LIQUID PROPELLANTS

Yelizaveta (Leesaw) Aleksyuk( ) yCOSMOS, Cluster 3

August 2011

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsHistory of Liquid Propellants

How Liquid Propellants Work

Fuels for Liquid Propellants

− Types of FuelsTypes of Liquid Propellants

-Monopropellant-Bipropellant

Ad f U i Li id P llAdvantages of Using Liquid Propellants

Disadvantages of Using Liquid Propellants

Major Uses

Sources

History of Liquid PropellantsHistory of Liquid PropellantsFirst seen in the book “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means

of Reaction Devices” by Konstantin Tsiolkovskyin 1903.

First liquid rocket launch

y y

First liquid rocket launch was on March 16, 1926 by Robert H. Goddard.

1960s: Development of liquidll t k t ipropellant rocket engines

became powerful enoughsend men to space.send men to space.

H Li id P ll t W kHow Liquid Propellants WorkThe propellant uses a p p

liquid oxidizer and a liquid fuel for

combustion.

Fuels are transferred from their holds by

th t i thpumps that raise the pressure into the combustion chambercombustion chamber.

How Liquid Propellants Work 2How Liquid Propellants Work 2

There they burn, creating high-pressure and a high-velocity stream of pressurized gases.p gThe pressurized gas is then directed through a nozzle at 5,000 to 10,000 mph exit velocities., pThe gas leaves the engine, creating a thrust, propelling the rocket forward.

F l f Li id P ll tFuels for Liquid PropellantsPropelled by the combustion of an oxidizer

and a f eland a fuel.

Oxidizer: Chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms.transfers oxygen atoms.

Fuels: Hydrogen, kerosene and ethyl alcohol water. (A material that stores energy.)

One example of a fueling system is the mixture of Oxygen and Hydrogen:

Mixed in a combustion chamber,

2H2O+Heat = 2H2+O2.

This mixture combusts and expels through the nozzle, creating thrust.

Types of FuelsTypes of FuelsGasoline and liquid oxygen: Used in Goddard's early rockets, the

first successful flights.g

Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen: Used in the Space Shuttle'smain engines.

Kerosene and liquid oxygen: Used on the first stage of the largeSaturn V boosters in the Apollo program.

Al h l d li id U d i h G V2 kAlcohol and liquid oxygen: Used in the German V2 rockets

Lithium and fluorine: Not used due to its corrosive nature,explosiveness toxic exhaust and high costexplosiveness, toxic exhaust, and high cost.

Liquid fluorine: Used in long-range ballistic missiles due to its“ready-to-fire” condition, even though it is hazardous andexpensive.

M ll tMonopropellantConsist of a single fluid.

Stored in one compartment instead of two.

Fewer containers allows for more space for storing propellants.storing propellants.

Used mainly in small rocket motors.

May need the help of a catalyst in order to y p ycombust.

Common monopropellant used for liquid rocket engines include:engines include:

Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)

Hydrazine (N2H4)Hydrazine (N2H4)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

BipropellantBipropellantStores oxidizer and fuel in separate compartments until pumped into the combustion chamber where they are mixed and ignited.

More commonly used than monopropellant systems.

Combinations for fuel and oxidizers are based on:High density (tank weight efficiency)The costIts toxicity.Its impact on the earth.

Ad t f Li id P ll tAdvantages of Liquid PropellantsHigher exhaust velocity than solid propellantsHigher exhaust velocity than solid propellants.

Built with efficiency in mind. Propellant : Mass of Components is high.

Better throttleability. Great control over throttle in flight. (due to stopping y g ( pp gfunctions)

− The amount of fuel and rate of burn can be changed in flight.

− Allows emergency shutdowns and start-stop functions.Great for out of the blue missions since propellants do not have to be loaded until launch time.

Liquid fuel boosters are more easily re-usable.

Fuels and oxidizers are not as expensive as some solid propellants.p p p

Di d t f Li id P ll tDisadvantages of Liquid PropellantsHydrogen and oxygen (most commonly used) cryogenic. The propellants

l li id h l lare only liquid when at extremely low temperatures.

− Difficult to maintain propellants like liquid oxygen at such cold temperaturestemperatures.

− Difficult to avoid the propellants evaporating before launch.Storage is more complicated than solid propellants.Storage is more complicated than solid propellants.

Fragile, with many complex parts.

M j UMajor UsesCurrently, hybrid propellants are used instead of solely liquid.y, y p p y q

Liquid systems also have been used extensively as first-

t l h hi l f i istage launch vehicles for space missions.

Today's fuel economy:

− Liquid oxygen costs $0.15/kg. − Liquid hydrogen costs $2.20/kg.

S Sh l ' li id ll i hl $1 4− Space Shuttle's liquid propellant expense is roughly $1.4 million for each launch in comparison to $450 million from other expenses.

Each of the main engines of the U.S. Space shuttle employs liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants.

Sources"HowStuffWorks "Liquid-Propellant Rockets"" HowStuffWorks "Science" Web. 03 Aug. 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/rocket5.htm>.

Huzel, Dieter K., and David H. Huang. Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines Washington DC: Americanof Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. Print.

Krzycki, Leroy J. How to Design, Build and Test Small Liquid-fuel Rocket Engines. China Lake, CA: Rocketlab, 1967. Print.

Liquid Propellants Version. Web. 27 July 2011. <http://www mineactionstandards org/fileadmin/user upload/MAS/docu<http://www.mineactionstandards.org/fileadmin/user_upload/MAS/documents/technical-notes/TN_09-30_03_2001_Liquid_Propellants_Version_3-0.pdf>.

"Liquid Rocket Propellants." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 29 July 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellants>.

Sources"Liquid Propellant." Lecture by Mohamed M. Hafez.

Malik, Tariq. "Rocket." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 Aug. , q p , y p g2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket>.

NASA. A Review of the Supply of Liquid Propellants and Other Fluids in Support of the Space Shuttle Program Web 25 July 2011Support of the Space Shuttle Program. Web. 25 July 2011. <http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890012564_1989012564.pdf>.

"R k (j l i D i d V hi l ) Li id ll R k"Rocket (jet-propulsion Device and Vehicle) :: Liquid-propellant Rocket Engines -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 01 Aug. 2011. <http://www britannica com/EBchecked/topic/506283/rocket/45755/Liqui<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506283/rocket/45755/Liquid-propellant-rocket-engines>.

"Russian Liquid Propellant Engines." Scribd. Web. 30 July 2011. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/7362263/Russian-Liquid-Propellant-Engines>.

Thank YouThank You.

UC Davis, COSMOS Cluster 3 2011

l kSir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet

Yelizaveta (Leesaw) AleksyukYelizaveta (Leesaw) AleksyukCOSMOS, Cluster 3

August 2011

Table of Contents

Man of Science− Life

Best Known ForStokes' LawNavier-Stokes EquationPassingPassingSources

M f iMan of Science13th of August 1819 to 1st of F b i 1903February in 1903.He went to a number of

schools prior to enteringschools prior to entering Pembroke College in 1837.

1849 S kIn 1849, Stokes was appointed to the Lucasian professorship of p pmathematics at Cambridge.

Explained natural phenomena such as the flow of water in rivers and channels.

Brought up in an Evangelical, Protestant familyProtestant family.1885–1890: President of the Royal SocietySocietyAppointed member of the Royal Commission calculated the effect ofCommission calculated the effect of wind forces on structures and the pressures they applied on open p essu es t ey app ed o opesurfaces.Contributed to fluid dynamics, the y ,creeping flow, light theory, optics, fluorescence, polarization, organic h i t t l d h t d tichemistry, crystal and heat conduction,

and spectroscopy.

Best Known For: Stokes' LawStokes' TheoremNavier–Stokes EquationStokes LineStokes LineStokes Number RelationsStokes ShiftStokes Shift

Stokes' Law:

Calculates the viscosity of the fluid.yWhen an object rises/falls through a fluid it experiences a viscous drag.Shows frictional drag is smaller for large spheres than for small ones.Terminal elocit of a large sphere > a smallTerminal velocity of a large sphere > a small sphere's with the same material.Understanding swimming of microorganisms U de s a d g s g o c oo ga s sunder the force of gravity or water, and Millikan's experiment measuring the charge of an electron.of an electron.

Stokes' Law As the object falls, its velocity rises until it reaches terminal velocity until it reaches terminal velocity.

Frictional drag from viscous forces is balanced by gravitational force.

− Velocity is constant.

F i i l f (F) 6 (S k ' Frictional force (F) = 6πηrv (Stokes's Law)

Density material: ρ Density liquid: σDensity material: ρ Density liquid: σ

Gravitational force = weight - upthrust = 4/3[πr3 (ρ – σ)]

Viscosity (η) = 2gr2(ρ -σ)/9v

Nauvier-Stokes Equation:

Describe the motion of fluid substances.

Three directional equation describe how the velocity pressureThree directional equation describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of a moving fluid are related.

Navier-Stokes equation solution is the velocity/flow field.

− Describes the velocity of the fluid at a given point in space and time.

Used to design aircrafts cars power stationsUsed to design aircrafts, cars, power stations.

Used to study blood flow and pollution.

Models ocean currents water flow in a pipe water currents and airModels ocean currents, water flow in a pipe, water currents, and air flow around a wing.

Nauvier-Stokes Equation Solved forNauvier-Stokes Equation Solved for Three Dimensions

PassingDeveloped ideas proposed by Lagrange, Laplace, Fourier, and CauchyCauchy.

Before he died, he stayed religious and delivered his Gifford Lectures.

Stokes died on 1 February, 1903 at the age of 83.

Wrote a fifty-seven-page letter to his fiance explaining his inability to love because of his scientific naturebecause of his scientific nature.

Lived with his daughter, Isabella Lucy, who wrote a memoir of him ft h di dafter he died.

Sources"2.1 Navier-Stokes Equations." FAMU-FSU College of Engineering :: Welcome. Web. 25 July 2011. <http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~dommelen/papers/subram/style_a/node15.html>.

"Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 25 July 2011.Web. 25 July 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet>.

SpringerLink. Web. 25 July 2011. <http://www springerlink com/content/n512328510179403/><http://www.springerlink.com/content/n512328510179403/>.

"Stokes." Lecture by Mohamed M. Hafez.

Viscosity Web 25 July 2011Viscosity. Web. 25 July 2011. <http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Properties%20of%20matter/Viscosity/text/Stokes_law/index.html>.

Web. 25 July 2011. <http://www.springerlink.com/content/ht2u066t0403k583/fulltext.html>

Thank YouThank You.

UC Davis COSMOS Cluster 3 2011