heathen - still less Christians, to whom
they do not apply.
What has just been stated, while it fully disposes of all Anti-Semitism, only the more
clearly sets forth the argument which forms the main proposition of this book. Here also we have
the highest example. None loved Israel so intensely, even unto death, as Jesus of Nazareth; none
made such withering denunciations as He of Jewish Traditionalism, in all its branches, and of its
Representatives. It is with Traditionalism, not the Jews, that our controversy lies. And here we
cannot speak too plainly nor decidedly. It might, indeed, be argued, apart from any proposed
different applications, that on one or another point opinions of a different kind may also be adduced
from other Rabbis. Nor is it intended to convey unanimity of opinion on every subject. For, indeed,
such scarcely existed on any one point - not on matters of fact, nor even often onHalakhic questions.And this also is characteristic of Rabbinism. But it must be remembered that we are here dealing
with the very text-book of that sacred and Divine Traditionalism, the basis and substance of
Rabbinism, for which such unlimited authority and absolute submission are claimed; and hence,
that any statement admitted into its pages, even though a different view were also to be adduced,
possesses an authoritative and a representative character. And this further appears from the fact
that the same statements are often repeated in other documents, besides that in which they were
originally made, and that they are also supported by other statements, kindred and parallel in spirit.
In truth, it has throughout been my aim to present, not one nor another isolated statement
or aspect of Rabbinism, but its general teaching and tendency. In so doing I have, however, purposely
left aside certain passages which, while they might have most fully brought out the sad and strange
extravagances to which Rabbinism could go, would have involved the unnecessary quotation of
what is not only very painful in itself, but might have furnished an occasion to enemies of Israel.
Alike the one and the other it was my most earnest desire to avoid. And by the side of these
extravagances there is so much in Jewish writings and life - the outcome of Old Testament training
- that is noblest and most touching, especially as regards the social virtues, such as purity, kindness,
and charity, and the acknowledgment of God in sufferings, as well as their patient endurance. On
the other hand, it is difficult to believe that even the vehement assertions of partisans on the other
side, supported by isolated sayings, sometimes torn from their context, or by such coincidences as
are historically to be expected, will persuade those who keep in view either the words of Christ or
His history and that of the Apostles, that the relation between Christianity in its origin, as the
fulfilment of the Old Testament, and Traditionalism, as the externalised development of its letter,is other than that of which these volumes furnish both the explanation and the evidence. In point
of fact, the attentive student of history will observe that a similar protest against the bare letter
underlies Alexandrianism and Philo - although there from the side ofreason and apologetically,
in the New Testament from the aspect of spiritual life and for its full presentation.
Thus much - somewhat reluctantly written, because approaching controversy - seemed
necessary by way of explanation. The brief interval between the First and Second Editions rendered
only a superficial revision possible, as then indicated. For the present edition the whole work has
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once more been revised, chiefly with the view of removing from the numerous marginal Talmudic
references such misprints as were observed. In the text and notes, also, a few errata have been
corrected, or else the meaning rendered more clear. In one or two places fresh notes have been
made; some references have been struck out, and others added. These notes will furnish evidence
that the literature of the subject, since the first appearance of these volumes, has not been neglected,although it seemed unnecessary to swell the List of Authorities by the names of all the books
since published or perused. Life is too busy and too short to be always going back on ones traces.
Nor, indeed, would this be profitable. The further results of reading and study will best be embodied
in further labours, please God, in continuation of those now completed. Opportunity may then also
occur for the discussion of some questions which had certainly not been overlooked, although this
seemed not the proper place for them: such as that of the composition of the Apostolic writings.
And so, with great thankfulness for what service this book has been already allowed to
perform, I would now send it forth on its new journey, with this as my most earnest hope and desire:
that, in however humble a manner, it may be helpful for the fuller and clearer setting forth of the
Life of Him Who is the Life of all our life.
A. E.
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OXFORD:March 1886.
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LIST OF AUTHORITIES
CHIEFLY USED IN WRITING THIS BOOK.
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Alford: Greek Testament.
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Von der Alm: Heidn. u. jd. Urtheile ber Jesu u. die alten Christen.
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Altingius: Dissertationes et Orationes.
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Apocrypha: S.P.C.K. Commentary on. The Apocryphal Gospels.
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Auerbach: Berith Abraham.
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Bacher: Die Agada der Babylon. Amorer.
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Bck: Geschichte des Jd. Volkes u.seiner Literatur.
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Baedeker: Syrien u. Palstina.
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Bhr: Gesetz ber Falsche Zeugen nach Bible u. Talmud.
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Barclay: City of the Great King.
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Beer: Leben Abrahams.
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Beer: Leben Mosis.
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Beer, P.: Geschichte d. relig. Sekten d. Juden.
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Bengel: Gnomon Novi Testamenti.
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Bengel: Alter der jdischen Proselytentaufe.
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Bergel: Naturwissenschaftliche Kenntnisse d. Talmudisten.
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Bergel: Der Himmel u. seine Wunder.
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Bergel: Die Eheverhltnisse der alten Juden.
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Berliner, Dr. A.: Targum Onkelos.
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Bertholdt: Christologie Judorum. Testaments.
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Beyschlag: Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments.
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Beyschlag: Zur Johanneischen Frage.
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Bickell: Die Entstehung der Liturgie aus der Einsetzungsfeier.
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Bleek: Einleitung in dasa Neue Testament. ed. Mangold.
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Bleek: Synoptische Erklrung d. drei Evangelien.
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Bloch: Studien z. Gesch. der Sammlung d althebr. Literatur.
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Bloch: Das Mosaisch-talmud. Polizeirecht.
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Bloch: Civilprocess-Ordnung nach Mos. rabb. Rechte.
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Bochartus: Hierozoicon.
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Bodek: Marcus Aurelius u. R. Jehudah.
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Bodenschatz: Kirchliche Verfassung der heutigen Juden.
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Bhl: Forschungen nach einer Volks bibel zur Zeit Jesu.
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Bhl: Alttestamentliche Citate im N. T.
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Bonar: The Land of Promise.
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Braunius: De Vestitu Hebrorum.
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Brecher: DasTranscendentale im Talmud.
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Bredow: Rabbinische Mythen, &c.
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Brckner: Die Versuchungsgeschichte unseres Herrn Jesu Christi.
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Brck: Rabbinische Ceremonialgebruche.
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Brll: Fremdsprachliche Redensarten im Talmud.
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Brll: Trachten der Juden.
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Buber: Pesikta.
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Bucher: Des Apostels Johannes Lehre vom Logos.
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Burgon: The Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark.
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Buxtorf: Exercitationes.
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Buxtorf: Synagoga Judaica.
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Buxtorf; Lexicon Talmud.
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Calvin: Comment. (passim).
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Cahen: Repertorium Talmudioum.
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Carpzov: Chuppa Hebrorium.
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Caspari: Einleitung in das Leben Jesu Christi.
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Cassel: Das Buch Kusari.
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Cassel: Lehrbuch der Jud. Gesch, u. Literatur.
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Castelli: Commento di Sabbatai Donnolo sul libro della Creazione.
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Castelli: Il Messia secondo gli Ebrei.
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Cavedoni: Biblische Numismatik.
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Charteris: Canonicity.
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Chasronoth Hashas.
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Cheyne: Prophecies of Isaiah.
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Chijs: De Herode Magno.
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Cohen: Les Dicides.
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Commentaries, Speakers, on the Gospels; Camb. Bible on the Gospels.
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Conder: Tent Work in Palestine.
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Conder: Handbook to the Bible.
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Conforte: Liber Kore ha-Dorot.
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Cook: The Rev. Version of the Gospels.
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Creizenach: Shulcan Aruch.
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Cremer: New Testament Dictionary.
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Cureton: Syriac Gospels.
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Dhne: Jdisch-Alex. Religionsphilos.
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Davidson: Introduction to the Study of the New Testament.
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Davidson: The Last Things.
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Dachs: Codex Succa Talmudis Babylonici.
86
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Danko: Historia Revelationis Divinae N. T.
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Danko: De Sacra Scriptura ejusque interpretatione Commentarius.
88
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Delaunay: Moines et Sibylles dans lantiquit Judo-Grecque.
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Delitzsch: Handwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu.
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Delitzsch: Geschichte der jd. Poesie.
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Delitzsch: Durch Krankheit zur Genesung.
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Delitzsch: Ein Tag in Capernaum.
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Delitzsch: Untersuchungen b. die Entsteh. u. Anlage d. Matth-Evang.
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Delitzsch; Talmudische Studien.
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Delitzsch: Jesus und Hillel.
96
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Derenbourg: Essai sur lHistoire et la Gographie de la Palestine.
97
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Deutsch: Literary Remains.
98
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Deylingius: Observationes Sacr.
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Dillmann: Das Buch Henoch.
100
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Dllinger: Heidenthum und Judenthum.
101
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Drummond: The Jewish Messiah.
102
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Dukes: Zur Rabbinischen Sprachkunde.
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Duschak: Zur Botanik des Talmud.
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Duschak: Die Moral der Evangelien und des Talmud.
106
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Duschak: Jdischer Cultus.
107
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Duschak: Schulgesetzgebung.
108
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Ebrard: Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangel. Geschichte.
109
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Edersheim: History of the Jewish Nation.
110
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Edersheim: The Temple, its Ministry and its Services.
111
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Edersheim: Sketches of Jewish Social Life.
112
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Ehrmann: Geschichte der Schulen u. der Cultur unter den Juden.
113
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Eisenmenger: Entdecktes Judenthum.
114
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Eisler: Beitrge zur Rabb. Sprach- u. Alterthums-kunde.
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Ellicott: New Testament Commentary: Gospels.
116
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Ellicott: Lectures on the Life of our Lord.
117
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Encyclopaedia Britannica (passim).
118
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Etheridge: The Targums on the Pentateuch.
119
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Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History.
120
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131/1728
Ewald: Abodah Sarah.
121
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132/1728
Ewald: Geschichte des Volkes Israel.
122
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Ewald: Bibl. Jahrb. (passim).
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Fabricius: Codex Pseudepigraphus V.T.
124
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Farrar: Life of Christ.
125
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136/1728
Farrar: Eternal Hope.
126
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137/1728
Fassel: Das Mos. rabb. Civilrecht.
127
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138/1728
Fassel: Gerichts-Verf.
128
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139/1728
Field: Otium Norvicense.
129
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140/1728
Filipowski: Liber Juchassin.
130
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141/1728
Fisher: Beginnings of Christianity.
131
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Frankel: Targum der Proph.
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Frankel: Ueb. d. Einfl. d. palast. Exegese auf die Alexandr. Hermeneutik.
133
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Frankel: Monatschrift fur das Judenthum (passim).
134
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145/1728
Frankel: Vorstudien zu der Septuaginta.
135
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146/1728
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147/1728
Franck: d. Kabbala.
137
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148/1728
Freudenthal: Hellenistische Studien.
138
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149/1728
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
150/1728
Friedlaender: Sittengeschichte Roms.
140
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151/1728
Friedlaender: Ben Dosa u. seine Zeit.
141
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152/1728
Friedlaender: Patristische u. Talmudische Studien.
142
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
153/1728
Friedlieb: Oracula Subyllina.
143
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
154/1728
Friedlieb: Archologie der Leidensge schichte.
144
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
155/1728
Friedmann: Siphr debe Rab.
145
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
156/1728
Fritzsche u. Grimm: Handbuch zu den Apokryphen.
146
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
157/1728
Fritzsche u. Grimm: Libri V. T. Pseudepigraphi Selecti.
147
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
158/1728
Fuller: Harmony of the Four Gospels.
148
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
159/1728
Frst: Der Kanon des A. T.
149
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
160/1728
Frst: Kultur u. Literaturgeschichte der Juden in Asien.
150
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
161/1728
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
162/1728
Frstenthal: Menorath Hammaor.
152
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
163/1728
Frstenthal: Jessode haddat.
153
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
164/1728
Geier: De Ebraeorum Luctu Lugentiumque Ritibus.
154
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
165/1728
Geiger: Das Judenthum u. seine Geschichte.
155
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
166/1728
Geiger: Beitrge z. Jd. Literatur-Gesch.
156
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
167/1728
Geiger: Zeitschrift fur Jud. Theol. (passim).
157
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
168/1728
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
169/1728
Geikie: Life and Words of Christ.
159
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
170/1728
Gelpke: Die Jugendgesch. des Herrn.
160
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
171/1728
Gerlach: Die Rm. Statthlter in Syrien u Juda.
161
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
172/1728
Gfrrer: Philo.
162
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
173/1728
Gfrrer: Jahrh. d. Heils.
163
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
174/1728
Ginsburg: Ben Chajims Introd.
164
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
175/1728
Ginsburg: Massoreth Ha-Massoreth.
165
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
176/1728
Ginsburg: The Essenes.
166
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
177/1728
Ginsburg: The Kabbalah.
167
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
178/1728
Godet: Commentar.
168
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
179/1728
Godet: Bibl. Studies.
169
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
180/1728
Goebel: Die Parabeln Jesu.
170
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
181/1728
Goldberg: The Language of Christ.
171
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
182/1728
Graetz: Geschichte der Juden.
172
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
183/1728
Green: Handbk. to the Grammar of the Grk. Test.
173
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
184/1728
Grimm: Die Samariter.
174
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
185/1728
Grimm: Clavis N. T.
175
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
186/1728
Gronemann: Die Jonathansche Pentateuch-Uebersetzung.
176
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
187/1728
Grnebaum: Sittenlehre des Judenthums.
177
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
188/1728
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
189/1728
Guillemard: Hebraisms in the Greek Testament.
179
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
190/1728
Gnzburg: Beleuchtung des alten Judenthums.
180
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
191/1728
Hamburger: Real Encyklopdie f. Bibel u. Talmud.
181
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
192/1728
Hamelsveia: Dissertatio de aedibus vet. Hebr.
182
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
193/1728
Haneberg: Die relig. Alterth. der Bibel.
183
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
194/1728
Harnoch: De Philonis Judaei Log. Inquisitio.
184
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
195/1728
Hartmann: Die Hebrerin am Putztische u. als Braut.
185
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
196/1728
Hartmann: Die enge Verbindung des A. T. mit dem Neuen.
186
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
197/1728
Hase: Leben Jesu.
187
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
198/1728
Haupt: Die A. T. Citate in den 4 Evangelien.
188
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
199/1728
Hausrath: Neutestamentliche zeitgeschichte.
189
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
200/1728
Herzfeld: Geschichte Israels.
190
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
201/1728
Herzfeld: Handelsgeschichte der Juden des Alterthums.
191
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
202/1728
Herzog: Real-Encyklopdie (passim).
192
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
203/1728
Hildesheimer: Der Herod. Tempel n. d. Talmud u. Josephus.
193
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
204/1728
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
205/1728
Hirschfeld: Halach. u. Hagad. Exegese.
195
Alfred EdersheimLife and Times of Jesus
8/7/2019 Alfred Edersheim -- TLATOJTM
206/1728
Hirschfeld: Tractatus Macot. Hitzig: Geschichte des Volkes Israel.
196