Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,AMERICAN HISTORY 13/eAMERICAN HISTORY 13/e

Chapter Six: The Constitution and Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republicthe New Republic

Chapter Six: Chapter Six:

The Constitution and the New RepublicThe Constitution and the New Republic

© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.2

Map of the United States Immediately After Independence(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)


I. Framing a New GovernmentI. Framing a New Government– Advocates of CentralizationAdvocates of Centralization

Annapolis Convention (1786) – time to strengthen Annapolis Convention (1786) – time to strengthen the Articles (led by Alexander Hamilton)the Articles (led by Alexander Hamilton)

Meeting set for summer of 1787 in PhiladelphiaMeeting set for summer of 1787 in Philadelphia



Alexander Hamilton (on the Ten Dollar Bill)

(The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Ken Cavanagh Photographer)


I. Framing a New GovernmentI. Framing a New Government– A Divided ConventionA Divided Convention

The Founding FathersThe Founding Fathers Young(er), educated, rich; included Washington, Young(er), educated, rich; included Washington,

Hamilton, Madison, FranklinHamilton, Madison, Franklin The Virginia Plan (Madison & Edmund Randolph)The Virginia Plan (Madison & Edmund Randolph)

Two-tiered legislature; favored large statesTwo-tiered legislature; favored large states Small States Versus Large States Small States Versus Large States

Fighting occurred over representation inFighting occurred over representation in

CongressCongress



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I. Framing a New GovernmentI. Framing a New Government– CompromiseCompromise

The Great (CT) CompromiseThe Great (CT) Compromise

– The Constitution of 1787The Constitution of 1787 James Madison (Father)James Madison (Father) The Question of SovereigntyThe Question of Sovereignty

Both states & nat’l gov’tsBoth states & nat’l gov’ts

had it; comes from the peoplehad it; comes from the people Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

Three branches (Leg. Exec. Jud.)Three branches (Leg. Exec. Jud.)

as to make sure no one branch is as to make sure no one branch is

more powerful than the othermore powerful than the other

The Constitution (NARA)




The Constitution and the New RepublicThe Constitution and the New Republic Madisonian ModelMadisonian Model

– Federalism – separation of power between state and national Federalism – separation of power between state and national governmentsgovernments

– Separation of Powers – no single branch becomes more Separation of Powers – no single branch becomes more powerful than the otherpowerful than the other

– Checks and Balances – each branch has the power to check Checks and Balances – each branch has the power to check another to balance poweranother to balance power

– Popular Sovereignty – the people rule (not too much though)Popular Sovereignty – the people rule (not too much though)– Judicial Review – Judicial branch decides on constitutionality of Judicial Review – Judicial branch decides on constitutionality of

lawlaw– Limited Government – the central government is not all powerfulLimited Government – the central government is not all powerful

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The Federalist Papers (New York Public Library)7

I. Framing a New GovernmentI. Framing a New Government– Federalists and AntifederalistsFederalists and Antifederalists

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Hamilton, Madison, JayHamilton, Madison, Jay Explained the governmentExplained the government

The AntifederalistsThe Antifederalists Biggest complaint – no personalBiggest complaint – no personal

liberties (bill of rights) in theliberties (bill of rights) in the

Constitution Constitution Debating the ConstitutionDebating the Constitution

Went quicklyWent quickly



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I. Framing a New GovernmentI. Framing a New Government– Completing the StructureCompleting the Structure

The Bill of Rights – created after Constitution The Bill of Rights – created after Constitution was ratifiedwas ratified

The CabinetThe Cabinet Presidential advisorsPresidential advisors Not written in ConstitutionNot written in Constitution State, War, TreasuryState, War, Treasury Attorney GeneralAttorney General

The Bill of Rights (Comstock Images / Getty Images)




II. Federalists and RepublicansII. Federalists and Republicans Competing Visions Competing Visions

Federalists favored strong central gov’t (urban)Federalists favored strong central gov’t (urban) Led by Hamilton; supported by WashingtonLed by Hamilton; supported by Washington

Republicans favored strong state gov’ts and rule by the people Republicans favored strong state gov’ts and rule by the people (rural)(rural)

Led by Jefferson and MadisonLed by Jefferson and Madison

– Hamilton and the FederalistsHamilton and the Federalists Assuming the Debt Assuming the Debt

Would finance national debt at face value and take all state debtWould finance national debt at face value and take all state debt Hamilton’s Report on Manufacturing Hamilton’s Report on Manufacturing

Excise tax on liquor; protected tariff on imported goodsExcise tax on liquor; protected tariff on imported goods


The Constitution and the New RepublicThe Constitution and the New RepublicNOTE: not the same Federalists as the ones who supported ratification of the Constitution

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II. Federalists and RepublicansII. Federalists and Republicans– Enacting the Federalist ProgramEnacting the Federalist Program

Location of the Capital (was in NYC)Location of the Capital (was in NYC) Agreed upon to be in the south (between VA and MD)Agreed upon to be in the south (between VA and MD)

Bank of the United States (1791)Bank of the United States (1791) A national bank created with a 20-year charterA national bank created with a 20-year charter Very controversial; led to arguments that the US Very controversial; led to arguments that the US

doesn’t have the power to create thisdoesn’t have the power to create this Strict v. Loose ConstitutionalistsStrict v. Loose Constitutionalists

Strict (R) said follow it word-for-wordStrict (R) said follow it word-for-word Loose (F) said the national gov’t can read between the Loose (F) said the national gov’t can read between the

lines if necessary and properlines if necessary and proper




II. Federalists and RepublicansII. Federalists and Republicans– The First Party SystemThe First Party System

Many at the time feared factions; felt they Many at the time feared factions; felt they

were dangerouswere dangerous Factions created with this first system of Factions created with this first system of

political parties (two-party system)political parties (two-party system) Worked well because they organized theirWorked well because they organized their

visionsvisions

Thomas Jefferson (Library of Congress)



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III. Establishing National SovereigntyIII. Establishing National Sovereignty– Securing the Frontier (helped by Federalists)Securing the Frontier (helped by Federalists)

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Western-PA farmers refused to pay whiskey taxWestern-PA farmers refused to pay whiskey tax Washington raised and led an army to put down the rebellionWashington raised and led an army to put down the rebellion RESULTS: first show of national gov’t’s powerRESULTS: first show of national gov’t’s power

– Native Americans and the New NationNative Americans and the New Nation Indians and the ConstitutionIndians and the Constitution

Seen as tribes, but not nations, and were not allowed to be Seen as tribes, but not nations, and were not allowed to be citizens of the UScitizens of the US

With settlers encroaching Indian land, conflict aroseWith settlers encroaching Indian land, conflict arose Battle of Fallen Timbers – Indians surrender; cede landBattle of Fallen Timbers – Indians surrender; cede land



III. Establishing National SovereigntyIII. Establishing National Sovereignty– Maintaining Neutrality (French v. British)Maintaining Neutrality (French v. British)

US wanted to establish legitimacy with Great Britain, but tested US wanted to establish legitimacy with Great Britain, but tested with French-British War in 1793with French-British War in 1793

Citizen GenetCitizen Genet US declared neutrality, but was ignored by French diplomat US declared neutrality, but was ignored by French diplomat

Citizen Edmond GenetCitizen Edmond Genet British got upset, started seizing American ships; Americans feel British got upset, started seizing American ships; Americans feel

anti-Britishanti-British

– Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s TreatyJay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty (John Jay)Jay’s Treaty (John Jay)

Established American sovereignty in the Northwest and a Established American sovereignty in the Northwest and a satisfactory commercial relationship with G.B.satisfactory commercial relationship with G.B.

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) Resolved border conflicts with SpainResolved border conflicts with Spain

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IV. The Downfall of the FederalistsIV. The Downfall of the Federalists– The Election of 1796The Election of 1796

John Adams (F) v. Thomas Jefferson (R)John Adams (F) v. Thomas Jefferson (R) Adams 1Adams 1stst; TJ 2; TJ 2ndnd; TJ=VP; TJ=VP

Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address Warned US against dangers of Warned US against dangers of

Foreign influenceForeign influence Political factionsPolitical factions

Federalists Party starting to divideFederalists Party starting to divide

John Adams (Library of Congress)




IV. The Downfall of the FederalistsIV. The Downfall of the Federalists– The Quasi War with FranceThe Quasi War with France

The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair France seized American shipsFrance seized American ships Federalists wanted war; Adams wanted diplomacyFederalists wanted war; Adams wanted diplomacy Diplomats were met by 3 French agents (“XYZ”) who Diplomats were met by 3 French agents (“XYZ”) who

demanded a bribe for negotiationsdemanded a bribe for negotiations The Quasi WarThe Quasi War

Americans upset, so it led to an undeclared naval war Americans upset, so it led to an undeclared naval war with Francewith France

Ultimately France chose to negotiate, averting warUltimately France chose to negotiate, averting war



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IV. The Downfall of the FederalistsIV. The Downfall of the Federalists– Repression and ProtestRepression and Protest

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts Created to stifle Republican oppositionCreated to stifle Republican opposition

Any seditious words used against gov’t not allowedAny seditious words used against gov’t not allowed Aliens (immigrants) restrictedAliens (immigrants) restricted

Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions Republican responded, using John Locke’s theory of Republican responded, using John Locke’s theory of

state government nullifying (voided) national lawstate government nullifying (voided) national law

– The “Revolution” of 1800The “Revolution” of 1800 The Election of 1800The Election of 1800

The Judiciary Act of 1801The Judiciary Act of 1801



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IV. The Downfall of the FederalistsIV. The Downfall of the Federalists– The “Revolution” of 1800The “Revolution” of 1800

The Election of 1800The Election of 1800 John Adams (F) vs. Thomas Jefferson (R)John Adams (F) vs. Thomas Jefferson (R) Electoral College gave both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Electoral College gave both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

(his VP running mate) 73 votes(his VP running mate) 73 votes House picks Jefferson; Aaron Burr becomes VPHouse picks Jefferson; Aaron Burr becomes VP

The Judiciary Act of 1801The Judiciary Act of 1801 Judicial branch only branch dominated by FederalistsJudicial branch only branch dominated by Federalists Lame duck Congress voted to add more justices to the Supreme Lame duck Congress voted to add more justices to the Supreme

Court to get their guys inCourt to get their guys in Known as Midnight JudgesKnown as Midnight Judges Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Found Act unconstitutional; first use of judicial reviewFound Act unconstitutional; first use of judicial review



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Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic