Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics

Pennsylvania State University

April 3, 2008

Division of Business

Iowa Wesleyan College

Mt. Pleasant, IA

Nanoengineered Metamaterials

• Nanotechnology

• Metamaterials

•Sculptured Thin Films

• Nanotechnology

• Metamaterials

•Sculptured Thin Films

• Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks Office (2006):

“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or

macromolecular levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one

dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and

to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of

their small and/or intermediate size.”

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Nanotech Economy

Total worldwide R&D funding = $ 9.6B in 2005

Governments (2005): $4.6B

Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B

Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B

Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).

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Nanotech Economy: Scope

Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)

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Nanotechnology

promises to be

• pervasive

• ubiquitous

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Nanotechnology & Life

Source:

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Significant Attributes

Large surface area per unit volume

Quantum effects

A. Lakhtakia Dimensionality

1 D

Ultrathin coatings

2 D

Nanowires and nanotubes

3 D

Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology: Classification

• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films

• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes

• Radical – molecular manufacturing

A. Lakhtakia

Nanotechnology: Classification

• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films

• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes

• Radical – molecular manufacturing

A. Lakhtakia

Nanotechnology: Classification

• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films

• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes

• Radical – molecular manufacturing

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A. Lakhtakia Nanomaterials

Lots of potential applications

Unreliable production

Integrated Electronics and Optoelectronics

Many opportunities:

- memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004)

~ 22 nm (2016)

- plastic electronics

- biosensors, chemical sensors

- structural health monitoring

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Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine

Many opportunities:

- targeted drug delivery

- in vivo molecular imaging

- antimicrobial agents

- tissues and scaffolds

- “smart” health monitoring

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A. Lakhtakia Metrology

Extremely important

Requires standardization

Not much research expenditure incurred so far, but increasing

Industrial Applications

• Nothing revolutionary, as of now!

• Significant challenges: from laboratory to mass manufacturing

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Desirable Features for Industrial Application

• Cost-effectiveness

• Waste reduction

• Lifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental auditing

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• Metamaterials

J.B.S. Haldane

The Creator, if he exists, has ...

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… an inordinate fondness for beetles.

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Engineers

have had an inordinate fondness

for

composite materials

all through the ages

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Evolution of Materials Research

• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality

(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance

(ca. 2000)

A. Lakhtakia

Evolution of Materials Research

• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality

(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance

(ca. 2000)

A. Lakhtakia

Evolution of Materials Research

• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality

(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance

(ca. 2000)

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Multifunctionality

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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia

MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia

Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)

2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)

3. High strength (resistance to rupture)

MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia

Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)

2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)

3. High strength (resistance to rupture)

4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)

5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;

more humid cabin)

MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia

Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)

2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)

3. High strength (resistance to rupture)

4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)

5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;

more humid cabin)

MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)

2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)

3. High strength (resistance to rupture)

4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)

5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)

Future: Conducting & other fibers for

(i) reinforcement

(ii) antennas

(iii) environmental sensing

(iv) structural health monitoring

(iv) morphing

Metamaterials

Rodger Walser

SPIE Press (2003)

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Walser’s Definition (2001/2)

• macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation

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“Updated” Definition

composites designed to produce an optimized combination of two or

more responses to specific excitation

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Cellularity

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Nanoengineered Metamaterials

Cellularity Multifunctionality

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Nanoengineered Metamaterials

Cellularity Multifunctionality

Morphology Performance

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Component:

Simple action

Assembly of components:

Complex action

Multi-component system = Assembly of different components

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Energy storage cell

Energy distributor cell

Chemisensor cell

Force-sensor cell

RFcomm cellShape-changer cell

Energy harvesting cell

IRcomm cellLight-source cell

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Supercell

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Periodic Arrangement of Supercells Fractal Arrangement of Supercells

Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Biomimesis

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Biomimesis

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Fabrication

1. Self-assembly

2. Positional assembly

3. Lithography

4. Etching

5. Ink-jet printing

6. ….

7. ….

8. Hybrid techniques

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Fabrication

1. Self-assembly

2. Positional assembly

3. Lithography

4. Etching

5. Ink-jet printing

6. ….

7. ….

8. Hybrid techniques

•Sculptured Thin Films

Sculptured Thin Films

Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires

Controllable Nanowire Shape

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Morphological

Change

Sculptured Thin FilmsA. Lakhtakia

Sculptured Thin Films

Morphology

changes

in 3-5 nm

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Sculptured Thin Films

Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires

Controllable Nanowire Shape

2-D morphologies

3-D morphologies

vertical sectioning

Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)

Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)

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Sculptured Thin Films

Antecedents:

(i) Young and Kowal - 1959

(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966

(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989

Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)

Optical applications (1992-1995)

Biological applications (2003-)

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Sculptured Thin Films

(i) Penn State

(ii) Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

(iii) Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania

(iv) Millersville University

(v) Rensselaer Polytechnic University

(vi) University of Toledo

(vii) University of Georgia

(viii) University of South Carolina

(ix) University of Nebraska at Lincoln

(x) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

(xi) University of Alberta

(xii) Queen’s University

(xiii) University of Moncton

(xiv) National Autonomous University of Mexico

(xv) Imperial College, London

(xvi) University of Glasgow

(xvii) University of Edinburgh

(xviii) University of Leipzig

(xix) Toyota R&D Labs

(xx) Kyoto University

(xxi) National Taipei University of Technology

(xxii) Hanyang University

(xxiii) University of Otago

(xxiv) University of Canterbury

(xxv) Ben Gurion University of the Negev

Research Groups

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Physical Vapor Deposition

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Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices: Polarization Filters

Bragg Filters

Ultranarrowband Filters

Fluid Concentration Sensors

Bacterial Sensors

Biomedical Applications: Tissue Scaffolds

Surgical Cover Sheets

Other Applications: Photocatalysis (Toyota)

Thermal Barriers (Alberta)

Energy Harvesting (Penn State,

Toledo)

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Optics of Chiral STFs

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Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon

Chiral STF as CP FilterA. Lakhtakia

Spectral Hole FilterA. Lakhtakia

Fluid Concentration Sensor

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two

left-handed chiral STFs

Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 023102.

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Polymeric STFs

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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE

Pursel et al., Polymer 46 (2005) 9544.

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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE

Nanoscale

Morphology

Ciliary Structure

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BIOSCAFFOLDSA. Lakhtakia

BIOSCAFFOLDS

Lakhtakia et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 46 (2008) 295.

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BIOSCAFFOLDS

Demirel et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res, B 81 (2007) 219.

Fibroblast Cells: Red stain

72 hours after seeding

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Applications of Parylene STFs

• Cell-culture substrates• Coatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)• Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)• Biosensors• Tissue engineering for controlled drug release

Volumetric functionalization

Optical monitoring

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSEARCHITECTURE

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE

Chromium

Molybdenum

Aluminum

Metal STFs on

Topographic

Substrates

Horn et al., Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 303.

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE

HCP array of SiOx nanocolumns BCC array of SiOx nanocolumns

1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines

Dielectric STFs on

Topographic

Substrates

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• Nanotechnology

• Metamaterials

•Sculptured Thin Films

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