Alakanada 10-daily discharge.pdf

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Page: 1 of 3Document : 2008026/EC Date: Mar 2009Draft Managed Flow Report Revision: R0

Environment & Ecology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No Description Page No

1.0 Introduction 1-57

2.0 Managed Flow Issues 1-57

2.1 Measurement of Current River Flow 2-57

2.2 Uses of Water 4-57

2.2.1 Water Quality 8-57

2.2.2 Waterborne Diseases 14-57

2.3 Aquatic Ecology 17-57

2.4 Downstream Hazards 41-57

2.5 Pollution Load Study 42-57

2.5.1 Study Reach 43-57

2.5.2 River Flow 46-57

2.5.3 Selection of Model 48-57

2.5.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling 48-57

2.5.5 Water Quality Modeling 49-57

2.5.6 Water Quality Forecast for Alaknanda River 51-57

2.5.7 Conclusions & Recommendations 56-57





List of Tables

Table No Description

2.1.1 Historical Flow of River Alaknanda

2.1.2 Lean Season Flow of the Tributaries of Alaknanda

2.2.1 Officials Consulted to identify Future Water Plan

2.2.2 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Location

2.2.3 Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring

2.2.4 Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring2.2.5 Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring

2.2.6 Ground Water Quality Monitoring locations

2.2.7 Results Ground Water Quality Monitoring

2.2.8 Results of Ground Water Quality Monitoring

2.2.9 Diseases recorded at PHC Chamoli, 2006--2008

2.2.10 Diseases recorded in CHC Joshimath, 2006-2008

2.3.1 Fish fauna found in the Alaknanda River2.3.2 Diversity index of periphyton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1

2.3.3 Diversity index of phytoplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site

2.3.4 Diversity index of zooplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1

2.3.5 Diversity index of benthos in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1

2.3.6 Fish fauna found in the Patalganga (S 2)

2.3.7 Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of periphyton in S2

2.3.8 Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of phytoplankton in S2

2.3.9 Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S 2

2.3.10 Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S 2

2.3.11 Fish fauna found in the Garur Ganga

2.3.12 Diversity index of Periphyton at Sampling site S 3





Table No Description

2.3.13 Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S 3



2.3.16 Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S 4




2.3.20 Fish fauna found in the Birahi River

2.3.21 Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S 5




2.3.25 Riparian vegetation along the Alaknanda river and its tributaries

2.4.1 Water depth and spread downstream of dam in the event of Dam break

2.4.2 List of Villages likely to be affected in case of Dam Failure

2.5.1 Salient features of the Tributaries Cross-Sections

2.5.2 Available discharges in the Tributaries

2.5.3 Existing Inflows (February 2009) in Alaknanda River (study stretch)

2.5.4 Calibrated Parameters for Water Quality Modeling

2.5.5 Future inflows during construction phase (Without Sewage Treatment)

2.5.6 Future inflows during construction phase (With Secondary Treatment &

Chlorination)

2.5.7 Future inflows during implementation phase (Without any treatment)



Project : Environ mental Studies for Vishnug ad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Page: 1 of 57Document : 2008026/EC Date: March 2009Draft Managed River Flow Report Revesion : R0

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The 444MW Vishnugad –Pipalkoti Hydro-electric Project (VPHEP) is proposed on Alaknanda River near village Helong in Chamoli District. It envisages construction ofdiversion dam with low height spillway. VPHEP will utilize the drop in water level betweenthe outfall of Tapovan Vishnugad Project and the confluence of Birahi and Alaknanda.The water of the river Alaknanda will be diverted through a water conductor system to anunderground power house near village Haat, which is 28 km downstream of the proposedVishnugad dam. The damsite is located 10.44 km downstream of Joshimath town. Thereservoir will have a gross storage capacity of 3.63 Mm3 at FRL 1267m. The deepest bedlevel is at EL 1227m. After generation of power the water will be diverted in the AlaknandaRiver. The length of the head race tunnel (HRT) is proposed to be 13.4 km and that of tailrace tunnel (TRT), 3.07 km. The underground power house will have a gross head of 237m and net head, 211 m. Total catchment area of Alaknanda River above VPHEP is 4672sq.km and the catchment area above Joshimath town is 4508 sq.km out of which 2896sq.km is snow bound area. Between Joshimant and VPHEP the catchment is drained bythe following streams:

• Vishnugad joining the right bank about 5 km u/s of proposed dam site

• Animath Nala joining on left bank about 3 km u/s of the dam site

• Karmanasha Nala joining on left bank about 1 km u/s of the dam site

• Kalpaganga joining on right bank about 1 km u/s of the dam site.

These are relatively small tributaries and do not have significant snow feeding.

2.0 MANAGED FLOW ISSUES

Need for the studyIt has been anticipated that the stretch of the Alaknanda River between the proposedintake structure and the tail race outlet of VPHEP may have adverse impact on theaquatic ecology, water availability and downstream water requirements, particularly in the

lean season, and this may require special release of water in the stretch to maintainminimum environmental flow. A study was therefore carried out to asses and analyzes themanaged flow requirements in the study stretch.

Studies conductedThe following components were considered to study and assess the managed flowrequirements in the study stretch:

i. Measurement of Current River Flow

ii. Water Use, Quality & Water Borne Diseases



Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Page: 2 of 57Document : 2008026/EC Date: March 2009Draft Managed Flow Report Revision: R0

Environment & Ecology Department

iii. Aquatic Ecology

iv. Downstream Hazards

v. Pollution Load Study

These are discussed here section wise.

2.1 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT RIVER FLOW

The Gauge & Discharge (G&D) Data of Alaknanda is maintained by Central WaterCommission (CWC). To understand the changes in the river flow profile over the courseof time, historical flow data of River Alaknanda is given for 33 years (from 1971-72 to2003-2004) at Dam site in the table below

Table 2.1.1: Historical Flow of River AlaknandaYear Q (Min.)

(in m 3/s)1971-72 35.99

1972-73 36.39

1973-74 37.65

1974-75 40.29

1975-76 33.07

1976-77 36.54

1977-78 31.07

1978-79 38.18

1979-80 27.59

1980-81 25.59

1981-82 14.13

1982-83 16.48

1983-84 32.11

1984-85 28.21

1985-86 35.43

1986-87 45.03

1987-88 35.64

1988-89 35.96

1989-90 28.24

1990-91 30.03

1991-92 28.25

1992-93 45.91

1993-94 19.52

1994-95 16.5

1995-96 15.76





Year Q (Min.)(in m 3/s)

1996-97 18.35

1997-98 31.681998-99 42.52

1999-2000 55.26

2000-01 8.66

2001-02 32.59

2002-03 51.36

2003-04 42.73

The minimum flow of the river Alaknanda at Dam site from the year 1972 to 2004

ranged from 8.66 m3 /s to 51.36 m

3 /s. Average discharge in the river at dam site is

182.70 m 3 /s. The 10 Daily (Average) Discharge at Joshimath in River Alaknanda isgiven as Annex-2.1.

The snow bound area of the Alaknanda River is 2896 sq.km. The snow melt contributionis about 59% of the total flow and remaining 41% is rainfed.

The flow discharge for various tributaries- Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad andBirahi Ganga of River Alaknanda in the Project stretch was measured for 12 months.The flow of the tributaries for peak discharge and lean season is presented in the tablebelow.

Table 2.1.2: Lean Season Flow of the Tributaries of AlaknandaMonth Patal Ganga

Av. Discharge(m3 /s)

Garur GangaAv. Discharge

(m3 /s)

Maina GadAv. Discharge

(m3 /s)

Birahi GangaAv. Discharge

(m 3 /s)

March 5.85 0.82 12.84 6.92

April 6.13 1.17 11.79 8.51

May 4.01 0.94 19.21 17.32

June 7.83 0.91 28.48 34.15

July 16.13 1.99 50.00 55.18

August 42.46 4.96 48.02 102.49

September - 3.13 28.47 60.15

October - 1.29 21.25 24.65

November 3.20 0.84 7.43 11.77

December 1.20 0.34 2.94 4.63

January 0.68 0.20 1.21 2.32

February 3.27 0.51 7.026 4.62

Average LeanFlow (Nov-May)

3.51 0.72 9.24 8.58





Maximum flow was observed in the month of August in all the tributaries. Birahi Gangarecorded the maximum discharge 102.49 m 3 /s. Minimum discharge was observed in themonth of January and minimum flow 0.20 m 3 /s was observed in Garur Ganga. The

average lean flow of the tributaries from November to May months ranged from 0.723

/sto 9.24 m 3 /s.

Inlet Tributaries in River Alaknanda

There are 26 of inlet rivulets/ streams in the project area in the river Alaknanda withinthe project area (27 km). Most of the rivulets/ streams remain dry for major part of theyear. However during rainy season these rivulets exhibit flooding nature. Photographswere taken at 15 days interval in the month November and December in the leanseason. The details of the inlet rivulets/ streams are presented as Annex 2.2.

2.2 USES OF WATER

The natural springs and streams are the key sources of water for people living in thearea for their consumption, livestock use and irrigation purposes. The main requirementof water in the project area is for drinking purpose. Jal Nigam / Jal Sanathan is thedepartment responsible for water supply and has laid down pipelines to connect thenatural springs (at upper reaches) to the households through storage tanks for watersupply after providing primary treatment. The water of the Alaknanda is not used fordrinking, the source of drinking water of the villages in the project area is attached asAnnex 2.3.

The project area falls in pilgrim route to Badrinath, there is influx of tourist in the areaduring summer season for 6 months. During the tourist season the water demand goesup to meet the requirement of the tourist. The drinking water sources in the area isshown in the figure below

1. Name of the place :BelakuchiLocation : N30 ° 28 ′ 50.8 ″ E 079 ° 28 ′ 12.2 ″

2. Name of the place :PipalkotiLocation : N30 ° 26 ′ 25.2 ″ E 079 ° 25 ′ 48.0 ″





3. Name of the place :PipalkotiLocation : N30 ° 25 ′ 57.8 ″ E 079 ° 25 ′ 55.9 ″

4. Name of the place :GadoraLocation : N30 ° 25 ′ 65.7 ″ E 079 ° 25 ′ 39.6 ″

5. Name of the place :Mayapur

Location : N30 ° 24 ′ 48.8 ″ E 079 ° 25 ′ 04.2 ″

6. Name of the place :Kodiya

Location : N30 ° 24 ′ 46.7 ″ E 079 ° 24 ′ 26.9 ″





7. Name of the place :BirahiLocation : N30 ° 24 ′ 33.3 ″ E 079 ° 23 ′ 20.4 ″

8. Name of the place :ChinkaLocation : N30 ° 24 ′ 44.2 ″ E 079 ° 21 ′ 55.6 ″

The water of the Alaknanda is not used for irrigation, agriculture is depended on rainand there is no organized irrigation system in the area. Canals & gulls are the majorsources of irrigation in the district, only 15% of the land of the district is irrigated. Thereare no industries in the area and hence there is no industrial water demand.

The construction of the project will not have any impact on drinking water and irrigationsystem of the project area as the water of Alaknanda River is not utilized for the same.

There are only two places where the slope of embankment of Alaknanda is low andpeople have utilized these two places. One is in the confluence point of Birahi Gangaand river Alaknanda and another is at Kshetralpal which is two kilometer downstream of

project end point. The details of the river bed utilization are presented below.

1. Confluence point of Birahi Ganga and Alaknanda River

Name of the Place : BirahiPosition : Left Bank of AlaknandaLocation : N30 ° 24 ′ 32.4 ″ E 079 ° 23 ′ 14.3 ″ Type of Utilization : Hot Mix Plant





2. Kshetralpal

Name of the Place : KshetralpalPosition : Left Bank of AlaknandaLocation : N30 ° 24 ′ 41.2 ″ E 079 ° 22 ′ 26.4 ″ Type of Utilization : Stone Crusher Plant

The construction of the project will not impact the riverbed utilization. The sites are D/Sof the dam site and are not likely to be altered by the project

There is no future proposal or plan for the use of water of Alaknanda River in the area.

Consultation was held with concerned Government official and local people to find out ifany future use/project is planned on the River in the project area. The officials consultedare given below.

Table 2.2.1: Officials Consulted to identify Future Water Plan

S.No Official Department

1. Chief Engineer Uttarakhand Irrigation Department (GangaValley Circle), Yamuna Colony - Dehradun

2. Executive Engineer Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. UJWAL





S.No Official Department

Maharani Bag Dehradun

3. Executive Director, Projects Power Transmission Corporation ofUttarakhand Ltd. 7-B Vasant Vihar EnclaveDehradun

4. Executive Engineer Rural Engineering Department TapovanEnclave Near Doordarshan Dehradun

5. Nodal Officer/CCF Land Survey Directorate, Indranagar ForestColony - Dehradun

6. Divisional Forest Officer PCCF Office – Dehradun

7. Deputy Director (Planning) Uttarakhand Decentralized WatershedDevelopment Project, Indranagar ForestColony – Dehradun

8. Scientist Wadia Institute of Himalayn Geology, GMS

Road Dehradun9. Principal Scientist Central Soils & Water Conservation

Research & Training Institute – KaulagarhRoad - Dehradun

The Project will not have any impact on future water use/ projects as there is noplanning for use of water from Alaknanda River in the area.

2.2.1 Water Quality

Drinking water quality of the area is good. Drinking water monitoring was been done forsurface water in 15 villages in the month of June 2008, the list is given below

Table 2.2.2: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Location

S.No Name of Village RiverBank Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Sample Number

1 Gadi Gaun L 30 ° 23’ 08.5” 079 ° 25’ 08.1” SW-1

2 Birahi L 30 ° 24’ 30.9” 079 ° 23’ 20.5” SW-2

3 Koriya L 30 ° 24’ 45.6” 079 ° 24’ 35.0” SW-3

4 Tenduli R 30 ° 26’ 28.8” 079 ° 25’ 38.8” SW-4

5 Pakhi L 30 ° 27’ 43.1” 079 ° 26’ 41.5” SW-5

6 Akthalla L 30 ° 25’ 34.8” 079 ° 25’ 46.0” SW-6

7 Jaisal R 30 ° 25’ 08.1” 079 ° 24’ 15.5” SW-7

8 Durgapur R 30 ° 24’ 39.4” 079 ° 23’ 12.7” SW-8

9 Siyasain R 30 ° 24’ 54.7” 079 ° 24’ 19.3” SW-9

10 Haat R 30 ° 25’ 18.2” 079 ° 24’ 53.0” SW-10





S.No Name of Village RiverBank Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Sample Number

11 Ratoli L 30 ° 25’ 20.3” 079 ° 26’ 04.0” SW-11

12 Langsi L 30 ° 29 ′ 25.8 ″ 079 °28 ′ 51.1 ″ SW-12

13 Patalganga L 30 ° 29 ′ 11.2 ″ 079 °29 ′ 10.3 ″ SW-13

14 Dwing R 30 ° 29’ 17.1” 079 ° 27’ 44.5” SW-14

15 Helong L 30 ° 31 ′ 23.6 ″ 079 ° 30 ′ 0.8 ″ SW-15

The analysis of results show that the water quality is good with high DO above 6 for allsites and low BOD 2.3. The heavy metals were undetectable. The results are given

below. The Water Quality Standards prescribed by CPCB is attached as Annex 2.4 .

Table 2.2.3: Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring

SN Parameter and UnitMonitoring location

SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW51 Temperature ( °C) 18.6 19.5 20.0 18.5 20.12 Odour Unob Unob Unob Unob Unob3 Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal4 Turbidity (NTU) 4 6 5 7 95 pH 7.1 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.06 Conductivity ( µmhos/cm) 70 76 74 69 727 DO (mg/L) 7.8 7.6 8.0 7.7 8.08 BOD (3 days at 27 °C) (mg/L) 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.09 COD (mg/L) 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.210 Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 32 34 41 40 3911 TSS (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL12 TDS (mg/L) 49 54 52 49 5113 Oil and Grease (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL14 Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH 3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL15 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL16 Phenol (mg/L as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL17 Total Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3)39 41 44 47 39

18 Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO 3) 8.5 7.9 7.5 6.9 7.219 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 33 51 49 43 4020 Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 19.7 14.2 19.4 27 28

21 Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 3.9 5.3 4.8 5.8 6.422 Phosphate (mg/L as PO 4) 3.6 3.0 2.6 3.7 4.323 Fluoride (mg/L as F) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL24 Sodium (mg/L as Na) 16 24 19 16 1525 Potassium (mg/L as K) 5.4 6.8 5.0 6.0 5.826 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 7.2 6.8 7.9 8.2 7.827 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 5.0 5.6 5.4 4.9 5.328 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.3 1.629 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL30 Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL31 Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL








SW6 SW7 SW8 SW9 SW1038. Sodium Absorption Ratio 1.31 1.23 0.567 0.675 0.879

Table 2.2.5: Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring


SW11 SW12 SW13 SW14 SW151 Temperature ( °C) 19.5 20.2 19.7 19.8 19.92 Odour Unob Unob Unob Unob Unob3 Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal4 Turbidity (NTU) 6 8 7 9 85 pH 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.56 Conductivity ( µmhos/cm) 76 70 69 65 70

7 DO (mg/L) 6.9 7.2 7.8 7.5 7.88 BOD (3 days at 27 °C) (mg/L) 1.7 2.1 1.7 2.0 2.39 COD (mg/L) 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.9

10 Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 40 41 38 36 3511 TSS (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL12 TDS (mg/L) 42 50 49 43 4813 Oil and Grease (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL14 Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH 3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL15 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL16 Phenol (mg/L as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL17 Total Hardness (mg/L as

CaCO 3)35 38 41 40 34

18 Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO 3) 8.1 7.7 7.2 7.1 7.019 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 30 48 46 40 3920 Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 17.3 16.2 20 31 2621 Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.922 Phosphate (mg/L as PO 4) 3.9 3.5 3.9 4.1 3.923 Fluoride (mg/L as F) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL24 Sodium (mg/L as Na) 13 23 18 14 2125 Potassium (mg/L as K) 5.0 5.2 4.7 5.4 5.126 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 7.0 6.3 6.9 7.9 7.127 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.228 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.929 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL30 Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL31 Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL32 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL33 Lead (mg/L as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL34 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL35 Chromium (mg/L as Cr) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL36 Selenium (mg/L as Se) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL37 Percent Sodium (%) 11.1 20.3 14.3 17.4 16.938 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.987 0.878 0.978 1.57 1.65





The monitoring of ground water drinking sources was done at 8 locations. The list ofsampling locations is given below

Table 2.2.6: Ground Water Quality Monitoring locationsSN Name of

Village Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Sample Number

GW1 Belkuchi 30 ° 28’ 50.8” 079 ° 28’ 12.2” GW-1

GW2 Pipalkoti 30 ° 26’ 25.2” 079 ° 25’ 48.0” GW-2

GW3 Pipalkoti 30 ° 25’ 57.8” 079 ° 25’ 55.9” GW-3

GW4 Gadora 30 ° 25’ 65.7” 079 ° 25’ 39.6” GW-4

GW5 Mayapur 30 ° 24’ 48.8” 079 ° 25’ 04.2” GW-5

GW6 Kodiya 30 ° 24’ 46.7” 079 ° 24’ 26.9” GW-6

GW7 Birahi 30 ° 24’ 33.3” 079 ° 23’ 20.4” GW-7

GW8 Chinka 30 ° 24’ 44.2” 079 ° 21’ 55.6” GW-8

The analysis of results shows that the ground water quality is good. The total Hardnessand Alkalinity is within permissible limit, all the parameters are within permissible limit fordrinking water quality standards. The heavy metals were undetectable. The results aregiven in the table below.

Table 2.2.7- Results Ground Water Quality MonitoringSN Parameter and Unit

Monitoring locationGW1 GW2 GW3 GW4

1 Temperature ( °C) 22.5 21.4 22.1 21.02 Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless3 Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal4 Turbidity (NTU) 1.0 BDL 1.1 1.05 pH 7.70 7,43 7.90 7.656 Conductivity ( µmhos/cm) 1200 1100 1223 8997 TSS (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL8 TDS (mg/L) 890 789 654 5459 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL10 Phenol (mg/L as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL11 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3) 345 400 387 29012 Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO 3) 145 165 167 15013 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 24 19.7 30 2514 Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 44 56 62 6715 Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.216 Phosphate (mg/L as PO 4) BDL 0.75 0.54 0.4217 Fluoride (mg/L as F) 0.76 0.85 1.0 0.818 Sodium (mg/L as Na) 87 66 59 8019 Potassium (mg/L as K) 12 37 12.4 26.420 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 60.5 64.3 59.4 56.521 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 29.8 34.5 43.7 48.922 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.523 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL





SN Parameter and Unit

Monitoring locationGW1 GW2 GW3 GW4

24 Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL

25 Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL26 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) BDL BDL BDL BDL27 Lead (mg/L as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL28 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) BDL BDL BDL BDL29 Chromium (mg/L as Cr) BDL BDL BDL BDL30 Selenium (mg/L as Se) BDL BDL BDL BDL31 Percent Sodium (%) 25.6 29.7 26.7 30.232 Sodium Absorption Ratio 1.45 1.59 0.675 0.987

BDL indicates below detection limit

Table 2.2.8- Results of Ground Water Quality MonitoringS

NParameter and Unit

Monitoring location

GW5 GW6 GW7 GW81 Temperature ( °C) 20.3 22.5 20.7 21.42 Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless3 Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal4 Turbidity (NTU) BDL BDL 1.0 1.05 pH 7.32 7.34 7.67 7.906 Conductivity ( µmhos/cm) 1198 1134 1165 7897 TSS (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL8 TDS (mg/L) 798 813 756 5549 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL10 Phenol (mg/L as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL11 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3) 343 397 378 31012 Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO 3) 148 160 159 146

13 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 22 18.9 28.7 2414 Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 45 54 60 6515 Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.116 Phosphate (mg/L as PO 4) BDL 0.75 BDL 0.4217 Fluoride (mg/L as F) 0.80 0.85 0.9 1.018 Sodium (mg/L as Na) 85 60 64 7619 Potassium (mg/L as K) 10 34 16.9 23.520 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 60.0 59.7 53.2 54.321 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 26.5 30.2 38.2 44.522 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.823 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL24 Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL25 Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL26 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) BDL BDL BDL BDL27 Lead (mg/L as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL28 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) BDL BDL BDL BDL29 Chromium (mg/L as Cr) BDL BDL BDL BDL30 Selenium (mg/L as Se) BDL BDL BDL BDL31 Percent Sodium (%) 24.2 27.8 25.5 28.832 Sodium Absorption Ratio 1.64 0.978 0.878 1.62

BDL indicates below detection limit





2.2.2 Waterborne Diseases

Water borne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly

transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. Contaminated drinkingwater, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of food borne disease throughconsumption of the same microorganisms. The most common water borne disease isdiarrhea. The record of water borne diseases of the project area was collected fromCommunity Health Centre in Joshimath and Public Health Center in Chamoli for theyear 2006, 2007 and 2008 and given in the table below.

Table 2.2.9: Diseases recorded at PHC Chamoli, 2006--2008Name of Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PHC Chamoli 2008

Loosewaterstool

1. WithDehydrate 3 6 7 2

2. No Dehydrate 9 61 47 23 19 11 23

3. With Blood inJaundiceUnusual Symptom Death& HospitalizationFever 20 18 16 40 45 20 160 109 140 68 38 100Cough with/without fever 8 10 20 4 12 3 55 90Total 31 34 43 44 57 32 221 156 163 87 104 215

PHC Chamoli 2007

Loosewaterstool

1. WithDehydrate 18 40 10 8 49 55 53 1 11 21

2. No Dehydrate 10 36 5 12 65 69 87 5 4 223. With Blood in 2 15 1

Jaundice

Unusual Symptom Death& HospitalizationFever 6 12 10 34 38 12 154 100 138 60 36 97Cough with/without fever 5 7 15 2 11 1 50 89Total 14 25 32 36 49 22 215 147 161 79 97 211

PHC Chamoli 2006

Loosewaterstool

1. WithDehydrate 7 8 5 9 5 6 12 12 12 15 18 18

2. No Dehydrate 12 15 14 12 25 26 23 14 15 25 8 103. With Blood in

JaundiceUnusual Symptom Death& HospitalizationFever 93 16 106 78 64 90 122 190 210 38 28 42Cough with/without fever 27 25 10 5 15 2 8 10 15 18 25 10Total 139 64 135 104 109 126 168 227 254 96 79 80

Table 2.2.10: Diseases recorded in CHC Joshimath, 2006-2008Name of Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

CHC Joshimath 2008 Loosewater

1. WithDehydrate 18 40 10 8 49 55 53 1 11 21





Name of Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Decstool 2. No Dehydrate 10 36 5 12 65 69 87 5 4 22

3. With Blood in 2 15 1

JaundiceUnusual Symptom Death& HospitalizationFever 30 19 80 88 55 34 66 99 133 20 116 56Cough with/without fever 30 15 119 35 16 73 111 169 55 70 37Total 70 34 80 245 95 62 204 294 390 80 190 115

CHC Joshimath 2007

Loosewaterstool

1. WithDehydrate 3 6 7 2

2. No Dehydrate 9 61 47 23 19 11 233. With Blood in

JaundiceUnsual Symptom Death &HospitalizationFever 25 18 67 86 50 30 64 99 127 14 112 50Cough with/without fever 11 5 115 30 11 66 102 169 45 93 29Total 39 29 74 201 80 89 191 248 319 78 216 104

CHC Joshimath 2006

Loosewaterstool

1. WithDehydrate 8 29 12 32 137 158 180 28 13 8

2. No Dehydrate 25 11 25 27 71 110 72 124 93. With Blood in 13 5 22 11 78

Jaundice 3 6 1Unusual Symptom Death& HospitalizationFever 25 16 63 62 115 62 122 127 168 47 15 117Cough with/without fever 5 31 143 169 59 216 312 302 47 18 130Total 55 66 63 272 328 249 591 680 853 122 46 264

The record of Joshomah and Chamoli shows that Fever and cough are the commondiseases in the area. However no cases of deah due to fever or other symptoms wasobserved in the area. It was observed that the occurance of water borne disease (LooseWater Stool) was highest in rainy season. There is no definite trend (increase ordecreae) in the occurance of the disease.

In Chamoli highest 61 cases of water borne diseases were reported in July 2008, 141in Sep 2007 and 40 in October 2006. No cases of Jaundice were reported in Chamolifrom 2006-2008.

In Joshimath highest 141 cases water borne diseases were reported in September2008, 61 in July 2007 and 383 in September 2006. In Joshimath the occurance of thedisease was highest in the year 2006 - 128, 253, 241 and 383 cases fom June toSeptember. Total 10 cases of Jaundice were also reported in 2006.

The occurance of disease may be due to contamination of water sources during rainyseason, drinking of unfilter water etc. Health is an important concern and it will be takencare that people are aware of safe drinking water and take precaution during rainyseason. The villages are not depended on River Alaknanda for drinking purpose. Theproject will have no impact on the health of the people. The water supply is mainly





through pipes from streams flowing in the area. The water collection tanks must becleaned properly before monsoon every year and chorination must be done.Occurrence of various vector borne diseases and adequacy of local vector control and

curative measures need to be monitored in Operation Phase.

Impact on Water Quality

The settlements/villages are located on higher elevations and there are nosettlement on the bank of the river in the project stretch hence no impact isenvisaged on the health of local residents due to the diversion of the water from theriver and change/degradation in water quality during construction and operationperiod.

In construction phase the water quality is likely to be affected due to extraction ofconstruction material by increasing the turbidity levels.

The construction camps are also likely to pollute the water bodies by disposingwaste.

The increase in water fringe area provides suitable habitats for the growth of vectorsof various diseases and they are likely to increase the incidence of water-relateddiseases.

During operation phase water quality is likely to affect due to

Disruption of hydraulic regime

The river stretch downstream of the dam site upto the confluence point of tail racedischarge will have reduced flow. The total length of the affected stretch of the river

will be about 17 km. Effluent from project colony.

Sedimentation & siltation risks

Impacts on D.O. due to increased residence time in reservoir

Eutrophication risk

Mitigation Measures

Silt fencing may be provided near water bodies to avoid spillage of constructionmaterial.

Discharge of waste from construction/ labour camp into water bodies must be strictlyprohibited. Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water drainage from thelabour colonies should be provided

Vaccination and immunization facilities should be provided for workers at theconstruction site.

Labour camps should be located at least at least 200m away from water bodies andsettlements.





The equipments required for excavation and transportation of excavated spoil mustbe maintained in secured area and care must be taken to avoid spillage of oil or anytoxic material including paints, anticorrosive agents etc. into water bodies.

Construction methodologies with minimum or no impact on water quality to beadopted, disposal of construction wastes at designated sites and adequate drainagesystem may be provided.

Organise health camp may be organized in the area, awareness may be given onwater borne and other communicable disease

Water quality monitoring must be conducted during construction phase

In operation phase proper waste and water management plan must be prepared forthe colony area.

Discharge of waste directly into the water body must be strictly prohibited.

Malaria control measures which aim at destroying the habitat and interrupting the lifecycle of mosquitoes by mechanical or biological or chemical means need to beimplemented. The anti-malarial operations can be coordinated by various PrimaryHealth Centers (PHC) in the nearby villages and Hospital at District Headquarters inassociation with the project proponents

2.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

The study was carried out at various construction sites and on the major tributariesmeeting the Alaknanda river between dam construction site and powerhouseconstruction site including the site downstream powerhouse to observe the aquaticbiodiversity as well as the fauna found in the catchment area of the river. The surveyconsist of five sampling sites

i. Sampling Site S 1 : Dam Construction Siteii. Sampling Site S 2 : Patal Ganga

iii. Sampling Site S 3 : Garur Ganga

iv. Sampling site S 4 : Power House Construction Site

v. Sampling Site S 5 : Birahi River:

The aquatic ecological analysis of the study stretch including all the major tributaries inthe stretch were made following the methods outlined in Wetzel and Likens (1991) andAPHA (1998). Periphyton were collected using a timed scrapping technique followingWard (1974) with the help of a sharp knife for each replicated sample. The upper

surfaces of at least cobble sized rock were scrapped using a five-minute period. Forenumeration of plankton population, bulk water samples were collected in polythene jars. For obtaining, plankton from water samples 10 litre bulk water was filtered through50µm net and was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10-minute period. The sediment of thecentrifuge tube was made to concentrate and was used for enumeration of planktonpopulation. A plankton chamber of 0.5 ml capacity was used for counting of planktonunder the inverted compound microscope. The total number of planktons present in alitre of water sample was calculated using the following formula:





dcentrifugewaterof Volumexeconcentratsedimentof Volume1000x0.5aliquot xml0.5inplanktersof Number

)l(ind.planktonof Number 1- =

Macrozoobenthos colonizing the substrate were collected with the help of SurberSampler (0.50mm mesh net) and by hand picking with the help of forceps and brushfrom stones. Quantitative estimation of macrozoobenthos was based on numericalcounting (ind.m-2). The surface area of the stones of the sampled area was estimatedusing following formula:

S= n/3(LW+LH+WH)

Where, L= length; W = width; H = heinght of each stone to the nearest of 0.5 cm.

The species diversity index (Shannon-Weiner Index) of general diversity ( H ) was

computed using the following formula:

∑−

−=s

i N

ni

N

ni H

12log

Where, H = Shannon-Weiner index of diversity; ni = total number of individuals of thespecies and N= total number of individuals of all species.

Sampling Site S 1 (Dam Construction Site): The first sampling site was selected neardam construction site (longitude 30 031’09”N longitude 79 029’40.3’) at Alaknanda river ina stretch of 100 meter. This site was located between the very hard rocks. The bottomstructure included big and small boulders, sharp edge pebbles with sand and rich ingravels. The east bank was open up to approximately 30 meters and no riparian

vegetation was found in this stretch. After 30m sparse vegetation was notices. Somerapids and pools were also noticed in this stretch. Juveniles of Schizothorax specieswere also noticed from a pool at the site. The river was flowing in North-South directionat this site. The samples of fish, microbiota and benthic invertebrates were collectedfrom the site during the study period.

Pool having juveniles of fish at the damconstruction site





Sampling Site S 2 (Patal Ganga): The secondsampling site (S 2) was selected on the

Patalganga (1372m above m.s.l. latitude30 029’14.3”N longitude 79 029’16.1”E), a snowfedtributary of the river Alaknanda in a stretch of 100m after the preliminary observation of the site.This site was represented by big and smallboulders. The bottom structure comprises smallcobbles, pebbles, sand and gravels. The streamhas good water discharge and offers goodfeeding and spawning grounds to the fishes. Theriver course was north-south. There was sparseriparian vegetation along the stream course. Therepresentative samples of microbiota, macroinvertebrates and fish were collected fromthe area.

Sampling Site S 3 (Garur Ganga): The third sampling site (S 3) was selected on GarurGanga, a spring-fed tributary of Alaknanda river near village Pakhi (1319 m. abovem.s.l.; latitude 30 027’42.1”N longitude79 026’41”). The bottom substrate was dominatedby big boulders. However, big and small cobbles were also found at the bottom of theriver. Riparian cover was found to be good along the stream bank. A good waterdischarge was noticed. The periphyton, plankton and macrozoobenthos were collectedform this site

Sampling site S 4 (Power House Construction Site): The forth sampling site (S 4) was

selected downstream on Alaknanda river(1056 m above m.s.l. latitude 30 025’ 08.3” N

and longitude 79 024’47.8”E) near the villageHaat, where the construction of the powerhouse is proposed. The bottom substrateincludes the medium to small cobbles, sandand silt. The river course was South -North.The east bank was open upto 100 mdominated by big and small boulders. Southbank was characterized by hard rocks andboulders. No riparian vegetation was foundnear the river course in the stretch of 100 m.Different biological parameters of thesampling site were collected at this siteApproximately 700 m away on the east side amuck deposition site was available.

Sampling Site S 5 (Birahi River): The fifth sampling site (S 5) was selected on the Birahiriver (1028 m above m.s.l.; latitude 30 024’28.1”N and longitude 79 023’20.8E), a tributaryof the river Alaknanda downstream the powerhouse construction site near village Birahi.The substrate was dominated by big boulders. The bottom structure was represented bysome big and small cobbles with sand and gravel. Anthropogenic disturbance likeextraction of building material (stones, gravel, sand, etc.) was noticed from this site.However, the site was rich in water discharge. Some riffles and ponds were also

Sampling of plankton at Patalganga

Sampling of macrozoobenthos nearpowerhouse construction site





reported. Frequent fishing activities were also noticed at this site. The scrap marks bythe bottom feeder herbivorous and omnivorous fishes were also noticed from the site.Sparse riparian cover was found in this stretch.

RESULTS

Sampling Site S 1 (Dam Construction Site):

The aquatic ecological study of the dam construction site (S 1) near village Helong wasdone. The biological parameters recorded from the sampling site were recorded asfollows:

Fish Fauna: Fish fauna was collected from the study area with the help of the localfishermen. Additional information about fishes available near the dam site was collectedfrom the local fishermen, local inhabitants, fish consumers and the available published

literature. It was found that near the dam construction area and submergence area atotal of 20 fish species were found to occur in the Alaknanda river. Snowtrout(Schizothorax richardsonii Gray) was found to be the dominant and abundant fishspecies (>70% of total catch) of the Alaknanda river in the study area. Among all the 20species Mahseers ( Tor tor Hamilton and Tor putitora Hamilton) were endangered andmigratory species which appear in the Alaknanda river in the month of March and livethere up to the month of October-November. They come from the foothills in search ofsuitable spawning and feeding grounds. Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland andPseudocheneis sulcatus were also noticed from the area having a conservation statusas vulnerable species. However, other species were assigned as lower risk. Thiscategorization is based on IUCN categories (1994). Some spawning grounds were alsoreported in the study area which is also supported by the presence of the juveniles (fry)of Snow trouts.

Table 2.3.1: Fish fauna found in the Alaknanda River S.No. Zoological Name Conservation Status

1. Schizothorax richardsonii Gray Abundant

2. Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Vulnerable

3. Tort tor Hamillton Endangered

4. Tor putitora Hamilton Endangered

5. Crossocheilus latius latius Lower Risk

6. Garra gotyla gotyla Abundant

7. Garra lamta Lower Risk

8. Barilius bendelisis Hamilton Abundant

9. Barilius bola Hamilton Abundant

10. Barilius vagra Hamilton Abundant

11. Barilius barna Hamilton Abundant

12. Puntius sophore Lower Risk

13. Puntius chilinoides Lower Risk

14. Glyptothorax pectinopterus Day Abundant





S.No. Zoological Name Conservation Status

15. Glyptothorax madraspatanum Lower Risk

16. Pseudocheneis sulcatus Vulnerable

17. Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Abundant

18. Noemacheilus bevani Gunther Abundant

19. Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Abundant

20. Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland Abundant

Periphytons: Periphytons are the microscopic aquatic plants found on the periphery ofthe stones or rocks at the bottom of the stream. They constitute the major food ofherbivorous and omnivorous fishes. 18 species of 3 families were found to occur in the

Alaknanda river near the dam construction site. Family Bacillariophyceae constituted themajor group among periphyton. The genera from family Chlorophyceae andMixophyceae also showed their presence at the site. Tabellaria , Fragillaria , Navicula ,Gomphonema , Cladophora and Phormidium were having the maximum frequency(80%). Navicula species contributed maximum (310 ind.m 2) towards the total density(1995 ind m -2). The Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index was found to be 3.642545 whichindicate the healthy water condition at the site.

Table 2.3.2: Diversity index of periphyton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1 Name of the species Frequency

(%)Density(ind.m -2)

Abundance Diversity index(Shannon-Weiner)

Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 80 240 12 0.367553

Fragillaria 80 230 11.5 0.359317

Meridion 60 50 0.133291

Nitzschia 60 210 14 0.341887

Navicula 80 310 15.5 0.417381

Cymbella 60 240 16 0.367553

Synedra 60 45 3 0.123391

Gomphonema 80 225 11.25 0.355082

Denticula 40 15 1.5 0.053047

Diatoma 60 100 6.67 0.216457

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 40 2.67 0.113088

Anabaena 60 35 2.33 0.102331

Zygnema 40 25 2.5 0.079177

Cladophora 60 45 3 0.123391

Closterium 80 30 1.5 0.091057







Table 2.3.4 : Diversity index of zooplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1 Zooplankton Frequency



Cladocerans

Daphnia 40 2.2 5.5 0.448701

Ceriodaphnia 60 1.8 3 0.410545

Copepods

Cyclops 60 3.4 5.67 0.515505

Rotifera

Keratella 40 1.6 4 0.387585

Asplanchna 40 3 7.5 0.5

Total 12 H = 2.262336

Benthic Insects: Bottom dwelling aquatic macrozoobenthos of the Alanknanda river atS 1were represented by 15 species from 4 families (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Dipteraand Coleoptera). Ephemeroptera dominated the site. Heptagenia as found to be themost frequent species (100%) as well as it contributed maximum (415 ind.m -2) towardsthe total density of macrozoobenthos. Total density of benthic insects was found to be1625 ind.m -2. However, the diversity index was calculated to be 3.468908 indicating ahealthy condition of the water of Alaknanda river at S 1..

Table 2.3.5: Diversity index of benthos in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S 1 Benthic Insects Frequency

(%)

Density

(ind.m-2

)

Abundance Diversity index

(Shannon-Weiner)Ephemeroptera

Baetis niger 80 235 11.75 0.403435

Baetis rhodoni 60 115 7.67 0.27039

Caenis 60 135 9 0.298197

Centroptilum 60 65 4.33 0.185754

Ephemerella 60 65 4.33 0.185754

Heptagenia 100 415 16.6 0.502918

Trichoptera

Brachycentrus 80 150 7.5 0.317299

Glossosoma 80 90 4.5 0.231196

Hydropsyche 60 75 5 0.204803

Leptocella 40 35 3.5 0.119257

Philopotamus 60 40 2.67 0.131552

Diptera

Antocha 60 70 4.67 0.195437

Chironomus 40 25 2.5 0.092652





Benthic Insects Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)


Tendipes 60 60 4 0.175729

Coleoptera Amphizoa 40 50 5 0.154534

Total 1625 H = 3.468908

Sampling Site S 2 (Patal Ganga):

Fish Fauna: The inventory of fish fauna found to occur in the stretch of Patal Ganga, atributary of river Alaknanda has been given in Table 6. A total of 17 species of fisheswere found to occur in the Patal Ganga. Endangered species of Mahseers ( Tor tor andTor putitora ) also appeared in the Patal Ganga as it also offers a suitable habitat and

spawning and feeding ground for Mahseer. The conservation status of these fishes hasalready given in the table.

Table 2.3.6: Fish fauna found in the Patalganga (S 2) S.No. Zoological Name Conservation Status


2. Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Vulnerable

3. Tort tor Hamillton Endangered





8. B. bola Hamilton Abundant

9. B. barila Hamilton Abundant

10. B. barna Hamilton Abundant





15. Pseudocheneis sulcatus Vulnerable

16. Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Abundant


Periphyton: 18 species of 3 families (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae andMixophyceae) were reported from the Paltal Ganga. Tabellaria, Fragillaria, Navicula,Gomphonema Anabaena, and Closterium were having the maximum frequency (80%)at this site. Navicula was the most abundant species at the site. Bacillariophyceae





contributed maximum towards the total density (2210 ind.m -2) of the periphyton. Thediversity index was computed to be 3.785163 indicating the favourable condition of thewater for the growth of periphyton. Navicula also contributed maximum in the diversity of

periphyton.Table 2.3.7: Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of periphyton in S2

Periphyton Frequency

(%)

Density

(ind.m -2)


(Shannon-Weiner)

Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 80 260 13 0.363231

Fragillaria 80 245 12.25 0.351779

Meridion 60 60 0.141256

Nitzschia 60 225 15 0.335571

Navicula 80 315 15.75 0.400609Cymbella 60 230 15.33 0.339728

Synedra 60 65 4.33 0.149631

Gomphonema 80 170 8.5 0.284649

Denticula 40 30 3 0.084203

Diatoma 60 90 6 0.188062

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 70 4.67 0.157755

Anabaena 80 140 7 0.252161

Zygnema 60 45 3 0.114393Cladophora 60 45 3 0.114393

Closterium 80 40 2 0.104758

Spirogyra 60 110 7.33 0.215444

Myxophyceae

Phormidium 60 25 1.67 0.073145

Oscillatoria 60 45 3 0.114393

Total 2210 H = 3.785163

Phytoplankton: A total of 8 species of phytoplankton were recorded form the PatalGanga. Tabellaria was the most abundant species at this site. Family Bacillariophyceaecontributed maximum towards the total density (19.6 ind.l -1) of phytoplankton. Thediversity index was found to be moderate (2.730288).





Table 2.3.8: Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of phytoplankton in S2 Phytoplankton Frequency



Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 60 5.4 9 0.512400

Fragillaria 60 3.6 6 0.449042

Nitzschia 60 2.6 4.3 0.386587

Navicula 60 2.4 4 0.370989

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 2.2 3.7 0.354164

Anabaena 60 0.8 1.3 0.188356

Spirogyra 60 2.2 3.7 0.354164

Myxophyceae

Oscillatoria 40 0.4 1 0.114586

Total 19.6 H = 2.730288

Zooplankton: 5 species of zooplankton were collected form the Patal Ganga. Daphnia was found to be most abundant species at this site. The total density of zooplanktonwas found to be 11 ind.l -1. However, the diversity index was computed to be 2.167121.

Table 2.3.9: Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S 2 Zooplankton Frequency



Cladocerans

Daphnia 60 4 6.67 0.530702


Copepods

Cyclops 40 2.6 6.5 0.491854

Rotifera

Keratella 40 1.2 3 0.348698

Asplanchna 40 2 5 0.447169

Total 11 H = 2.167121

Benthic Insects: 18 species from 4 orders of benthos were found dwelling in the PatalGanga. Trichoptera dominated the study stretch. The frequency of occurrence washighest (10%) of Heptagenia . Total density of macrozoobenthos was found to be 1655ind. m -2. Heptagenia contributed maimim (250 ind. m -2) towards the total density ofmacrozoobenthos. The diversity index was computed to be 3.736740 .





Table 2.3.10: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S 2 Benthic Insects Frequency



Ephemeroptera

Baetis niger 80 205 10.25 0.373228

Baetis rhodoni 60 155 10.33 0.319973

Centroptilum 60 50 3.33 0.15253

Ephemerella 60 105 7 0.252404

Heptagenia 100 250 10 0.411908

Trichoptera

Brachycentrus 80 180 9 0.348119

Ecnomus 40 30 3 0.104877

Glossosoma 80 55 2.75 0.163214

Hydropsyche 60 55 3.67 0.163214

Leptocella 60 40 2.67 0.129805

Limnephilous 60 220 14.67 0.386995

Philopotamus 60 70 4.67 0.193011

Diptera

Antocha 40 40 4 0.129805

Atherix 60 45 3 0.14141

Chironomus 60 45 3 0.14141

Simulium

Tendipes 60 45 3 0.14141

Coleoptera

Amphizoa 60 65 4.33 0.183424

Total 1655 H = 3.736740

Sampling Site S 3 (Garur Ganga):

Fish Fauna: No fishing activities were noticed from Garur ganga near Paki village. Thefish species of Alaknanda can not reach in this stream as there exists a fall of more than5 meters after covering a distance of 1 km from village Pakhi before its confluence withthe Alaknanda. However, some small fishes of family Cyprinidae and Cobitidae werefound to occur in this stream. A few species of Barilius and Noemacheilus were found inthe Garur Ganga.

Table 2.3.11: Fish fauna found in the Garur Ganga S.No. Zoological Name Local Name Conservation

Status

1. Barilius bendelisis Hamilton Fulra Abundant





S.No. Zoological Name Local Name ConservationStatus

2. B. bola Hamilton Fulra Abundant

3. B. barila Hamilton Fulra Abundant

4. B. vagra Hamilton Fulra Abundant

5. B. barna Hamilton Fulra Abundant

6 Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Gadiyal Abundant

7. Noemacheilus rupicola McClelland Gadiyal Abundant

8. Noemacheilus savona Hamilton Gadiyal Abundant

9. Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Gadiyal Abundant

10. Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland Gadiyal Abundant

Periphyton: 18 species of 3 families of periphyton were recorded from the GarurGanga. Bacillariophyceae contributed maximum to the total density (2175 ind.m -2) ofperipyton in this stream. Tabellaria and Navicula were having the maximum frequency(80%) at this site. However, Fragillaria , Nitzschia and Gomphonema were the abundantspecies. A good value of the diversity index (3.939392) was calculated form the GarurGanga indicating its healthy environment.

Table 2.3.12: Diversity index of Periphyton at Sampling site S 3 Name of the species Frequency

(%)

Density

(ind.m -2)


(Shannon-Weiner)

Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 80 300 15 0.394204

Fragillaria 60 190 12.67 0.307227

Meridion 60 70 4.67 0.159552

Nitzschia 60 190 12.67 0.307227

Navicula 80 195 9.75 0.311952

Cymbella 60 180 12 0.297513

Synedra 60 70 4.67 0.159552

Gomphonema 60 190 12.67 0.307227

Denticula 60 55 3.67 0.134161

Diatoma 60 85 5.67 0.182795

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 110 7.33 0.217746

Anabaena 60 100 6.67 0.204273

Zygnema 40 45 4.5 0.115758

Cladophora 60 65 4.33 0.151351

Closterium 60 50 3.33 0.125125





Name of the species Frequency

(%)

Density

(ind.m -2)


(Shannon-Weiner)

Spirogyra 60 155 10.33 0.271565

Myxophyceae

Phormidium 60 70 4.67 0.159552

Oscillatoria 60 55 3.67 0.132609

Grand Total 2175 H = 3.939392

Phytoplankton: 8 species from 03 families of phytoplankton were recorded form theGarur Ganga. Nitzschia was the most frequent (80%) and abundant species. The totaldensity of phytoplankton was found to be 23 ind.l -1 in the Garur Ganga however, thediversity index was computed to be 2.84646.

Table 2.3.13: Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S 3 Phytoplankton Frequency



Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 60 2.4 4 0.340229

Nitzschia 80 5.8 7.3 0.501198

Cymbella 60 2.4 4 0.340229

Navicula 60 4 6.7 0.43888

Gomphonema 80 3.2 4 0.395894

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 40 1.6 4 0.267512

Spirogyra 60 2.4 4 0.340229

Myxophyceae

Oscillatoria 40 1.2 3 0.222288

Total 23 H = 2.84646

Zooplankton: Sparse population of zooplankton was notices from the stream GarurGanga. Cyclops was most abundant among zooplankton. Total density of zooplanktonwas found to be 10 ind.l -1 while the diversity index was calculated to be 2.229415.




Cladocerans

Daphnia 60 2.2 3.67 0.480573





Zooplankton Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)



Copepods Cyclops 60 3.2 5.33 0.526034

Rotifera

Keratella 40 1 2.5 0.332193

Asplanchna 60 1.8 3 0.445308

Total 10 H = 2.229415

Benthic Insects: 20 species form 4 orders of benthic insects were recorded from theGarur Ganga. Baetis, Heptogenia and Brachycentrus were found to be most frequent

species at this site. Trichoptera dominated the stretch of Garur Ganga. The total densityof benthic insects was calculated to be 2080 ind. m -2 .Baetis niger contributed maximumto the total density of macrozoobenthos. The Shannon-Weiner index of species diversitywas found to be high (3.967209) indicating very good quality of water and a suitableenvironment for benthic growth.

Table 2.3.15: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S 3 Benthic Insects Frequency



Ephemeroptera

Baetis niger 100 300 12 0.402916

Baetis rhodoni 80 170 8.5 0.295291Centroptilum 60 50 3.33 0.129291

Ephemerella 60 105 7 0.217477

Heptagenia 100 250 10 0.367378

Ironodes 80 160 8 0.284649

Trichoptera

Brachycentrus 100 220 8.8 0.342799

Ecnomus 40 30 3 0.088204

Glossosoma 80 80 4 0.180786

Hydropsyche 80 160 8 0.284649Isogenus 60 45 3 0.119651

Leptocella 60 40 2.67 0.109624

Limnephilous 80 75 3.75 0.172844

Philopotamus 60 40 2.67 0.109624

Diptera

Antocha 40 40 4 0.109624





Benthic Insects Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)


Atherix 80 90 4.5 0.196032

Chironomus 60 40 2.67 0.109624Simulium 60 85 5.67 0.188511

Tendipes 60 45 3 0.119651

Plecoptera

Perla 60 55 3.67 0.138584

Total 2080 H = 3.967209

Sampling Site S 4 (Power House Construction Site):

Fish Fauna: 21 fish species were recorded form the stretch of Alaknanda river betweenthe dam construction site and the powerhouse construction site. The inventory of thefishes has already been given in the fish fauna of the dam construction site.

Periphyton: 16 species from 3 families were reported from the Alaknanda river underthe present study. Fragillaria and Navicula were the most frequent (80%) species at thissite while Cymbella was found to be the most abundant speices. Bacillariophyceaecontributed maximum towards the total density (1970 ind.m -2) of periphyton in theAlaknanda river near powerhouse construction site. The species diversity index wasfound to be good (3.724676) which indicate the healthy ecosystem.

Table 2.3.16: Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S 4 Name of the species Frequency



Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 60 240 16 0.370001

Fragillaria 80 245 12.25 0.37401

Nitzschia 60 225 15 0.35751

Navicula 80 185 9.25 0.320472

Chaetomorpha 40 40 4 0.114153

Cymbella 60 220 14.67 0.353186

Gomphonema 60 160 10.67 0.294177

Diatoma 60 60 4 0.153414Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 110 7.33 0.232431

Anabaena 60 85 5.67 0.195655

Zygnema 40 40 4 0.114153

Cladophora 60 40 2.67 0.114153

Closterium 60 80 5.33 0.187698

Spirogyra 60 135 9 0.265009





Name of the species Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)


Myxophyceae

Phormidium 60 55 3.67 0.144134Oscillatoria 60 50 3.33 0.134521

Total 1970 H = 3.724676

Phytoplankton: 7 species from two families of phytoplankton were found from theAlaknanda river. Fragillara was having maximum frequency (80%) at this site. However,Navicula was most abundant species. The total density of the phytoplankton wascalculated to be 20.8 ind. l -1. However, the diversity index of phytoplankton wascomputed to be 2.748786.




Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 60 3.2 5.3 0.415452

Fragillaria 80 3.6 4.5 0.437974

Nitzschia 60 2.4 4 0.359478

Navicula 60 4.6 7.7 0.481425

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 40 2.4 6 0.359478

Anabaena 60 2.8 4.7 0.389454

Spirogyra 60 1.8 3 0.305525

Total 20.8 H = 2.748786

Zooplankton: A low density (9 ind.l -1) of zooplankton was found in the Alaknanda river.However, the diversity index was calculated to be 2.203817.




Cladocerans

Daphnia 40 1.2 3 0.387585

Ceriodaphnia 60 1.6 2.67 0.442996

Copepods

Cyclops 60 3 5 0.528321

Rotifera





Zooplankton Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)


Keratella 40 1.4 3.5 0.417589

Asplanchna 60 1.8 3 0.427326

Total 9 H = 2.203817

Benthic Insects: 15 species from 5 families of benthic invertebrates were found tooccur in the Alaknanda river near powerhouse construction site. The total density ofbenthos was computed to be 1110 ind.m -2. Baetis niger , Ephemerella , Heptagenia andTendipes was having maximum frequency (80%) at this site. The highest value ofabundance was of Heptagenia . Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera contributed mostly tothe diversity of the benthos. The species diversity index was computed to be 3.480735which also reflects the good condition of water and favourable environment for benthicgrowth.

Table 2.3.19: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S 4 Benthic insects Frequency



Ephemeroptera

Baetis niger 80 170 8.5 0.414578

Baetis rhodoni 40 60 6 0.227538

Centroptilum 60 55 3.67 0.214797

Ephemerella 80 80 4 0.273471

Heptagenia 80 235 11.75 0.474198

Trichoptera Brachycentrus 60 50 3.33 0.201463

Glossosoma 60 50 3.33 0.201463

Hydropsyche 60 75 5 0.262671

Leptocella 60 30 2 0.140796

Philopotamus 60 40 2.67 0.172772

Diptera

Antocha 40 65 6.5 0.239737

Chironomus 60 140 9.33 0.376746

Tendipes 80 35 1.75 0.15725Coleoptera

Amphizoa 60 25 1.67 0.123254

Hemiptera

Water bug 60 50 3.33 0.201463

Total 1110 H = 3.480735





Sampling Site S 5 (Birahi River):

Fish Fauna: Frequent fishing activities were seen at this site. A total of 25 fish specieswere found in the Birahi river. Mahaseer the endangered fish was also found in theBirahi river which also gets suitable habitat for spawning and feeding in the stream. Theinventory of the fish found to occur in the Birahi Ganga along with their conservationstatus has been given in Table 20. Schizothorax richardsonii was found to be thedominant species in addition to the Barilius and Noemacheilus speices in the BirahiRiver.

Table 2.3.20: Fish fauna found in the Birahi River S.No. Zoological Name Conservation Status


2. Schizothorax plagiostomus Hamilton Abundant

3. Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Vulnerable4. Tort tor Hamillton Endangered




8. Garra lamta Lower Risk


10. B. bola Hamilton Abundant

11. B. barila Hamilton Abundant

12. B. vagra Hamilton Abundant13. B. barna Hamilton Abundant

14. B. shacra Hamilton Abundant


16. Puntius ticto Lower Risk




20. Glyptothorax conirostris Steindachner Lower Risk

21. Pseudocheneis sulcatus Vulnerable22. Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Abundant

23. Noemacheilus savona Hamilton Abundant


25. Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland Abundant





Periphyton: 17 species from 3 families of periphyton were collected from the BirahiRiver. Bacillariophyceae dominated the site. The total density was calculated to be 2080ind.m -2 in the Birahi River. Nitzschia contributed maximum (340 ind.m -2) to the total

density of periphyton. Tabellaria , Nitzschia and Gomphonema were having themaximum frequency (80%) and were also found to be abundant at this site. Thespecies diversity index was computed to be 3.748502 indicating a healthy ecosystem ofBirahi River during the study period.

Table 2.3.21: Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S 5

Name of the species Frequency(%)

Density(ind.m -2)

AbundanceDiversity index

(Shannon-Weiner)

Bacillariophyceae

Tabellaria 80 255 12.75 0.371223

Fragillaria 60 190 12.67 0.315374

Nitzschia 80 340 17 0.427121Navicula 60 170 11.33 0.295291

Chaetomorpha 60 95 6.33 0.20336

Cymbella 60 145 9.67 0.267864

Gomphonema 80 235 11.75 0.355421

Denticula 60 45 3 0.119651

Diatoma 60 95 6.33 0.20336

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 60 115 7.67 0.230933

Anabaena 60 105 7 0.217477Zygnema 60 20 1.33 0.064427

Cladophora 60 65 4.33 0.15625

Closterium 60 30 2 0.088204

Spirogyra 40 55 5.5 0.138584

Myxophyceae

Phormidium 40 50 5 0.129291

Oscillatoria 60 70 4.67 0.164671

Total 2080 H = 3.748502

Phytoplankton: 10 species from 3 families of phytoplankton were found to occur in thewater of Birahi River. Bacillariophyceae dominated the phytoplankton present in thewater. Nitzschia was found to be the most frequently occurring specie contributinghighest (6.6 ind.l -1) towards the total density of phytoplankton 17.8 ind.m -2. The diversityindex was computed to be of moderate value (2.819839).








Bacillariophyceae

Diatoma 60 2.8 4.7 0.339055

Tabellaria 60 2.8 4.7 0.339055

Fragillaria 80 4.4 5.5 0.426537

Nitzschia 100 6.6 6.6 0.496814

Cymbella 80 4 5 0.408131

Navicula 60 3 5 0.352214

Chlorophyceae

Ulothrix 80 3.2 4 0.36466

Anabaena 60 0.6 1 0.122041

Spirogyra 60 2.4 4 0.310387

Myxophyceae

Oscillatoria 60 2.6 4.3 0.325132

Total 27 H = 2.819839

Zooplankton: 5 species of 3 families of zooplankton were found to occur in the BirahiRiver stretch near Birahi. Cyclops and Keratella were abundant speicies. Daphnia species contributed highest (3.2 ind.l -1) towards the total population density (12 ind.l -1) ofzooplankton. The species diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) of zooplankton was foundto be 2.296521.




Cladocerans

Daphnia 60 3.2 5.33 0.508504


Copepods

Cyclops 60 2.4 4 0.464386

Rotifera

Keratella 60 2.4 4 0.464386

Asplanchna 60 2.2 3.67 0.448701

Total 12 H = 2.296521

Benthic Insects: 22 species from 5 families of macorzoobenthos were recorded formthe Birahi River. Baetis and Heptagenia were the most frequent and abundant speciesamong benthos in Birahi River. The total population density of aquatic





macroinvertebrates was found to be 1560 ind.m -2 in the Birhai stretch and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index was found to be high 3.975914 indicating a healthy ecosystem ofBirahi river during the study period).

Table 2.3.24: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S 5 Benthos Frequency



Ephemeroptera Baetis niger 100 205 8.2 0.38475Baetis rhodoni 80 95 4.75 0.245872Caenis 60 45 3 0.147562Centroptilum 60 40 2.67 0.135523Ephemerella 80 105 5.25 0.262035Heptagenia 100 200 8 0.379933Ironodes 80 105 5.25 0.262035Leptophlebia 80 90 4.5 0.237431Psephenus 40 25 2.5 0.095568Trichoptera Glossosoma 80 75 3.75 0.210505Hydropsyche 80 110 5.5 0.26978Isogenus 40 20 2 0.080582Leptocella 60 40 2.67 0.135523Limnephilous 60 90 6 0.237431Philopotamus 60 20 1.33 0.080582Rhyacophila 60 50 3.33 0.159086Diptera Antocha 60 40 2.67 0.135523Atherix 60 40 2.67 0.135523

Chironomus 60 40 2.67 0.135523Simulium 60 40 2.67 0.135523Plecoptera Perla 80 30 1.5 0.109624Neuroptera Corydalus 80 55 2.75 0.170146Total 1560 H = 3.975914

The riparian vegetation present along the river is given in the table below

Table 2.3.25: Riparian vegetation along the Alaknanda river and its tributaries

S.No. Name of the riparian plant species Conservation status1. Ageratum conzoides Common

2. Anagallis arvensis Common

3. Phyla nudiflora Common

4. Ranunculus scleratus Common

5. Rumex hastatus Common

6. Artemisia nilagarica Common

7. Stephmia eligans Common





S.No. Name of the riparian plant species Conservation status

8. Urtica dioica Common

9. Drymasia cordata Common

10. Bistortia vacenifolia Common

11. Polygonum numbenus Common

12. Viola canescens Rare

13. Nasturtium officinalis Common

14. Potentilla sundarica Common

15. Acorus calamus Rare

16. Cypres rotundus Common

17. Cypres iria Common

18. Phragmites kakara Common

19. Stellaria media Common

20. Saccharum arundinaceum Common

21. Cirsium arvense Common

22. Eclipta prostrate Common

23. Mazus pumilus Common

24. Aeginetia indica (Saprophyta) Common

25. Sorghum miliaceum Common

26. Eupatorium adscendensce Common

27. Equisetum sp. Common

Impact on Aquatic Ecology

The construction of the proposed Vishnugad-Pipalkoti hydroelectric would involve largescale extraction of different types of construction material from the river bed includingboulders, stones, gravel, sand, etc. Extraction of gravel and sand causes considerabledamage to fish stocks and other aquatic life by destabilizing the sub-stratum, increasingthe turbidity of water, silting of the channel bottom and modifying the flow which in turnmay result in erosion of the river channel. These alterations are likely to upset thecomposition and balance of aquatic organisms. The material at the river sub-stratumlike stones and pebbles often provide anchorage and home to the invertebrates which

remain attached in a fast flowing stream.The fauna and flora of this region may be affected by the dam construction activitiesmainly at the dam construction site and the powerhouse construction site. Other areasare not likely to be affected severely

During fish spawning season, the fertilized eggs are laid amidst the gravel so that eggsare not washed away in fast flowing stream. The eggs of almost all species are sticky innature, which provide additional safety. The turbidity in excess of 100 ppm brought bysuspended solids chokes the gills of young fish. Fine solids in concentration greaterthan 25 mg/l, adversely affects the development of fish eggs and fish.





During construction a huge quantity of debris will be generated. The debris site locatedclose to river and may flow down the river during heavy precipitation. Such a conditioncan adversely affect the development of aquatic life. The inadequate system for

dumping of debris can lead to many undesirable impacts.Amongst the aquatic animals, it is the fish life, which would be, most affected. Themigratory fish species, e.g. Tor tor , Tor putitora and Schizothorax are likely to beadversely affected due to obstruction created by the proposed dam. Tort tor Hamilltonand Tor putitora Hamilton are categorized as endangered species andSchizothoraichthys progastus and Pseudocheneis sulcatus as vulnerable species asper IUCN categorization

These fish species undertakes annual migration for feeding and breeding. Theobstruction created by the dam would hinder the migration.

With the completion of dam, flow in the downstream stretch of the river would be

reduced considerably more so during the lean period segment of river between dam siteand tail race disposal at certain places may retain some water in shallow poolssubjecting the fish to prey by birds and other animals. Such situations are likely tofacilitate the locals to catch fish indiscriminately.

Mitigation measures

The dam construction will block the migration route of Mahseer ( Tor tor, Torputitora) . But, other tributaries like Patalganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi Ganga mayassist in supporting the population of Mahseers in the area.

Mahseer breeding and rearing hatchery may be established in the area.

Scientific management of the existing stock needs to be adopted for Conservation ofSchizothorax, Pseudocheneis sulcatus . The stocking program can be done annuallyby the Fisheries Department, State Government of Uttarakhand.

Tributaries like Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi are perennial streams andhave sufficient water discharge in addition to rich aquatic biodiversity, which may beable to support the aquatic biodiversity by providing suitable breeding, spawning andfeeding grounds to the most of the fishes found in the Alaknanda River.

There seems no possibility of drying of the downstream area between the dam siteand powerhouse site as some seasonal and perennial tributaries such as TaponGad, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi having good discharge,meet the Alaknanda river between these sites. If the same is not available fromstreams in the intervening stretch, then possibility of downstream releases from theDam needs to be explored. It will be mandatory for the project authorities to maintainthe minimum flow for the survival and propagation of invertebrates and fish. In orderto avoid the possible loss of aquatic life, a minimum flow of 3 cumecs shall alwaysbe released from the dam.

Ban on fishing must be enforced in the affected stretch of river during lean seasonand spawning period of the fish.





The muck disposal plan may be implemented properly in the project area as thesites are close to the river Alaknanda and possibilities of sliding of muck into theriver may be avoided.

Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony

The proposed hydro-power project would envisage temporary and permanentresidential areas to accommodate labour and staff engaged in the project. This wouldresult in emergence of domestic waste water which is likely to be discharged into theriver.

Mitigation measures

Due to perennial nature of river Alaknanda, it maintains sufficient flow through outthe year. The available flow is sufficient to dilute the sewage and as mentionedearlier, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated .

During project construction phase, measures need to be implemented to amelioratethe problem of water pollution from various sources. The sewage generated fromvarious labour camps shall be treated before discharging into river Alaknanda ornearby surface water body. The septic tanks shall be located so as not to pollute thedrinking water sources

The construction activities would require a crusher to crush large lumps of rocks tothe requisite size for coarse as well as fine aggregates. The effluent generated fromthese crushers will have high suspended solids. The effluent shall be treated beforedisposal. Settling tanks of appropriate size for treatment of effluent from variouscrushers shall be provided.

Desired flow may be maintained downstream of the dam for survival of aquatic life

In the project operation phase, a plant colony with 300 quarters is likely to be set up.It is recommended to commission a suitable Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) to treatthe sewage generated from the colony

The completion of Vishnugad-Pipalkoti hydroelectric Project would bring aboutsignificant changes in the riverine ecology, as the river transforms from a fast-flowingwater system to a quiescent lacustrine environment. Such an alteration of the habitatwould bring changes in physical, chemical and biotic life. Amongst the bioticcommunities, certain species can survive the transitional phase and can adapt to thechanged riverine habitat. There are other species amongst the biotic communities,

which, however, for varied reasons related to feeding and reproductive characteristicscannot acclimatize to the changed environment, and may disappear in the early years ofimpoundment of water.

Tributaries like Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi are perennial streams and havesufficient water discharge in addition to rich aquatic biodiversity, which may be able tosupport the aquatic biodiversity by providing suitable breeding, spawning and feedinggrounds to the most of the fishes found in the Alaknanda River





2.4 DOWNSTREAM HAZARDS

The downstream hazards which may occur due to failure of the dam are flooding of the

river bank and triggering of landslide. The downstream hazards are assessed for worstcase scenario when the Dam gets washed away. The water spread and depth of waterat various level is as given below

Table 2.4.1: Water depth and spread downstream of dam in the event of Dambreak

Distance fromdam(km)

Max. elevationabove MSL (m)

River bed level(m)

Water depth(m)

Water Spreadwidth (m)

3.7 1200 1223.44 23.44 86.1

10.2 1080 1104.39 24.39 114.8

11.5 1050 1071.96 21.96 72.0

15.8 1030 1060.57 30.57 110.7

18.4 1010 1044.20 34.20 172.2

20.0 1000 1038.33 38.33 229.6

The water will flow with force eroding the banks and causing damage to life and propertylocated at the elevation given in the table. Most of the villages are located at higherelevations and there are no villages located close to the bank of the river Alaknanda.The villages which are located at lower elevation and may suffer some lose of propertyand life are identified and given below.

Table 2.4.2: List of Villages likely to be affected in case of Dam Failure S.No Name of

VillageRiverBank

Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Elevation(m)

Approx.Distancefrom the

Dam1. Tapon R 30°29’ 43.2” 079° 28’ 25.4 ″ 1280 3

2. Langsi L 30 ° 29 ′ 25.8 ″ 079 ° 28 ′ 57.1 ″ 1345 3

3. Tirosi R 30°29’ 15.5 “ 079° 28’ 02.2” 1126 6

4. Hyuna R 30°28’ 23.4” 079° 26’ 20.7” 1117 8

5. Guniyala R 30°27’ 32.1 “ 079° 25’ 30.3” 1213 10

6. Tenduli R 30°26’ 34.5” 079° 25’ 30.1” 1220 12

7. Pipalkoti L 30°26’ 04.8 “ 079° 25’ 41.6” 1259 13

8. Hat R 30°25’ 18.8” 079° 24’ 53.7 ″ 1075 15

9. Siyasain R 30 ° 24 ′ 58.7 ″ 079 ° 24 ′ 29.8 ″ 1069 16

10. Batula L 30°24’ 47.5 “ 079° 25’ 00.5” 1160 16





S.No Name ofVillage

RiverBank

Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Elevation(m)

Approx.Distancefrom the

Dam11. Durgapur R 30°24’ 38.6” 079° 23’ 14.2 ″ 1063 20

12. Birahi L 30 ° 24 ′ 31.8 ″ 079 ° 25 ′ 46.3 ″ 1071 20

Mitigation Measures

Formulate and implement an Emergency Action Plan to minimize the probable lossof life and damage to property in the event of failure of dam

An effective communication system and a downstream warning system are essential

for the success of an emergency preparedness plan. Evacuation plan may be formulated, this must include

Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated

Notification procedures and evacuation instructions

Safe routes, transport and traffic control

Safe areas/ shelters

The Evacuation team may be comprised of the District Collector, Superintendent Police / Nominated Police Officer, Chief Medical Officer, Sarpanch of identified Villages and

Project in charge of VPHEP

Establish an effective Dam Safety Surveillance and monitoring programme

Rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation and observation data

Periodic inspection and safety reviews/evaluation.

A regular maintenance program that includes mowing, inspection and repair of minorproblems

2.5 POLLUTION LOAD STUDY

After the construction of dam, as per the minimum flow requirement to maintain the riverecosystem, it has been suggested to release minimum flow of 3 m 3 /s in downstream.However, low flows conditions coupled with the sewage generated by the projectworkers, hired for construction and operation of the project, can worsen the quality ofriver in terms of coliforms, DO & BOD. Therefore, water quality modeling studies wereproposed to predict the effect of the pollution load discharged by the workers on thewater quality of river.

The objective of the study is to establish and calibrate a model for the Alaknanda Riversystem from the dam site to outfall of TRT and also headrace tunnel, to simulate and





quantify the effect of selected scenarios with respect to pollution generation duringconstruction and implementation and furthermore reduced pollution loading byimplementing sewage treatment schemes. This study focused on the most obvious

water quality parameters such as BOD, DO, and Faecal Coliforms.

2.5.1 Study Reach

The dam site of the project is located at Helong village and TRT outfall is at theconfluence of Birahi river and Alaknanda river, which is at a distance of 18.32 km fromthe dam site. The study area covers the Alaknanda river reach from dam site to TRToutfall site. The average slope of river in this reach is 1/95 with bed level at dam site1224 m and at TRT outfall 1024 m. The banks of the river are very steep and averagewidth of the river is of the order of 30 m. Tributaries joining the Alaknanda in the studyreach are Tapan nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi Ganga (seeFig. 2.5.1 ). A line diagram of river and its tributaries along with location of new

settlements at Gulab Kothi, Langsi, Guniyala village and Maypur Batola are shown inFig. 2.5.1 . Chainages from dam site of tributaries with their Latitude, longitude are alsoshown in Fig. 2.5.1. Power house is located at downstream of Hat village.

Photographs of Alaknanda River at dam site and TRT outfall and of tributaries areshown in Figures 2.5.2.

The cross-section of the tributaries i.e., Tapan nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, MainaGad and Birahi Ganga at their confluence with Alaknanada were measured andapproximated as trapezoidal channel The salient features of these X-sections arereported in the Table 2.5.1.

Table 2.5.1: Salient features of the Tributaries Cross-Sections

Tributaries Bed Width (m) Left Side Slope (V:H) Right Side Slope (V:H)

Tapan Nala 2 1:1.5 1:1.5

Patal Ganga 9 1:2 1:6.9

Garur Ganga 12 1:4 1:1.4

Maina Gad 10 1:2.7 1:2.7

Birahi River 15 1:2 1:2





Fig. 2.5.1: A line sketch of study reach





(a) Dam site of the project (b) Upstream view of Alaknanda at Damsite

(c) D/s view of Alaknanda at Dam site (d) Tapan Nala at its confluence withAlaknanda

(e) Patal Ganga at its confluence withAlaknanda





(f) Garur Ganga at its confluence with (g) Maina Gad at its confluence withAlaknandaAlaknanda

(h) Confluence of Birahi Ganga with Alaknanda (i) Birahi Ganga at its confluence with

Alaknanda Fig. 2.5.2 Photographs of Alaknanda River at dam site and TRT outfall and of tributaries

2.5.2 River Flow

10-daily discharge data of Alaknanda river at the dam site for the period 1971 to 2004are available. Average discharge in the river at dam site is 182.70 m 3 /s. Flow durationcurve as shown in the Fig. 2.5.3 depicts that dependable flow at 50%, 75% and 90%are 88.6 m 3 /s, 42.5 m 3 /s, and 28.5 m 3 /s respectively. 10-daily discharge data for 33years (1971-2004) for each month is also calculated and plotted with month in Fig. 2.5.4 with average, maximum and minimum values. Thus for each month, there are threedischarges for day 1-10, 11-20 and 21-30. Low flow of the order of 35 m 3 /s occurs in theriver in the month of January, February and March. and More than 25 m 3 /s and lessthan 100 m 3 /s discharges are available in months November, December and April. Morethan 100 m 3 /s are available in months from May to October.





Percentage of time

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

D i s c

h a r g e

( m 3 / s )

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Fig. 2.5.3: Flow duration curve at dam site

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

17-May 6-Jul 25-Aug 14-Oct 3-Dec 22-Jan 13-Mar 2-May 21-JunPeriod

D i s c h a r g e

( m 3 / s )

Average Maximum Minimum

Fig. 2.5.4: Temporal variation of 10- daily (Average) discharges at Proposed dam site

Discharge data for twelve months in tributaries namely Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga,Maina Gad and Birahi are available and reported in Table 2.5.2 . Discharge data inTapan Nala is not available; however, local enquiry during site visit indicates that thenala is dry in non-monsoon months. Birahi is the major tributaries in this reach. Thedischarge in Patal Ganga and Maina Gad are of same order. Garur Ganga is a smalltributary. Lean flow occurs in the months of Jan, Feb and March.





Table 2.5.2: Available discharges in the Tributaries

MonthAverage discharge (m 3/s) in Tributaries

Tapan Nala Patal Ganga Garur Ganga Maina Gad Birahi RiverMarch NA 5.85 0.82 12.84 6.92April NA 6.13 1.17 11.79 8.51May NA 4.01 0.94 19.21 17.32June NA 7.83 0.91 28.48 34.15July NA 16.13 1.99 50.00 55.18August NA 42.46 4.96 48.02 102.49September NA NA 3.13 28.47 60.15October NA NA 1.29 21.25 24.65November NA 3.20 0.84 7.43 11.77December NA 1.20 0.34 2.94 4.63January NA 0.68 0.20 1.21 2.32

February NA 3.27 0.51 7.026 4.62Average, Q 3.51 0.72 9.24 8.58

2.5.3 Selection of Model

QUAL 2K MODEL

The selection of QUAL 2K for this modelling study been based on the high technicallevel of the software combined with a user-friendly user-interface and a high level ofpresentation facilities. The model is numerically accurate and includes an updatedkinetic structure for most conventional pollutants. The input and output data structuresare designed in user friendly format.

The Qual 2K is a one-dimensional mathematical model available as free-use software topredict the water quality of a fluvial system. It is a versatile model for determining thequality of flowing waters, allowing the simulation of up to 15 parameters associated towater quality in any combination chosen by the user. The model is applicable to wellmixed streams and considers the transport mechanisms – dispersion and advection –significant only along the main direction of flow (longitudinal direction). Its use extends tothe presence of multiple polluting discharges, withdrawal points and tributaries flowing tothe stream under study. The model is limited to simulations in periods of time for whichboth the flow of the stream and the discharges of effluent in the basin are constant. Inthis context, the model can be used in steady and dynamic states. In steady state, themodel may be used to assess the impact of polluting loads (magnitude, quality andlocalization) on the receiving body. Dynamically, the model allows investigating both the

effects of diurnal variations of the meteorological data on water quality as well as ofchanges in dissolved oxygen caused by algae growth and respiration. This makes themodeling system suitable for detailed analysis of monitoring data and effect of actiontaken to improve the condition as well as for prediction of future scenarios. Thesecapabilities of the Qual 2K model ensure that the tool can act now and in future as apowerful tool for the water quality management for the Alaknanda River.

2.5.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling

The hydrodynamic model was run for the computation of the water surface profile in thestudy reach from Chainage 0 to 18.34 km to study water quality in the Alaknanda river.





QUAL 2K model, which simulate one-dimensional steady-state non-uniform flow is usedfor this purpose. The model simulates Alaknanda River as main stem and tributaries aspoint sources. There are no abstractions in the study reach except evaporation,

infiltration etc. The study reach is divided into a number of segments and in eachsegment uniform flow is assumed and discharge is computed using continuity equation.The cross-section of the river is approximated trapezoidal in each reach. The Manning’scoefficient was estimated using Golbutsov (1969) empirical equation, which is generallyused for the boulder streams:

n = 0.222 S 0.33 (1)

in which S is the longitudinal slope of the river and the equation is valid for S varyingfrom 0.4% to 20 %. The average slope of the study reach is 1/95, for this value of S,Manning’s n as per the above equation is 0.050. Knowing channel size, bed slope,Manning’s roughness coefficient, the depth of flow in each segment is calculated using

Manning’s equation.

The model was run for lean discharge equal to 60 m 3 /s in the river at dam site. Thisdischarge was available in the month of February 2009. During this month, thedischarges in tributaries were 0.0, 3.27, 0.51, 7.026 and 4.62 m 3 /s in Tapan Nala, PatalGanga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi, respectively. These discharges wereconsidered as point source in the model. The computed flow and velocity are shown inthe following figures 2.5.5.

Figure 2.5.5: Simulated Discharge and velocity for the River

2.5.5 Water Quality Modeling

The WQ-model set-up uses the same boundaries and lateral inflows as described forthe hydrodynamic (HD) model in previous section. Water quality parameters anddischarge at dam site in Alaknanda River is taken as upstream boundary to the model.February is considered as one of the representative low flow month on the basis ofavailable discharge data.





Water quality parameters and discharges in tributaries are considered as point source atdifferent chainages of study reach. Water samples from all tributaries were collected inthe month of February 2009 and analyzed for different Parameters.

Table 2.5.3: Existing Inflows (February 2009) in Alaknanda River (study stretch)

Tributaries(Location from upstream)

PointDissolved

Oxygen Slow CBODPathogen

Indicator Bacteria

Inflow mean mean mean

NameLocation

(km) m3/s mg/L mgC/L cfu/100mlTapan Nala 2.69 0.50 9.50 0.00 0.00

Patal Ganga 3.80 0.68 8.90 0.00 0.00

Garur Ganga 7.23 0.20 9.30 0.00 0.00

Maina Nadi 9.48 1.21 9.00 0.00 0.00

Birahi Ganga 18.32 2.32 9.20 0.00 0.00

The water quality model is calibrated utilizing the hydrodynamic results file. A very goodcalibration of the WQ-model has been carried out for the month of February 2009 basedon the measured levels of pollutants. As a consequence the WQ-model simulated thecorrect levels of pollutants that are observed in February 2009.

The simulated and measured concentration of DO & BOD is illustrated in Figure 2.5.6 for selected station in the Alaknanda stretch. Simulations of pathogens were notconducted as the observed values were nil in all tributaries as well as in the river. As it isshown in Figure 6 that water quality is excellent in the stretch. Due to the sparsepopulation and negligible sewage and non-point sources inflows to the river. For theSBOD and FBOD decay a first order decay rate of 0.23 day -1 (at 20 oC) & 0.1 day -1 havebeen used. Standard O'Connor-Dobbins was used for model reaeration. For simulatingpathogens (future scenarios) decay rates 1.5 day -1 and settling rates 1.0 day -1 wereused. The eutrophication model was not used due to high bed slope and high velocity inthe river. Similarly, sediment oxygen demand is also neglected due to the pristine qualityof the river. The calibration parameters are given in Table 2.5.4 .

Table 2.5.4: Calibrated Parameters for Water Quality Modeling

Parameter Value Units

Oxygen:Reaeration model O'Connor-Dobbins

Temp correction 1.024

Slow CBOD:

Hydrolysis rate 0.23 1/d


Fast CBOD:

Oxidation rate 0.1 1/d





Parameter Value Units


Pathogens:

Decay 1.5 1/d


Settling velocity 1 m/d

The results of calibration are as follows

Fig. 2.5.6: DO & BOD Calibrations of the river

2.5.6 Water Quality Forecast for Alaknanda River

SCENARIO-1

The model has been used for forecasting the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda

River for the following scenarios:

No Sewage Treatment scheme for construction workforce, with direct discharge

into the river.

The release of minimum 3 m 3 /s freshwater from dam site

The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 7. The inflows are 80 % of

135 L.cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD & Fecal Coliform

values of 250 mg/L & 10 7 MP/100 ml was based on various sewage analysis data

of Uttarakhand towns.





Table 2.5.5: Future inflows during construction phase (Without Sewage Treatment)

Camp/village Location(km)

Point DissolvedOxygen

FastBOD

Pathogenindicator

BacteriaInflow mean mean mean

Name D/s Damsite

No. ofPerson

m /s mg/L mg/L cfu/100ml

Labour Camp-1:Gulab Koti 1.49 3000.00 0.0038 0.0000 250.0000 10000000.00

Labour Camp 2:Langsi 3.35 1200.00 0.0015 0.0000 250.0000 10000000.00

Labour Camp 3:

Guniyala Village10.01 1200.00 0.0015 0.0000 250.0000 10000000.00

Labour Camp 4:Batula 15.83 2800.00 0.0004 0.0000 250.0000 10000000.00

Figure 2.5.7: Water Quality Predictions for Scenario-1





Scenario results (Fig. 2.5.7) shows that, although there would be not much change inDO concentrations, but there was a little change in BOD and severe deterioration of

water quality in terms of fecal coliforms. The fast BOD would be increased to 3.5 mg/Land Slow BOD to 1.2 mg/L which results in unaesthetic conditions. High coliformconcentrations in the order of 16,000 MPN/100 ml render the river water ineffective fordrinking. Strong objections would be raised and this kind of situation would be totallyunacceptable. Therefore, complete sewage treatment to secondary level alongwithchlorination is mandatory to discharge the treated wastewater from construction campsto the river.

SCENARIO- 2


River for the following scenarios:

Secondary Sewage Treatment + Chorination for construction workforce, with directdischarge into the river.

The release of minimum 3 m 3 /s freshwater from dam site.

The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 2.5.6 . The inflows are 80 % of

135 L/cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD value of 30 mg/L was

based secondary treated sewage standards, and 100 MPN/100ml coliform value

was based on analysis of secondary treated chlorinated sewage from various parts

of India.

Table 2.5.6: Future inflows during construction phase (With Secondary Treatment &

Chlorination)

Camp/village PointDissolvedOxygen

FastBOD

Pathogen indicatorBacteria

Location(km) Inflow mean mean mean

NameD/s Damsite

No ofPerson m3/s mg/L mg/L cfu/100ml

Labour Camp-

1: Gulab Koti 1.49 3000.00 0.0038 0.0000 30.0000 100.00

Labour Camp

2: Langsi 3.35 1200.00 0.0015 0.0000 30.0000 100.00

Labour Camp

3:Guniyala

Village 10.01 1200.00 0.0015 0.0000 30.0000 100.00

Labour Camp

4: Batula 15.83 2800.00 0.0035 0.0000 30.0000 100.00





Scenario results show that ( Figure 2.5.8 ), there was almost insignificant change in theriver quality in terms of BOD, DO & coliforms, hence it is acceptable. However, due to

attachment of religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treatedsewage instead of discharging it to the river. To achieve the aero-discharge, there aretwo options, either all the secondary treated sewage would be discharge to soak pit orthe sewage should be treated by using advanced sewage treatment technology such asMembrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes. Membranebioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.

Figure 2.5.8: Water Quality Predictions for Scenario-2

SCENARIO- 3


River for the following scenario:

After the construction of dam site : 300 permanent technical staff working for power

house directly discharge into the river near village Siyasen.

The release of minimum 3 m 3 /s freshwater from dam site.

The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 9. The inflows are 80 % of 135

L/cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD & Fecal Coliform values of

250 mg/L & 10 7 MP/100 ml was based on various sewage analysis data of

Uttarakhand towns.







2.5.7 Conclusions & Recommendations

1. 33 years (1971-2004) 10 daily discharge data of Alaknanda River at dam site is

analyzed. The average discharge in the river at dam site is 182.7 m 3 /s. Dependable flowat 50%, 75% and 90% are 88.6 m 3 /s, 42.5 m 3 /s, and 28.5 m 3 /s respectively. Low flow of

the order of 35 m 3 /s occurs in the river in the month of January, February and March.

Less than 100 m 3 /s and more than 25 m 3 /s discharges are available in months of

November, December and April.

2. 12 months discharge data of the tributaries are measured. Birahi was found to be the

major tributary in this reach, while Garur Ganga & Tapan Nala are small tributaries. Very

low discharge are available in months of Jan-Feb-March. Therefore, a representative

low flow month (February 2009) was selected for water quality modeling.

3. Average width & bed slope of the river in the study reach are 30 m & 1/95 respectively.

Manning roughness coefficient was found to be 0.05. The hydrodynamic model was run

by using US EPA Qual 2K software for lean discharge = 60 m 3 /s in the river at the dam

site and the discharges in Tapan Nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and

Birahi tributaries were 0.0, 3.27, 0.51, 7.026 and 4.62 m 3 /s respectively. The depth of

the flow varies between 1-2 m while the velocity in the order of 2 m/s within the study

stretch.

4. The water quality model was set-up to establish baseline water quality conditions in thestudy reach. By calibrating the SBOD and FBOD decay of 0.23 day -1 (at 20 oC) & 0.1

day -1 , pathogens decay rates 1.5 day -1 and settling rates 1.0 day -1 and applying

standard O'Connor-Dobbins reaeration equation, the WQ-model simulated the pollutant

data observed in February 2009.

5. The model was simulated considering anticipated future pollution loading from labor

camps. The inflows from labor camps are based on the assumption of 80 % sewage

generation by supplying 135 L/cap.day water supply. BOD, DO & Coliforms values are

based on the data collection and analysis of sewage quality of various towns ofUttarakhand. Scenario 1 results shows that, although there would be not much change

in DO concentrations, but there was a little change in BOD and severe deterioration of

water quality in terms of fecal coliforms. The fast BOD would be increased to 3.5 mg/L

and Slow BOD to 1.2 mg/L results is unaesthetic conditions and high coliform

concentrations in the order of 16,000 MPN/100 ml render the river water ineffective for

drinking. Strong objections would be raised and this kind of situation would be totally

unacceptable. Therefore, complete sewage treatment to secondary level along with





chlorination is mandatory to discharge the treated wastewater from construction camps

to the river.

6. Scenario 2 was conducted for secondary treated sewage + Chlorination of theconstruction workforce with direct discharge into the river. Minimum 3 m 3 /s freshwater is

assumed to be released from d/s of dam. The simulation results suggested that there

was almost insignificant change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO & coliforms,

hence it is acceptable. However, due to attachment of religious sentiments, it would be

recommended to reuse the treated sewage instead of discharging it to the river. To

achieve the zero-discharge, there are two options, either all the secondary treated

sewage would be discharge to soak pit or the sewage should be treated by using

advanced sewage treatment technology such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily

reuse for non-potable purposes. Membrane bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3

mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.

7. Scenario 3 was conducted to forecast the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda

River by the untreated pollution load of 300 permanent technical staff working for power

house residing near the Village. Minimum 3 m 3 /s freshwater is assumed to be released

from d/s of dam. Scenario results shows that, although there was almost insignificant

change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO, but can increase coliforms

concentrations fairly, rendering it unsafe for direct potable use. Therefore, sewage

treatment with chlorination is strictly recommended for permanent resident population.

However, due to religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treated

sewage instead of discharging it to the river. To achieve the zero-discharge, the best

option would be the treatment of sewage by advanced sewage treatment technology

such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes.

Membrane bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.





An nex 2.2

Inlet Tributaries in River Alaknanda

1. Name of Inlet Tributary: Animath NalaLocation : N30° 32' 03.2. E 079° 31' 15.5.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : Animath, PainiDischarge : 3.12 Ltr/Sec

2. Name of Inlet Tributary: Karmanasha NalaLocation : N 30° 31' 36.4². E 079° 30' 29.1.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : HelongDischarge : 3.01 Ltr/Sec

3. Name of Inlet Tributary: Dwarl DharLocation : N30° 31' 33.3. E 079° 30' 23.4.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : HelongDischarge : 5.62 Ltr/Sec

4. Name of Inlet Tributary: UnknownLocation : N30° 30' 38.8. E 079° 29' 28.5.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : GulabkotiDischarge : 0.15 Ltr/Sec

5. Name of Inlet Tributary: UnknownLocation : N30° 30' 30.5. E 079° 29' 29.5.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : GulabkotiDischarge : 0.21 Ltr/Sec

6. Name of Inlet Tributary: Belakuchi Nala

Location : N30° 28' 55.2. E 079° 28' 12.1.Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Tangni talliDischarge : 0 Ltr/Sec

7. Name of Inlet Tributary: Tapon NalaLocation : N30° 29' 42.6. E 079° 28' 27.6.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : Tapon

8. Name of Inlet Tributary: Pagal Nala

Location : N30° 28' 40.3. E 079° 28' 01.3.Position : Left BankNear Village(s) : Tangni talli



Discharge : 0.28 Ltr/Sec

9. Name of Inlet Tributary: UnknownLocation : N30° 27' 54.5. E 079° 27' 26.6.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : Jalgwar, TangniDischarge : 5.59 Ltr/Sec

10. Name of Inlet Tributary: Mangni GadLocation : N30° 25' 56.6. E 079° 25' 57.3.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : Pipalkoti, NaurakhDischarge : 5.26 Ltr/Sec

11. Name of Inlet Tributary: Akthalla NalaLocation : N30° 25' 34.2. E 079° 25' 43.0.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : AkthallaDischarge : 0 Ltr/Sec

12. Name of Inlet Tributary: Ghat GadLocation : N30° 25' 09.8. E 079° 25' 50.9.Position : Left Bank

Near Village(s) : Gadora, AkthallaDischarge : 3.16 Ltr/Sec

13. Name of Inlet Tributary: Durgapur NalaLocation : N30° 24' 42.9. E 079° 23' 25.7.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : DurgapurDischarge : 0.12 Ltr/Sec


Near Village(s) : JaisalDischarge : 1.36 Ltr/Sec


Near Village(s) : Jaisal, SiyasenDischarge : 1.48 Ltr/Sec

16. Name of Inlet Tributary: Ghan PaniLocation : N30° 27' 06.7. E 079° 25' 16.7.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : Math

Discharge : 3.12 Ltr/Sec

17 Name of Inlet Tributary: Hat Nala



Location : N30° 25' 23.7. E 079° 25' 04.3.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : HatDischarge : 0.22 Ltr/Sec

18. Name of Inlet Tributary: Ram NalaLocation : N30° 25' 18.5. E 079° 24' 15.2.Position : Right Bank

Near Village(s) : HatDischarge : 0 Ltr/Sec



Annex 2.3

Page 1 of 5

SL Name ofVillages

RiverBank

Elevation(m)

Name ofPanchayat

Name ofBlock

Name ofTehsil Drinking water Comes

1 Garigaon R 1277 Birahi Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Janeu Kanom,Distance village is 2 Km

2 Birahi L 1071 Birahi Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Shera Pani,Distance village is appx. 2 km

3 Kauriya L 1200 Koriya Dasoli Chamoli Water comes 100 m above village

4 Sirkot L 1307 Batula Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 m abovevillage

5 Sirkot-2 L 1311 Birahi Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 m abovevillage

6 Digoli L 1375 Mayapur Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 1 km abovevillage

7 Luhan L 1413 Luhan Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 m abovevillage

8 Kyontha L 1364 Luhan Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 2.5 km above

village

9 Gadora L 1324 Gadora Dasoli Chamoli Water comes 3 km above village

10 Gadi L 1306 Pipalkoti Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Samma nala,Distance from village appx. 500 m

11 Akthalla L 1307 Pipalkoti Dasoli ChamoliWater comes from Sammanala,Distance from village appx.500 m

12 Retoli L 1419 Ratoli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes 500 m above village

13 Nargoli L 1407 Ratoli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 300 m abovevillage



Annex 2.3

Page 2 of 5

14 Amarpur L 1220 Gadora Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 100 m abovevillage

15 Bheerd L 1450 Gadora Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 200 m abovevillage

16 Chantoli L 1290 Kiroli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 1.5 km abovevillage

17 Kiroli-1 L 1331 Kiroli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 200 m abovevillage

18 Kiroli-2 L 1359 Kiroli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 200 m abovevillage

19 Kunri L 1320 Kiroli Dasoli Chamoli water comes from 2 km abovevillage

20 Raancoat L 1308 Kiroli Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 m abovevillage

21 DhanGwar L 1467 Pakhi Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from 6 km above

village

22 Jal Gwar L 1645 Pakhi Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from Chatna,distance village is 3 km

23 Pakhi L 1372 Pakhi Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from GarurgangaRiver

24 Siyasen R 1069 Jaensal Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Nagra,Distancevillage is 1.5 km

25 Jaisal R 1255 Jaensal Dasoli ChamoliWater comes from Nagra,Distancevillage is 1.5 km

26 Hat R 1075 Haat Dasoli Chamoli Comes of water is Thani which isappx. 1 km above village

27 TangniTalli L 1470 Tangni Dasoli Chamoli

water comes from 50 m abovevillage (little water fall) & alsothrough pipeline which is 6 kmabove village



Annex 2.3

Page 3 of 5

28 TangniMalli L 1547 Tangni

malli Dasoli Chamoliwater comes from 200 m abovevillage (little water fall) & alsothrough pipeline which is 6 kmabove village

29 Langsi L 1345 Langsi Dasoli Chamoliwater comes from 2 km above

village

30 Palada L 1299 Langsi Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from 3 km abovevillage

31 GulabKoti L 1507 Gulabkoti Joshimath Joshimath

Water comes from 100mt abovevillage

32 Patalganga L 1451 Ganai Joshimath Joshimath

Water comes from 8 km abovevillage

33 Noligolat L 1451 Ganai Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from 8 km abovevillage

34 Kona L 1451 Ganai Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from 5 km abovevillage

35 Darmi L 1557 Ganai Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from 7 km abovevillage

36 Durgapur R 1063 Bowla Dasoli ChamoliWater comes from 5 km abovevillage

37 Tapon R 1280 Dweeng Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from Kolgad(Kimana) , Distance from villlage 6km

38 Dweeng R 1550 Dweeng Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from Kolgad(Kimana) Distance village is 6km

39 Pokhani R 1471 Lanji Joshimath Joshimath

Hyuna nala

40 Lanji R 1376 Lanji Joshimath Joshimath

Hyuna nala

41 Hyuna R 1117 Lanji Joshimath Joshimath

Hyuna nala



Annex 2.3

Page 4 of 5

42 Tanduli R 1220 Bemru Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Pipalkotithrough pipeline

43 Maath R 1479 Bemru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala

44 Helong L 1507 Helong Joshimath Joshimath Karmanasha Nala

45 Pipalkoti L 1259 Naurakh Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 200 meterabove village

46 Batula L 1160 Mayapur Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 1 km abovevillage

47 Kamyar L 1406 Kamyar Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 m abovevillage

48 Pagnau L 1510 Pagnau Joshimath Joshimath water comes from 2 KM abovevillage

49 Mayapur L 1240 Batula Dasoli Chamoli water comes from 1 km abovevillage

50 Naurakh L 1310 Naurakh Dasoli Chamoli water comes from 200 meterabove village

51 Seun R 1447 Seun Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from 500 meterabove village

52 Dharagi L 1550 Pakhi Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from 500 meterabove village

53Premnag

ar L 1529 Pakhi Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from GarurgangaRiver

54 Naulli/Kawna L 1451 Ganai Joshimath Joshimath

Water comes 8 km above village

55 GanaiTalli L 1802 Ganai Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from 8 km above

village



Annex 2.3

Page 5 of 5

56 GanaiMalli L 1879 Ganai Joshimath Joshimath Water comes from 8 km above

village

57 Tirosi R 1126 Lanji Joshimath JoshimathWater comes from Kolgad

(Kimana),Distance village 8 KM

58 Kimana R 2438 Kimana Joshimath Joshimathwater comes from 2 km abovevillage

59 Palla R 2471 Palla Joshimath Joshimathwater comes from 2 km abovevillage

60 Guniyala R 1213 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from LudaunGadera,Distance village is 5 km

61 Baimaru R 1588 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Water comes from Chanmoga,Distance village is 4 km

62 Surenda R 1545 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala

63 Kanda R 1875 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala

64 Bedumathal R 1739 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala

65 Bajni R 1739 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala

66 Jharita R 1680 Baimru Dasoli Chamoli Ganpani nala



Annex 2.4


WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface Waters (as per IS:2296)SN Parameter and Unit Class-A Class-B Class-C Class-D Class-E1. Colour (Hazen Units) 10 300 300 - -2. Odour Unobject - - - -3. Taste Tasteless - - - -4. pH (max) (min:6.5) 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.55. Conductivity (25 oC) (µ mhos/cm) - - - 1000 22506. DO (mg/L)(min) 6 5 4 4 -7. BOD (3 days at 27 oC) (mg/L) 2 3 3 - -8. Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 50 500 5000 - -9. TDS (mg/L) 500 - 1500 - 210010. Oil and Grease (mg/L) - - 0.1 0.1 -11. Mineral Oil (mg/L) 0.01 - - - -12. Free Carbon Dioxide (mg/L CO 2) - - - 6 -13. Free Ammonia (mg/L as N) - - - 1.2 -14. Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -15. Phenol (mg/L C 6H5OH) 0.002 0.005 0.005 - -16. Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3) 300 - - - -

17. Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 250 - 600 - 60018. Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 400 - 400 - 100019. Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 20 - 50 - -20. Fluoride (mg/L as F) 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -21. Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 80 - - - -22. Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 24.4 - - - -23. Copper (mg/L as Cu) 1.5 - 1.5 - -24. Iron (mg/L as Fe) 0.3 - 50 - -25. Manganese (mg/L as Mn) 0.5 - - - -26. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 15 - 15 - -27. Boron (mg/L as B) - - - - 228. Barium (mg/L as Ba) 1 - - - -29. Silver (mg/L as Ag) 0.05 - - - -

30. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.05 0.2 0.2 - -31. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.001 - - - -32. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.1 - 0.1 - -33. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 0.01 - 0.01 - -34. Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -35. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.01 - 0.05 - -36. Anionic Detergents (mg/L MBAS) 0.2 1 1 - -37. PAH (mg/L) 0.2 - - - -38. Pesticides ( µ g/L) Absent - - - -39. Insecticides (mg/L) - - Absent - -40. Alpha Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.00141. Beta Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0142. Percent Sodium (%) - - - - 60

43. Sodium Absorption Ratio - - - - 26Class-A: Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection.Class-B: Outdoor bathing.Class-C: Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection.Class-D: Fish culture and wild life propagation.Class-E: Irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste disposal.



Annex 2.4


Drinking Water Quality Standards (as per IS:10500)Sl.No.

Parameter and Unit Desirable Limit Permissible Limitin Absence of

Alternate Source1. Colour (Hazen units) 5 252. Odour Unobjectionable -3. Taste Agreeable -4. Turbidity (NTU) 5 105. pH 5-8.5 No relaxation6. Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) nil -7. Pathogenic Organisms or Virus nil -8. TDS (mg/L) 500 20009. Mineral Oil (mg/L) 0.01 0.0310. Free Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.2 -11. Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 0.05 No relaxation12. Phenol (mg/L C 6H5OH) 0.001 0.00213. Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3) 300 60014. Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3) 200 60015. Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 250 100016. Sulphate (mg/L as SO 4) 200 400

17. Nitrate (mg/L as NO 3) 45 10018. Fluoride (mg/L as F) 1 1.519. Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 75 20020. Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 30 10021. Copper (mg/L as Cu) 0.05 1.522. Iron (mg/L as Fe) 0.3 123. Manganese (mg/L as Mn) 0.1 0.324. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5 1525. Boron (mg/L as B) 1 526. Aluminium (mg/L as AL) 0.03 0.227. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.05 No relaxation28. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.001 No relaxation29. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.05 No relaxation

30. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 0.01 No relaxation31. Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) 0.05 No relaxation32. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.01 No relaxation33. Anionic Detergents (mg/L MBAS) 0.2 134. PAH (mg/L) nil -35. Pesticides ( µ g/L) Absent 0.00136. Alpha Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) nil 0.000137. Beta Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) nil 0.001



Annex 2.4

General Standards for Discharge of Effluents[as per Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986]

Sl.No.

Parameter and Unit InlandSurface

Water

PublicSewers

Land forIrrigation

MarineCoastal

Water1. Temperature ( oC) # - - #

2. Colour and Odour $ - $ $3. pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.04. BOD (3 days at 27 oC) (mg/L) 30 350 100 1005. COD (mg/L) 250 - - 2506. Bio-assey (% 96-hrs Survival) @ @ @ @7. TSS (mg/L) 100 600 200 100*8. SS Particlesize(pass IS Sieve) 850 - - &9. Oil and Grease (mg/L) 10 20 10 2010. Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 1 - - 111. Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L as N) 10 - - 2012. Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L N) 50 50 - 5013. Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L as N) 100 - - 10014. Free Ammonia (mg/L as N) 5 - - 5

15. Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 0.2 2 0.2 0.216. Phenol (mg/L C 6H5OH) 1 5 - 517. Fluoride (mg/L as F) 2 15 - 1518. Sulphide (mg/L as S) 2 - - 519. Dissolved Phosphate (mg/L P) 5 - - -20. Copper (mg/L as Cu) 3 3 - 321. Iron (mg/L as Fe) 3 3 - 322. Manganese (mg/L as Mn) 2 2 - 223. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5 15 - 1524. Nickel (mg/L as Ni) 3 3 - 525. Vanadium (mg/L as V) 0.2 0.2 - 0.226. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.227. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.01 0.01 - 0.0128. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.1 1 - 129. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 2 1 - 230. Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) 0.1 2 - 131. Chromium (Total) (mg/L as Cr) 2 2 - 232. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.05 0.05 - 0.0533. Alpha Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.134. Beta Emitters (10 -6

µ c/mL) 1 1 0.1 1# Shall not exceed 5 oC above the receiving water temperature.$ All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as practicable.@ 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent.* For cooling water effluent 10% above TSS of influent.& (a) Floatable solids 3 mm, (b) Settleable solids 850 micron.

Documents

Alakanada 10-daily discharge.pdf