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al-Qaeda ( القاعدة the base – (تنظيمBegins in Egypt then moves to Afghanistan
and starts a Jihad against the Soviets during the 1980s – Osama bin-Laden joins, then takes commandJihad (جهاد)– struggle for Allah
Mujahedeen (مجاهدين) – freedom fighters
Taliban (طالبان )- Children of AfghanistanAllies with al-QaedaControl Afghanistan from 1996-2oo1
President Bill Clinton – 1996Manila, Philippines – Bin Laden personally involvedSecret Service alerted as motorcade was leavingBomb found under a bridge
1998 Embassy AttacksKenyan and Tanzanian Embassies hit at the same
time223 total fatalities, 12 Americans
USS Cole – October 2000Docked in YemenSuicide attack against a US Destroyer, 17 Sailors
killed
8:45 am – American Airlines Flight 11 hits tower 19:03 am – American Airlines Flight 175 hits tower
29:40 am – FAA grounds all flights in US airspace9:43 am – American Airlines Flight 77 hits
Pentagon10:05 am – Tower 1 falls10:10 am – United Flight 93 crashes in
Pennsylvania10:28 am – Tower 2 falls
Madrid – March 11th, 200410 separate explosions hidden in back packs70 people are arrested, 7 die in arrest attempt21 people (mostly Moroccans, a few Spaniards)
are convicted in connection191 killed, 1800 wounded
London – July 7th, 20054 suicide bombers attack four separate targetsAll attackers lived in England, 3 born thereAll of Pakistani desent56 killed, 770 wounded
Northern Alliance – Anti-Taliban forcesEthnic and Religious breakdown
Pashtu 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%Hamid Karzai –
December 22nd, 2001, sworn in as Prime MinisterDecember 7th, 2004 – elected President
Operation Enduring Freedom – October 7th , 2001NA and US forces combine to remove the Taliban
Allied ForcesInternational Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and
NATOPolicing actions
Skirmishes as Taliban tries to press north every yearIED and Suicide Bombs claim most lives
2009NATO and ISAF boosted and move to “clear” territoryPakistan launched offensive to push Taliban out of
Tribal areas. Mixed results.2011
Osama Bin Laden – Killed in PakistanDeath Toll: US - 2357 Coalition – 1130http://icasualties.org/OEF/Index.aspx
Saddam Hussein – Sunni MuslimPresident 1979-2003Ba’ath Party – Arab Independence and EqualitySecular State – Western Ideas
WMD? – Weapon of Mass DestructionIsraeli and British intelligence claims Saddam
has Biological and Chemical weapons and Missiles to carry them
German Source - Operative’s name is Curveball, an Iraqi who claims to have knowledge of Saddam’s weapons program
Top Lieutenant, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, admits that al-Qaeda tried to buy WMDs from Saddam recently and received training
United KingdomDenmarkAustraliaPolandPortugalSpainKurdish Militia
KuwaitJapanLatviaEstoniaGeorgiaSouth KoreaCzech Republic
Supporting Forces
IraqOperation Iraqi Freedom
Coalition forces invade on March 19th 2003, no UN support
April 9th, Baghdad fallsBattle of Fallujah – 122 KIA, 650 WIA (April-
November)Insurgency
Mainly foreign fighters: Syria, Yemen, Chechnya, IranIED is the number 1 killer – 64%
2010-20152010 – US forces leave major urban areas2011 – All US combat forces leave Iraq2014 – US forces return as advisors and use air
strikes, combat troops have not been ruled outDeath toll: US – 4490 UK – 179 Coalition - 140
DronesStarted under the Bush administration and expanded
widely under Obama, drones are replacing humans on the battle field
Total Strikes: 610-720Casualties: 3503-5759
Borderless WarAnti-terrorism – Nation vs. Nation no longer the norm.
Borderless organizations declaring and waging warsCyber warfare – Military and private sector companies
actively training “hackers” to wage war on enemy nations
Intelligence gathering – CIA and NSA (through Snowden files and the Patriot Act) have been granted unlimited access to digital communication
North Korea - 조선 인민 공화국을 민주Kim Jong-Un 2012-pressentIncome from Arms dealingsHas developed Nuclear weapons, working on long
range missilesHostile to South Korea, Japan, United States.
Iran - ایران اسالمی جمهوریMahmoud Ahmadinejad 2005-2013 – anti-westernHassan Rouhani 2013-present – less hostile?Accused of supplying weapons and technology to
resistance fighters in Iraq, Afghanistan, and PalestineTraining camps for foreign fighters that are sent to
Iraq and Afghanistan
Power vacuum in the Middle East – Sunni-Shiite War?
Iran is pursuing Nuclear WeaponsNorth Korean Missiles and Nuclear WeaponsHezbollah and Hamas against IsraelPalestinian peace deal and homeland? Israeli
settlements?Chechen resistance spreading in RussiaFuture of al-Qaeda?ISIS spreading and solidifying territoryIs there a future in Syria?Ukrainian civil war and Russian aggressionYemen civil war: Potential Saudi-Iranian war?
1. The war in Iraq was and continues to be a controversial topic. How should this war be remembered?
2. What role should the United States play in the future of global politics?
3. Is the use of drones justified? Is this an acceptable alternative to human forces?
4. What do you believe is the biggest issue facing the United States today internally? Why should this be the number one thing we need to focus on?
5. Do you plan on voting next November? If yes, why? If no, why?
6. Why do we study history? What purpose does it serve us to look at our past?
