AKT211 – CAO

01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

AKT211 – CAO

01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

GhifarParahyangan Catholic University

August 22, 2011

GhifarParahyangan Catholic University

August 22, 2011

OutlineOutline

What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Computer function & structure Instruction cycle

ArchitectureArchitecture

People about computer architecture :• Baer : “The design of the integrated

system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”

• Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”

• Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”

Architecture(2)Architecture(2)

The different usages of the term:• The design of a computer’s CPU architecture,

instruction set, addressing modes• Description of the requirements (especially speeds

and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU)

• Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer

In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program

Architecture vs OrganizationArchitecture vs Organization

• Architecture is those features/attributes visible to the programmer– Instruction set, number of bits used for data

representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

– e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?• Organization is the hardware implementation of

features/attributes– Control signals, interfaces, memory

technology.– e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it

done by repeated addition?

Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

• Structure : the way in which components are interrelated

• Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Functional ViewFunctional View

FunctionFunction

Computer main functions :1. Data processing2. Data storage3. Data movement4. Control

Operation a) Data MovementOperation a) Data Movement

Operation b) StorageOperation b) Storage

Operation c) Processing from/to storage

Operation c) Processing from/to storage

Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

Structure – Top LevelStructure – Top Level

Structure – Top Level (2)Structure – Top Level (2)

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)– controls the operation of the computer

and performs its data processing functions2. Main Memory

– stores data3. Input/Output (I/O)

– moves data between the computer and its external environment

4. System interconnection– mechanism that provides for

communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O

– transferring data via Bus

Structure – The CPUStructure – The CPU

Structure – the CPU(2)Structure – the CPU(2)

1. Control Unit– controls the operation of the CPU

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)– performs the computer’s data

processing functions3. Registers

– provides storage internal to the CPU4. CPU interconnection

– mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers

Structure – the Control UnitStructure – the Control Unit

Structure – Top Level ComponentsStructure – Top Level Components

Instruction CycleInstruction Cycle

• 2 steps :1. Fetch2. Execute

Fetch CycleFetch Cycle

1. Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch

2. Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC

3. Increment PC unless instructed otherwise

4. Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)

5. Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions

Execute CycleExecute Cycle• Processor-memory

– data transfer between CPU and main memory

• Processor I/O– Data transfer between CPU and I/O

module• Data processing

– Some arithmetic or logical operation on data

• Control– Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g.

jump• Combination of above

Instruction Cycle – State DiagramInstruction Cycle – State Diagram

SummarySummary

What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Computer function & structure

4 main functions of computer the top level structure of computer the functions of computer’s basic

componentsInstruction cycle

2 steps

Any Question ?

7 Minutes Review7 Minutes Review

• What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation.

• In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?

THANK YOU