Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds

Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvsBñkm 1999 u., njv 4, yjvth 2

ÅJHMÅF C ÅJHMÅF C YFHRYFHRJNBRJNBRFVB:FVB:

Ghjabkfrnbrf yfxbyftncz c hjlbntktq

b ctvmb b yeélftncz d gjllthért cj cnjhjys

irjks b jåotcndtyyjcnb. Jcyjdyjt chtlcndj

åjhmås c yfhrjvfybtq – yt dkfcnm bkb gbcnjktn

gjkbwtqcrjuj, f hfpujdjh ltntq c hjlbntkzvb pf

cnjkjv yf reöyt. Hjlbntkb vjuen ghtljndhfnbnm

egjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrjd ltnmvb, tckb åelen

ujdjhbnm c ybvb ghzvj b jnrhsnj jå jgfcyjcnzö,

rjnjhst yfhrjnbrb nfzn d ctåt lkz bö

ébpyb b åeleotuj.

Åfhhb H. Vfrräaahb

Yfxfkmybr Eghfdktybz yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb

16 bñyz 1999 u., dscnegktybt yf pfctlfybb Gjlrjvbntnf gj eujkjdyjve ghfdjcelbñ,

gjkbnbrt åjhmås c yfhrjnbrfvb b rflhfv Rjvbntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq gj htajhvbhjdfybñ

b rjynhjkñ jhufyjd ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz

2

Ghjabkfrnbrf yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb – ltkj rféljuj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Änf rjfkbwbz d ujhjlt Vfqfvb (in. Akjhblf) ghjdjlbn jlye bp yfbåjktt ecgtiysö ghjuhfvv

ghjabkfrnbrb yfhrjvfybb d cnhfyt. Jåtcgtxtybt gjllthérb cj cnjhjys ltkjdsö rheujd åskj htifñobv

afrnjhjv d jhufybpfwbb ecbkbq gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb d änjq rhegyjq ujhjlcrjq fukjvthfwbb.Åthyb Lbfp, Rjfkbwbz pf åtpjgfcyjt b cdjåjlyjt jn yfhrjnbrjd jåotcndj d u. Vfqfvb

UKJÅFKMYST GHJÅKTVSÄktrnhjyysq éehyfk Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF

Bñkm 1999 u., njv 4, yjvth 2

CjlthéfybtÅJHMÅF C YFHRJNBRFVB:

VTCNYST BYBWBFNBDS

Ajrec

Rjvvtynfhbb

D gjbcrfö jåotq gkfnajhvs d åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Eghfdktybt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb gjllthébdftn vtcnyst bybwbfnbds gj

htitybñ ghjåktv pkjegjnhtåktybq fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvb b dscjrj jwtybdftn ltzntkmyjcnm nsczx

jåotcndtyysö uhegg, drkñxbdiböcz d äne hfåjne.Åfhhb H. Vfrräaahb, yfxfkmybr Eghfdktybz yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb

Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cels gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö – ltcznm ktn cgecnz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Yfhrjcels cnfkb äaatrnbdyjq cnhfntubtq hfåjns celtåyjq cbcntvs gj htfåbkbnfwbb kbw, cjdthibdibö

ghtcnegktybz bp-pf yfhrjnbrjd. Ltzntkmyjcnm yfhrjceljd åskf ytlfdyj dscjrj jwtytyf Yfwbjyfkmyjq

fccjwbfwbtq hfåjnybrjd yfhrjceljd. Vbybcnh ñcnbwbb CIF Léfytn Hbyj

Ukjåfkmyfz cnhfntubz cgfctybz irjkmybrjd jn yfhrjnbrjd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Yjdtqifz cnhfntubz åjhmås c egjnhtåktybtv yfhrjnbrjd chtlb vjkjltéb ghtlecvfnhbdftn rjvgktrcysq

gjlöjl, jåütlbyzñobq ecbkbz ctvmb, vtcnyjuj yfctktybz b irjk.Bynthdmñ c Ebkmzvjv Vjlptkmcrb, lbhtrnjhjv ghjuhfvvs Vbybcnthcndf jåhfpjdfybz CIF ≤Åtpjgfcyst

b cdjåjlyst jn yfhrjnbrjd irjks≥

3

Änj vjétn ckexbnmcz dtplt: åjhmåf c yfhrjvfybtq d vfksö ujhjlfö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

E uheggs frnbdbcnjd, åjhñoböcz c yfhrjnbrfvb d Öäqpknjyt, ytåjkmijv ujhjlt d Gtycbkmdfybb, ytn

ybrfrbö jcjåsö htcehcjd, rhjvt eåtéltyyjcnb b äythubb pfbynthtcjdfyysö uhfélfy. Jlyfrj jyf ljåbdftncz

pyfxbntkmysö ecgtöjd d ghjcdtotybb yfctktybz d jåkfcnb pkjegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrfvb.Ifhkby Gjhnth, rjhhtcgjyltyn Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF

Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd ghtljndhfoftn yfhrjnbxtcreñ pfdbcbvjcnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Ghjuhfvvf jåextybz ébpytyyj dféysv yfdsrfv gjvjuftn ghtleghtélfnm egjnhtåktybt vjkjltémñ

yfhrjnbrjd, hfpdbdfz cjwbfkmyst yfdsrb, gjpdjkzñobt bpåtufnm yfhrjnbrb b ghbybvfnm jndtncndtyyst

ébpytyyst htitybz.Bynthdmñ c ljrnjhjv Ubkmåthnjv Lé. Åjndbyjv, ghjatccjhjv gcböbfnhbb bp vtlbwbycrjuj rjkktléf

Rjhytkkcrjuj eybdthcbntnf

4

Ljrkfls b ljrevtynsRfr dshfcnbnm ltntq, yt egjnhtåkzñobö yfhrjnbrb: ghjabkfrnbxtcrjt gjcjåbt lkz hjlbntktq . 25

Dslthérb bp geåkbrfwbb, hfcghjcnhfyztvjq chtlb hjlbntktq d hfvrfö Ghjuhfvvs åtpjgfcysö b

cdjåjlysö jn yfhrjnbrjd irjk Vbybcnthcndf ghjcdtotybz CIF. D gjcjåbb bpkfufñncz vtnjls djcgbnfybz

d ltnzö ghfdbkmysö wtyyjcntq b xedcndf cjåcndtyyjuj ljcnjbycndf, gjpdjkzñobö bv bpåtéfnm

pkjegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrfvb.

Cjplfybt rjfkbwbq ghjnbd yfhrjnbrjd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Gj vfnthbfkfv geåkbrfwbb, gjlujnjdktyyjq Fvthbrfycrjq rjfkbwbtq vtcnysö jhufybpfwbq gj åjhmåt

c yfhrjnbrfvb – xfcnyjq ytrjvvthxtcrjq jhufybpfwbtq, åfpbheñotqcz d Fktrcfylhbb, infn Dbhlébybz.

Vtcnysv frnbdbcnfv ghtlkfuftncz gjänfgysq gkfy jhufybpfwbb ghjuhfvvs ghjabkfrnbrb

pkjegjnhtåktybq yfhrjnbrfvb.

Åjhmåf c yfhrjnbrfvb: infns ljåbdfñncz ecgtöjd d åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

D hfpkbxysö infnfö cnhfys bcgjkmpeñncz äaatrnbdyst cnhfntubb åjhmås c njhujdktq yfhrjnbrfvb.Hjåthn F. Åäååblé, Cjdtn flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd

GhbkjétybtÅbåkbjuhfabz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Rybub, ljrevtyns b cnfnmb gj ghjabkfrnbrt pkjegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrfvb

Cfqns Bynthytnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5

Bplfntkm ........................................................................................................Hjpvfhb RhjrtnnHtlfrnjh .............................................................................................................Ebkmzv GbnthcJndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh ...............................................................Ifhkby GjhnthPfvtcnbntkb htlfrnjhf ....................................................................................Ufq Jkcjy...................................................................................................................................................Eäqy ÖjkkHtlfrnjh ntrcnf ..................................................................................................Lébv AekthHtlfrnjh Bynthytn-dthcbb éehyfkf ...............................................Nbv ÅhfqyHtlfrnjh ...............................................................................................................Äkkty A. NevbÖeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh ........................................................................Ökjz ÄkkbcUhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt ....................................................................Cbkmdbz CrjnCghfdjxyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk .....................Vjybrf Vbhjitdcrf.........................................................................................................................................Léjfy NtqkjhHtlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz .................................................................Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf.................................................................................................................................Hjpvfhb Rhjrtnn..........................................................................................................................Léjy Lädbc ÖävbkkHtlfrnjhf heccrjuj bplfybz .........................................................Yfnfif Åfhåfi..................................................................................................................................Kblbz Djhjybyf

Ajnjuhfabb yf nbnekmyjv kbcnt © 1999 ≤Ñybajnj/Gbrnjh≥

Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBC dsöjlzn rfélst nhbytltkb. D ybö jåceélfñncz ckjéyst ghjåktvs,cnjzobt gthtl Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb. Jyb nfr-ét byajhvbheñn jåotcndtyyjcnm j cjåsnbzö,ghjbcöjlzobö d änjq cnhfyt. Éehyfks dsöjlzn dcthbzö: ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkm-yst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzzgjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥.Jyb cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b byajhvfwb-jyyst vfnthbfks gj jåceélftvjq ntvt. Dct éeh-yfks gthtdjlzncz yf ahfywepcrbq b bcgfycrbqzpsrb, ghb änjv ubgthntrcnjdst dthcbb geåkbre-ñncz xthtp ytltkñ gjckt dsöjlf éehyfkf gj-fy-ukbqcrb. Dcrjht gjckt änjuj dsöjlzn dthcbb dajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. Ytrjnjhst yjvthf éehyf-kjd gthtdjlzncz nfrét yf fhfåcrbq, rbnfqcrbq,gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq zpsrb, ghbxtv ldf gj-cktlybö dfhbfynf dsöjlzn d ubgthntrcnjdjv htéb-vt b ajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. Vytybz, dscrfpsdft-vst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñndpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ghjcmåf bvtnm d dble, xnj ÑCBC yt åthtn yf ctåzjndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b gjcnjzyyeñ lj-cnegyjcnm ghbdjlbvsö pltcm cfqnjd d Bynthytnt;nfrjuj hjlf jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bcrkñxbntkmyjbö dkfltkmws.

Geåkbretvst cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz bkbgthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb Cj-tlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cyfåétys juhfyb-xtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjhcrbö ghfd. Ntreobtbkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjke-xbnm c ljvfiytq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjqckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnth-yjq ctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals/journals.htm”. Éehyfksghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajh-vfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, ds-djlf b gtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz vjéyjghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfr-wbñ:

Editor, Global IssuesGlobal Issues and Communications – I/TGICU.S.Information Agency301 4th Street, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20547United States of America

Ds vjétnt nfrét bcgjkmpjdfnm cktleñobq flhtcäktrnhjyyjq gjxns:

ejglobal@usia.gov

UKJÅFKMYST GHJÅKTVSÄktrnhjyysq éehyfk Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF

ejglobal@usia.gov

Äaatrnbdyfz cnhfntubz åjhmås c yfhrjnbrfvb ljkéyf jödfnsdfnm rfr cghjc, nfr b ghtlkjétybt.Åjhmåf ghjnbd yfhrjvfybb ljkéyf dtcnbcm gjdcñled ljvfö b irjkfö. Ghjåktvf rfélsq hfp ghtlcnftn dyjdjv jåkbxmt, rjulf yjdjt gjrjktybt ltntq gthtöj-lbn d gjhe phtkjcnb. Vs cvjétv gjåtlbnm yfhrjvf-ybñ, tckb hjlbntkb, ghtgjlfdfntkb, uhfélfyt b uj-celfhcndtyyst ckeéfobt åelen cjjåof exbnm vjkj-ltém jndthufnm yfhrjnbrb b dtcnb pljhjdsq jåhfpébpyb.

D 1997 u. vjt åñhj ghbdktrkj r exfcnbñ d änjq ghj-uhfvvt juhjvyjt xbckj fvthbrfywtd, ghtlcnfdkzñ-obö cfvst hfpkbxyst ckjb yfctktybz. Cjlheétcndj≤Ghjabkfrnbrf xthtp jåckeébdfybt≥ jåütlbybkjcjhjr ctvm uhfélfycrbö, dtnthfycrbö, étycrbö, cne-ltyxtcrbö jhufybpfwbq b jhufybpfwbq djtyyjcke-éfobö d åjhmåt ghjnbd egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjdchtlb vjkjltéb. Änb jhufybpfwbb ghtlcnfdkzñn cnjvbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr, jåütlbytyysö d gjxnb vbkkbjyybpjdsö zxttr yf dctq nthhbnjhbb CIF. Ntgthm jybdpzkbcm pf ghjabkfrnbre yfhrjvfybb gjljåyj njve,rfr yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn hfpdbdfkb jåotcn-dtyyeñ dpfbvjgjvjom, gjvjufz yeélfñobvcz.

E yfc 4 300 vtcnysö rjfkbwbq gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnb-rfvb d rhegysö b vtkrbö ujhjlfö dj dctö infnfö,yfwtktyysö yf gjvjom vjkjltéb d jcjpyfybb jgfc-yjcnb yfhrjvfybb. Exfcndeñobt d änjq ltzntkmyjc-

nb uhfélfyt, ctvmb b vtcnyst jhufybpfwbb gsnfñn-cz dszdbnm ghbxbys egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd,jghtltkbnm, rfr vjéyj jcnfyjdbnm änj pkj, b ghbyb-vfnm vths lkz juhféltybz ctvtq b cdjbö yfctkty-ysö geyrnjd jn yfhrjnbrjd.

D gjllthére bö ecbkbq Rjyuhtcc CIF d 1997 u. ghb-yzk ≤Ghjuhfvve gjllthérb åjhmås c yfhrjnbrfvbyf vtcnfö≥. D hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs dsltkzñnczuhfyns d hfpvtht lj 100 000 ljkk. d ntxtybt jlyjujujlf d wtkzö cjdthitycndjdfybz cjnhelybxtcndf brjjhlbyfwbb ecbkbq d åjhmåt c yfhrjvfybtq, fkrj-ujkbpvjv b rehtybtv.

Gthdst uhfyns åskb ghtljcnfdktys d 1998 u. ltdz-yjcnf ldev vtcnysv rjfkbwbzv. Yfit åñhj d cjlhe-étcndt c Jnltkjv ghfdjcelbz gj ltkfv ytcjdthity-yjktnybö b ghjabkfrnbrb ghfdjyfheitybq Vbybc-nthcndf ñcnbwbb nfrét ghjdjlbn jåextybt änbövtcnysö uhegg b jrfpsdftn bv ntöybxtcreñ gjvjomd ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb. Rhjvtnjuj, vs gjvjuftv bv jwtybdfnm htpekmnfns cdjtqltzntkmyjcnb. Cjplfyysq Ghtpbltynjv RkbynjyjvRjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj cjltqcndbñ åjhmåt cyfhrjnbrfvb yf vtcnfö nfrét jåtcgtxbdftn änbuheggs byajhvfwbtq b vtnjlbxtcrbvb gjcjåbzvb.D änjq hfåjnt exfcndeñn yt njkmrj hjlbntkb, vjkj-ltém, irjks b vjkjltéyst rkeås, yj b rjvvthxtc-rbt ghtlghbznbz, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb,

AJREC

6

D GJBCRFÖ JÅOTQ GKFNAJHVS D ÅJHMÅT C YFHRJNBRFVB

Åfhhb H. Vfrräaahb

Yfxfkmybr Eghfdktybz yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb

ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys, jåotcndtyyst jhuf-ybpfwbb b vtlbwbycrbt hfåjnybrb.

Gjvjufz vtcnysv uheggfv, vs ltkbvcz c ybvb cdj-bv jgsnjv b pyfybzvb, yf ghfrnbrt ljrfpfdibvbcdjñ äaatrnbdyjcnm. Vs ghbikb r dsdjle, xnj kñ-åfz cnhfntubz åjhmås c yfhrjvfybtq ljkéyf jcyj-dsdfnmcz yf dctcnjhjyytq jwtyrt ghjåktv. Kexibtghjabkfrnbxtcrbt ghjuhfvvs bcgjkmpeñn chfpe yt-crjkmrj cnhfntubq b yfwtktys ytgjchtlcndtyyj yfrjyrhtnyeñ uhegge yfctktybz. Jyb yt juhfybxbdf-ñncz jlyjq ctccbtq, gjcrjkmre gjcktleñobt ctccbbpfrhtgkzñn bpvtytybz d gjdtltybb kñltq. Yfrjytw,änb ecbkbz ljkéys åsnm jnrhsns lkz htuekzhyjujfyfkbpf c wtkmñ jwtyrb htpekmnfnjd.

Htifñott pyfxtybt bvtñn gjdsitybt ehjdyz by-ajhvbhjdfyyjcnb yfctktybz b hfcghjcnhfytybtbyajhvfwbb jå jgfcyjcnzö yfhrjvfybb, b d änjvjnyjitybb e yfc tcnm hzl ghjdthtyysö dhtvtytvhtrjvtylfwbq lkz vtcnysö uhegg. Bcgjkmpjdfybtchtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb lkz ghtjljktybz ht-frwbb jnhbwfybz b gjdsitybz ehjdyz byajhvbhj-dfyyjcnb rfr j cfvjq ghjåktvt, nfr b j genzö tt ht-itybz – änj kbim gthdsq ifu. Vtcnyst rjfkbwbbjcjåtyyj äaatrnbdys, tckb jyb yt njkmrj ghjgjdt-leñn, yj b gjvjufñn kñlzv hfpdbdfnm gjktpyst yf-dsrb. Ghbvthfvb ckeéfn cgtwbfkmyst pfyznbz lkzhjlbntktq b ghjdjlbvst d CVB ghjuhfvvs byajh-vbhjdfybz gjlhjcnrjd.

Kñåjpyfntkmyfz vjkjltém yeélftncz d ytxnj åjkm-itv, xtv ghjcnj byajhvfwbz b ghjgjdtletvsqCVB plhfdsq cvsck, xnjås jcnfdfnmcz d cnjhjyt jnyfhrjnbrjd. Jyf yeélftncz d bynthtcyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb, gjvjufñotq yt gjllfnmcz bcreitybñ egj-nhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb. Bcreccndj, vepsrf, ntfnh, cgjhnb djkjynthcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm dctulf jåjufofkbébpym vjkjlsö kñltq b cnbvekbhjdfkb bö djplth-ébdfnmcz jn gfueåysö ghbdsxtr.

Åjktt gznbltcznb atlthfkmysö dtljvcnd hfåjnfñnåjr j åjr c Eghfdktybtv yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrbrjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb d wtkzö cjplfybz jåot-fvthbrfycrjq cnhernehs gj ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjvf-ybb. D nj ét dhtvz nsczxb vtcnysö uhegg gj dctqcnhfyt gjvjufñn kñlzv bpåtéfnm yfhrjvfybb b jg-hfdbnmcz jn ntö cnhflfybq, rjnjhst jyb bv ghbytc-kb. Cnfnbcnbrf gjrfpsdftn, xnj vs dsåhfkb dthysqrehc. D CIF ljkz kbw, egjnhtåkzñobö yfhrjnbrb,ljcnbukf cdjtq dscitq njxrb d 1979 u., rjulf 13 ghj-wtynjd yfctktybz ghbpyfdfkjcm d egjnhtåktybbyfhrjnbrjd. R 1997 u. änf wbahf cybpbkfcm åjktt xtvyfgjkjdbye – lj 6 ghjwtynjd.

Ctujlyz yfif wtkm pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås evtym-ibnm änjn ghjwtyn tot d ldf hfpf. Vs yflttvcz cj-rhfnbnm ljkñ yfhrjvfyjd chtlb yfctktybz lj 3 ghj-wtynjd. Exbnsdfz, rfr vyjuj uhfélfy, ctvtq b jåot-cndtyysö jåütlbytybq yf vtcnfö exfcndeñn d hfåj-nt gj ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb gjdctq cnhfyt, vs edthtys d ljcnbétybb änjq wtkb.

7

Cels gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö (yfhrjcels) cnfkb

jlyjq bp yfbåjktt äaatrnbdysö cnhfntubq ce-

ltåyjq cbcntvs gj htfåbkbnfwbb kbw, cjdth-

ibdibö ghtcnegktybt d cdzpb c yfhrjnbrfvb. D

hfvrfö yfhrjceljd celmb, jådbybntkb b pfobn-

ybrb dvtcnt c ghtcnegybrjv hfåjnfñn d htéb-

vt ckeifybq b cjåtctljdfybq, yfghfdktyysö rfr

yf bcghfdktybt b htfåbkbnfwbñ, nfr b yfrfpf-

ybt. D öjlt byntycbdyjq ghjuhfvvs rjynhjkz b

yflpjhf celmz vjétn cnfnm lkz ghtcnegybrf

bcgjdtlybrjv, yfcnfdybrjv b yfxfkmybrjv, hfc-

cvfnhbdfz pkjegjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrfvb rfr

cthmtpyeñ b vexbntkmyeñ åjktpym.

D 1989 u., rjulf vbybcnh ñcnbwbb CIF Léfytn

Hbyj åskf ghjrehjhjv infnf d jrheut Ltql,

in. Akjhblf, jyf gjvjufkf d jhufybpfwbb gthdj-

uj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb celf gj lt-

kfv j yfhrjnbrfö. Hbyj åskf jlybv bp ukfdysö

ljrkflxbrjd yf dcnhtxt, rjnjheñ Yfwbjyfkmyfz

fccjwbfwbz hfåjnybrjd celjd gj ltkfv j yfh-

rjnbrfö ghjdtkf d bñyt 1999 u. d Vfqfvb, xnj-

ås gjldtcnb bnjub ltcznbktnytq hfåjns. Ybét

ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp tt dscnegktybz.

Rjulf z levfñ jå bnjufö ltcznbktnytq hfåjns yfh-rjceljd, nj ukfdyjt vyt dblbncz d njv, xnj yfifbltz chfåjnfkf. Jrfpfkjcm, xnj vjéyj ljåbdfnmczbpvtytybq, vjéyj yföjlbnm yjdst bltb b ghtndj-hznm bö d ébpym. Vjéyj cgfcfnm ébpym kñltq. Vjé-yj ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås ltnb hjélfkbcm, yt åelexbjnhfdktyysvb yfhrjnbrfvb. Vjéyj dbltnm, rfr kñ-lb yfxbyfñn yjdeñ ébpym. Vjéyj ljåbnmcz cybét-ybz ghtcnegyjcnb. B dct änj ghjbcöjlbn åkfujlfhzäythubb b cfvjjndthétyyjcnb kñltq, cjåhfdiböczd änjv pfkt. Gjänjve z ghbdtncndeñ dfc b ujdjhñ:≤Nfr lthéfnm^≥

D yfcnjzott dhtvz hfåjnftn åjktt 390 yfhrjceljd btot åjktt 200 yfhrjceljd yföjlbncz d cnflbb jhuf-ybpfwbb. B pfvtxfntkmytt dctuj nj, xnj abkjcjabzyfhrjcelf – ktxtybt d cjxtnfybb c cfyrwbzvb, – jc-yjdfyyfz, rfr z cxbnfñ, yf cnfhjv, ljåhjv ghbywb-gt ryenf b ghzybrf, ghbybvftncz lheubvb celfvb:celfvb gj ctvtqysv ltkfv, gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyj-ktnybö, gj ltkfv gktvty, gj ltkfv j yfcbkbb d ct-vmt b celfvb gj ltkfv gcböbxtcrb åjkmysö.

Z cxbnfñ, xnj änjn afrn pyfvtyetn yjdeñ ähe d hfp-dbnbb celjd d yfitq cnhfyt. Tckb cels vjuen rjy-nhjkbhjdfnm ltkj b hfcgjkfufñn htcehcfvb, lfdfzytcjdthityyjktnybv ghfdjyfheibntkzv ifyc bc-ghfdbnmcz b bybwbbhez bpvtytybz, tckb cels vjuenåsnm edthtyysvb d yfkbxbb ghjuhfvvs htfåbkbnf-wbb, rjnjhfz lftn kñlzv djpvjéyjcnm dthyenmcz ryjhvfkmyjq ébpyb c ifycfvb yf ecgtö, nj jyb vj-uen cbkmyj bpvtybnm gjkjétybt dtotq. Tckb celsåelen hfccvfnhbdfnm cbnefwbñ c njxrb phtybz ht-itybz ghjåktvs b c njxrb phtybz jåotcndf, f ytghjcnj c gjpbwbq ñhblbxtcrbö ntjhbq, nj änjltqcndbntkmyj vjétn vyjujt bpvtybnm. Z cxbnfñänj yjdjq ähjq, nfr rfr vs yfrjytw jcjpyfkb, xnjcjdvtcnyfz hfåjnf cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj celjghjbp-djlcndf b hfåjnybrjd plhfdjjöhfytybz vjétn clt-kfnm ujhfplj åjkmit, xtv rjulf jyb ltqcndeñn gjjnltkmyjcnb.

Gjcvjnhbnt, xnj ghjbpjikj. D wtkjv gj cnhfyt xt-htp cbcntve celjd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö ghjikb åjktt 140 000 xtkjdtr, rjnjhst, djpvjéyj, dgthdstgjldthukbcm htfkmyjve yflpjhe b gjkexbkb htfkm-yjt ktxtybt, xnj lfkj bv ifyc bpåfdbnmcz jn yfh-rjvfybb. Åjktt xtv d 14 infnfö åskb ghbyzns pfrj-ys d jnyjitybb cfyrwbjybhjdfybz hfåjns bkbabyfycbhjdfybz celjd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö, btot d ytcrjkmrbö infnfö dtltncz hfåjnf d änjv yfghfdktybb.

8

CGTWBFKBPBHJDFYYST CELS GJ LTKFV JYFHRJNBRFÖ – LTCZNM KTN CGECNZ

Vbybcnh ñcnbwbb CIF Léfytn Hbyj

9

Änj bltn yf gjkmpe yfitve jåotcnde. E kbw, ghj-itlibö xthtp cels gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö, hjlb-kjcm åjktt 750 ltntq, yt jnhfdktyysö yfhrjnbrfvb.Änj jlby bp vjbö cfvsö kñåbvsö cnfnbcnbxtcrbögjrfpfntktq. Vs ljkéys hfcibhznm cdjñ ltzntkm-yjcnm, nfr rfr tot ckbirjv vyjuj ltntq hjélftnczjnhfdktyysvb yfhrjnbrfvb. D htpekmnfnt hfåjns ce-ljd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö åjktt 3 500 xtkjdtrcvjukb djccnfyjdbnm cdjb hjlbntkmcrbt ghfdf, fcdsit 4 500 hjlbntktq cnfkb cdjtdhtvtyyj dsgkf-xbdfnm gjcjåbz yf cjlthéfybt ltntq, b z cxbnfñ,xnj änj pfvtxfntkmyj.

Dctv yfv cjdthityyj zcyj, xnj vs ljkéys pfyb-vfnmcz jwtyrjq ltzntkmyjcnb yfhrjceljd lkz njuj,xnjås ytghthsdyj b gjcnjzyyj bcrfnm genb cjdth-itycndjdfybz bö hfåjns, yt jcnegfz jn dscjrböcnfylfhnjd. Änb jwtyrb bvtñn bcrkñxbntkmyj åjkm-ijt pyfxtybt, b ctujlyz vs ujhfplj åjkmit pyftvjå äaatrnbdyjcnb celjd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö, lf-ét gj chfdytybñ c ghjiksv ujljv. Ehjdtym htwb-lbdbpvf ghjljkéftn dfhmbhjdfnm d ghtltkfö jn ldeölj ldflwfnb ghjwtynjd. Celz gj lfyysv bccktljdf-ybz Yfwbjyfkmyjuj wtynhf gj bpextybñ ghbdsrf-ybz b pkjegjnhtåktybz fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvbghb Rjkevåbqcrjv eybdthcbntnt, cels gj ltkfv jyfhrjnbrfö jåtcgtxbdfñn åjktt nofntkmysq, åjkttdctcnjhjyybq yflpjh b yfvyjuj åjktt xfcnst ghj-dthrb b rjynhjkm pf egjnhtåktybtv yfhrjnbrjd, xtvlheubt vtcnyst jhufybpfwbb. B, xnj åjktt dféyj,rjulf ghtcnegybrb exfcndeñn d ghjuhfvvfö yfh-rjceljd, pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfoftncz b cfvj egjnhtåkt-ybt yfhrjnbrjd, b rhbvbyfkmyjt gjdtltybt, cdzpfy-yjt c ybvb.

Änj rjyrhtnyst htpekmnfns. Vs yfxbyftv dbltnm,rfr cbcntvf celjd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö hfphsdftngjhjxysq rheu pkjegjnhtåktybz fkrjujktv bkb yfh-rjnbrfvb b ghtcnegyjcnb. Z dthñ, xnj rjywtgwbzyfhrjceljd d ckexft tt hfcghjcnhfytybz yf lheubtcaths vjétn lfnm rjkjccfkmysq äaatrn, cgjcjåcn-dez njve, xnjås yfif cnhfyf gjrjyxbkf c rekmnehjqyfcbkbz, jn rjnjhjq jyf cnhflftn ckbirjv ljkuj.

Vyt dctulf åskj bynthtcyj epyfnm, xnj ås ghjbpji-kj, tckb ås vs yfxfkb hfccvfnhbdfnm ghtcnegyjcnmd Fvthbrt c njxrb phtybz htitybz ghjåktvs, jåüt-lbybd d rféljv yfctktyyjv geyrnt ecbkbz hfåjnyb-

rjd gjkbwbb, irjk, gfhrjd, f nfrét cgtwbfkbcnjd gjljceue, åbpytcvtyjd b vtlbrjd. Tckb ås vs cvjukbltqcndjdfnm cjjåof, tckb ås vs cvjukb htifnm ghj-åktvs jheébz nfr ét, rfr vs htiftv ghjåktvsyfhrjnbrjd, jhufybpez hfåjne yfhrjceljd, tckb åsvs cvjukb htifnm ghjåktvs gjlhjcnrjd, rjnjhstckbirjv xfcnj jcnfñncz jlyb åtp ljcnfnjxyjuj yfl-pjhf lytv b gj dtxthfv, nj vs b d cfvjv ltkt cvju-kb ås vyjujt bpvtybnm d yfitq cnhfyt.

Vs vjétv ghjljkéfnm cybéfnm ehjdtym yfcbkbz –jy cybéftncz eét ctvm ktn gjlhzl, – tckb ghjljk-ébv ltkfnm nj, xtv pfybvftntcm ds. Jlyfrj lkz lj-cnbétybz ecgtöf ytjåöjlbvj, xnjås ltzntkmyjcnmceljd gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö hfcghjcnhfybkfcm yfåjktt ibhjrbt rheub yfctktybz b jrfpsdfkf totåjktt pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf dct fcgtrns ébpybjåotcndf. Ytcvjnhz yf dct yfib ecgtöb, vs jödfns-dftv kbim ytåjkmieñ xfcnm bp ghbvthyj 800 000fhtcnjd, rjnjhst tétujlyj ghjbpdjlzncz pf jåkflf-ybt yfhrjnbrfvb, yt ujdjhz jå jnyjczoböcz r yfh-rjnbrfv ghtcnegktybzö b yfheitybzö bcgsnfntkm-yjuj chjrf. Rjywtgwbz yfhrjceljd vjétn gjcke-ébnm jcyjdjq lkz jhufybpfwbb celtåyjuj yflpjhf pfdctvb ltkfvb gj ghtcnegktybzv yf gjxdt fkrjujkzb yfhrjnbrjd, rfcfñobvcz dphjcksö, ctvtq b ytcj-dthityyjktnybö. Vs pyftv, xnj jyf äaatrnbdyf.

Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb b ghfdbntkmcndj jxtym lj-djkmys ckjébditqcz cbnefwbtq. Z cxfcnkbdf dbltnm,rfr hfcntn atlthfkmyfz gjllthérf dfitq ltzntkm-yjcnb yf vtcnfö. Chfdybnt fccbuyjdfybz yf dfibyeéls xtnsht ujlf yfpfl – 11,9 vky ljkk. b ctqxfc– 40 vky ljkk.

Vs yt vjétv jcnfyfdkbdfnmcz yf ljcnbuyenjv. Dtlmyt ltymub jåeckjdkbdfñn njn juhjvysq ecgtö, rjnj-hjuj ljåbdfñncz cels gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö. Änbcels jhbtynbhjdfys yf yeéls kñltq, yf htitybtbö ghjåktv. Ecbkbz kñltq, cjåhfdiböcz d änjv pfktcj dctö rjywjd cnhfys, ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb, xnj dsvjétnt htifnm änb ghjåktvs, jhbtynbhezcm yf kñ-ltq, bö yfltéls, jgfctybz, vtxns, ytelfxb b hfpjxf-hjdfybz, gjvjufz bv gthtcnhjbnm ébpym. Vs vjétvhtifnm bö ghjåktvs b ghjåktvs yfitq cnhfys,xnjås ébpym d ytq lkz dctö cnfkf åjktt åtpjgfcyjqb åkfujgjkexyjq.

Bynthdmñ c Ebkmzvjv Vjlptkmcrb, lbhtrnjhjv

ghjuhfvvs Vbybcnthcndf jåhfpjdfybz CIF

≤Åtpjgfcyst b cdjåjlyst jn yfhrjnbrjd irjks≥.

Vjlptkmcrb ujdjhbn j njv, xnj d yfcnjzott

dhtvz irjks b vtcnyst jhufybpfwbb ghbybvf-

ñn ibhjrbt ghjuhfvvs gj ghjabkfrnbrt

yfhrjvfybb b fkrjujkbpvf d irjkfö, drkñxfz

ghjuhfvvs, rjnjhst jcyjdfys yf htpekmnfnfö

bccktljdfybq b eét ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb cdjñ

cgjcjåyjcnm dspsdfnm bpvtytybz d gjdtltybb

exfoböcz. Bynthdmñ c Vjlptkmcrb ghjdtk htlfr-

njh ÑCBF Lébv Aekth.

Djghjc: Rfrbt cnhfntubb bcgjkmpeñncz lkz ghjab-kfrnbrb fkrjujkbpvf b yfhrjvfybb d yfibö irjkfö?

Jndtn: Ghjuhfvvf ≤Åtpjgfcyst b cdjåjlyst jnyfhrjnbrjd irjks≥ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rhegyjvfc-infåyeñ ghjuhfvve atlthfkmysö dkfcntq, ghbpdfy-yeñ gjvjxm irjkfv d ghjabkfrnbrt fkrjujkbpvf,yfhrjvfybb b yfcbkbz d irjkfö. Änj tlbycndtyyfzghjuhfvvf, rjnjhfz ghtljcnfdkztn chtlcndf ytgjc-htlcndtyyj infnysv dtljvcndfv, pfybvfñobvcz jå-hfpjdfybtv, rjnjhst, d cdjñ jxthtlm, hfcghtltkzñnbö vtéle vtcnysvb irjkmysvb jrheufvb gj dctqcnhfyt.

Ghbåkbpbntkmyj 97 ghjwtynjd irjkmysö jrheujd dCIF afrnbxtcrb gjkexfñn chtlcndf gj ghjuhfvvt≤Åtpjgfcyst b cdjåjlyst jn yfhrjnbrjd irjks≥ lkzghjabkfrnbrb yfhrjvfybb, ghtljndhfotybz yfcb-kbz b irjkmysö lbcwbgkbyfhysö ghjuhfvv, rjnj-hst d jcyjdyjv ghbpdfys cjplfdfnm åkfujghbznysteckjdbz lkz jåextybz b ghtljndhfofnm egjnhtåkt-ybt fkrjujkz b yfhrjnbrjd chtlb ltntq.

Irjks nhflbwbjyyj bcgjkmpjdfkb änb ltymub b lhe-ubt chtlcndf, ghtljcnfdktyyst dkfcnzvb infnjd bvtcnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, lkz hfphfåjnrb nfrbö

ghjuhfvv, rfr ≤Jåextybt vtnjlfv ghjnbdjltqcndbzyfhrjvfybb≥ bkb ≤Vs cvjnhbv yf dfc – 2000≥, xnj-ås byajhvbhjdfnm ltntq j dhtlt fkrjujkz b yfh-rjnbrjd.

Jlyfrj d gjcktlytt dhtvz änb ghjuhfvvs eckjéyb-kbcm b ghtdhfnbkbcm bp ghjcnj gjcnfdobrjd byajh-vfwbb d nj, xnj vs yfpsdftv ≤ghjuhfvvfvb hfpdb-nbz cjwbfkmysö yfdsrjd≥. Änb ghjuhfvvs, gj ceot-cnde, dshfåfnsdfñn e ltntq yt njkmrj yfdsrb, ytjå-öjlbvst lkz kexituj gjybvfybz ghjåktv, cdzpfy-ysö c fkrjujkbpvjv b yfhrjvfybtq, yj cjwbfkmystyfdsrb, ytjåöjlbvst lkz ghtljndhfotybz egjnhtå-ktybz yfhrjnbrjd, rjulf lheubt ltnb gsnfñncz dj-dktxm bö d änj.

Gjcnjzyyj ädjkñwbjybhez, änb ghjuhfvvs yfwtkt-ys ctqxfc yf ujhfplj åjktt ibhjreñ, dctjåütvkñ-oeñ cnhfntubñ ghjabkfrnbrb yfcbkbz b yfhrjvf-ybb. Vs jnxtnkbdj jcjpyftv dcñ pyfxbvjcnm hjkbirjk d djghjcfö, cdzpfyysö c yfhrjvfybtq. Yj lkzljcnbétybz ecgtöjd d åjhmåt c yfhrjvfybtq d yf-itq cnhfyt ytjåöjlbvj ghbdktxm r änjve ghjwtccectvmñ, vtcnyeñ jåotcndtyyjcnm, irjks.

Gjänjve yfif cnhfntubz pfrkñxftncz d hfpdbnbbghjuhfvv cjdvtcnyjq hfåjns irjk b vtcnyjq jåot-cndtyyjcnb, jcyjdsdfzcm yf ujhfplj åjktt ibhjrjvdpukzlt yf ghjåktve.

Djghjc: Vbybcnthcndj jåhfpjdfybz yf ghjnzétybbeét ytcrjkmrbö ltcznbktnbq gjllthébdftn nfrbtghjuhfvvs, rfr ≤Ghjcnj crféb ≤ytn≥ bkb ≤Jåextybtvtnjlfv ghjnbdjltqcndbz yfhrjvfybb≥, d hfvrförjnjhsö gjkbwtqcrbt gjctofñn irjks b ghjdjlznc ltnmvb åtctls j yfhrjnbrfö. Änb ghjuhfvvs pfvt-yzñncz lheubvb?

Jndtn: D åjkmibycndt cdjtv jyb pfvtyzñncz. 1 bñ-kz vs jgeåkbrjdfkb yjhvfnbdysq ljrevtyn gjl yf-

10

UKJÅFKMYFZ CNHFNTUBZ CGFCTYBZ IRJKMYBRJD JN YFHRJNBRJD

pdfybtv ≤Ghbywbgs äaatrnbdyjcnb≥, d rjnjhjv uj-djhbncz, xnj dct irjks, bcgjkmpeñobt chtlcndfghjuhfvvs ≤Åtpjgfcyst b cdjåjlyst jn yfhrjnbrjdirjks≥, ljkéys yf ltkt dsgjkyznm cktleñobt xt-nsht ghbywbgf:

• dj-gthdsö, jyb ljkéys ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm ghjåkt-vs, ceotcndeñobt d bö irjkt;

• dj-dnjhsö, jyb ljkéys c gjvjomñ exfoböcz bvtcnyjq jåotcndtyyjcnb gjcnfdbnm gthtl cjåjqbpvthbvst wtkb b pflfxb;

• d-nhtnmbö, jyb ljkéys bcgjkmpjdfnm ghjuhfvvs,jcyjdfyyst yf yfexysö bccktljdfybzö, b ghj-uhfvvs, rjnjhst ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb yf ghfrnb-rt joenbvst htpekmnfns bkb jrfpfkbcm äaatrnbd-ysvb d åjhmåt c fkrjujkbpvjv b yfhrjvfybtq; b

• d-xtndthnsö, jyb ljkéys ghjdjlbnm jwtyrb cdjtqltzntkmyjcnb.

Vs pyftv, xnj fkrjujkbpv b yfhrjvfybz – änj jxtymckjéyst ghjåktvs. Vfkj ghjcnj dtktnm ltnzv crf-pfnm ≤ytn≥. Xnjås ljåbnmcz htpekmnfnjd, vs ljkéyscltkfnm åjkmit – vs ljkéys pfybvfnmcz jceotcn-dktybtv hfpkbxysö ghjuhfvv, ghjabkfrnbxtcrbövth b vthjghbznbq gj hfyytve dvtifntkmcnde.

Irjks yfxbyfñn gjybvfnm änj b eöjlbnm jn ytrjnj-hsö åjktt ghbvbnbdysö ghjuhfvv, rjnjhst bcöjlb-kb bp cfvsö kexibö gjåeéltybq b, yf vjq dpukzl,dgjkyt htifkb gjcnfdktyyst gthtl ybvb pflfxb yt-crjkmrj ktn njve yfpfl. Yj ctqxfc vs vyjujt epyfkbbp bccktljdfybq b gthtöjlbv r htfkbpfwbb ghj-uhfvv, jcyjdfyysö yf htpekmnfnfö yfexysö hfphfåj-njr b eét ghjltvjycnhbhjdfdibö cdjñ cgjcjåyjcnmbpvtyznm gjdtltybt b åjhjnmcz c fkrjujkbpvjv byfhrjvfybtq.

Djghjc: Rfrjdf ctqxfc cbnefwbz c egjnhtåktybtvyfhrjnbrjd b fkrjujkmysö yfgbnrjd d yfibö irj-kfö?

Jndtn: Ghtélt dctuj, ytjåöjlbvj jnvtnbnm, xnj fk-rjujkm yfvyjuj jgthtéftn lheubt cbkmyjltqcndeñ-obt dtotcndf gj ibhjnt cdjtuj egjnhtåktybz chtlbltntq. Tuj egjnhtåktybt d hfpyjt dhtvz djphfcnfkj bcybéfkjcm, yj d yfcnjzott dhtvz jyj yföjlbncz yfytljgecnbvj dscjrjv ehjdyt. Xnj rfcftncz egjnhtå-ktybz yfhrjnbrjd, nj yfbåjkmitq gjgekzhyjcnmñ e

ltntq gjkmpetncz vfhböefyf. Jlyfrj d wtkjv egjnhtå-ktybt yfhrjnbrjd d ntxtybt ghjikjuj ujlf ytcrjkmrjcybpbkjcm chtlb extybrjd 8-ö, 10-ö b 12-ö rkfccjd. Yjänjve ytåjkmijve cybétybñ ghtlitcndjdfkb gznmktn cnfåbkmyjuj hjcnf, rjnjhst, d cdjñ jxthtlm, gj-cktljdfkb pf ghbvthyj ltcznmñ ujlfvb yterkjyyjujcybétybz. Nj tcnm änj wbrkbxtcrbq ghjwtcc, ghb rj-njhjv yf cvtye hjcne ghböjlbn cybétybt.

Yfv nfrét bpdtcnyj, xnj tckb elftncz bpvtybnm gj-dtltybt ltntq b bö jnyjitybt r fkrjujkñ b yfh-rjnbrfv, nj eét ghbvthyj xthtp ujl bö egjnhtåkt-ybt afrnbxtcrb cjrhfoftncz. Nfr xnj bcöjlz bp jn-yjitybz exfoböcz 8-ö, 10-ö b 12-ö rkfccjd r yfh-rjnbrfv, vs edthtys, xnj yfxfdifzcz d ghjikjv uj-le ntyltywbz cjrhfotybz egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjdåeltn ghjljkéfnmcz tot gfhe ktn.

Levfñ, xnj lheubt vthjghbznbz b dbls ltzntkmyjc-nb, nfrbt rfr rfvgfybz d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajh-vfwbb, ghjdjlbvfz Åñhj yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrbgj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb, åelen nfrét cjltqcndjdfnmpfrhtgktybñ gjkjébntkmysö cldbujd d cjpyfybb lt-ntq, d eothå jnhbwfntkmysv, rjnjhst vjuen ghbdtc-nb kbim r lfkmytqitve egjnhtåktybñ fkrjujkz byfhrjnbrjd.

Z yt cxbnfñ, xnj fkrjujkbpv b yfhrjvfybz ghtl-cnfdkzñn cjåjq cthmtpyeñ ghjåktve d yfibö irj-kfö. Yf vjq dpukzl, vs ghjltkfkb jxtym äaatrnbd-yeñ hfåjne gj åjhmåt c ybvb d irjkfö. Rfélfzirjkf d yfitq cnhfyt bvttn gkfy vthjghbznbq gjåjhmåt c egjnhtåktybtv yfhrjnbrjd b fkrjujkmysöyfgbnrjd, f nfrét c jåkflfybtv bvb, bö bcgjkmpjdf-ybtv, ghjlfétq, gthtlfxtq, hfcghjcnhfytybtv, ghb-jåhtntybtv b öhfytybtv. D änjv cvsckt e yfc yt-cjvytyyj ghfdbkmyfz gjkbnbrf. Jyb pfghtotys djdctö irjkfö.

Dj-dnjhsö, öjnz vs pyftv, xnj yfhrjnbrb b fkrj-ujkm dct-nfrb ghjybrfñn d irjks, z gjkfufñ, xnjghjltkfyf åjkmifz hfåjnf d ljdtltybb lj cjpyfybzghtgjlfdfntktq b flvbybcnhfnjhjd vsckb j njv,xnj fkrjujkñ b yfhrjnbrfv yt vtcnj d extåysö pf-dtltybzö. Änj ytljgecnbvj. C änbv ytkmpz vbhbnmcz.E yfc tcnm pyfxbntkmyjt xbckj irjk, rjnjhst ghjdj-lzn gjkbnbre ≤fåcjkñnyjq ytnthgbvjcnb≥ r ghbcen-cndbñ fkrjujkz b yfhrjnbrjd d irjkfö.

Vs xedcndetv, xnj ghtgjlfdfntkb dct åjktt ghjyb-rfñncz änbvb ghjåktvfvb, cnfyjdzncz åjktt jcdt-

11

ljvktyysvb j ytufnbdyjv dkbzybb fkrjujkz yf jå-hfpjdfybt, ghtgjlfdfybt b ecdjtybt extåyjuj vfnt-hbfkf. Änj jxtym dféyj. Z gjkfufñ, vs xtnrj gjyb-vftv, xnj ltnb, egjnhtåkzñobt yfhrjnbrb bkb fk-rjujkmyst yfgbnrb, yt vjuen ecgtiyj exbnmcz, b gj-crjkmre vs cnhtvbvcz r åjktt dscjrbv cnfylfhnfvjåextybz b cjdthitycndjdfybñ cbcntvs jåhfpjdf-ybz c ntv, xnjås dct rfntujhbb exfoböcz eljdktndj-hzkb ecnfyjdktyysv infnfvb dscjrbv cnfylfhnfv,cjdthityyj zcyj, xnj fkrjujkñ b yfhrjnbrfv ytvtcnj d extåysö pfdtltybzö.

Gjänjve ≤yf irjkmyjv ahjynt≥, vyt rfétncz, vsltqcndetv dtcmvf äaatrnbdyj. Djpvjéyjcnb lkzecjdthitycndjdfybq bvtñncz dctulf. Z gjkfufñ, vsljkéys ytghthsdyj cnhtvbnmcz cltkfnm nfr, xnjåsyfib ltnb ndthlj ecdjbkb, xnj ytkmpz vbhbnmcz cghbcencndbtv fkrjujkz b yfhrjnbrjd d irjkfö.

Jlyfrj, egjnhtåktybt fkrjujkmysö yfgbnrjd b yfh-rjnbrjd d irjkfö – änj kbim jlby bp fcgtrnjd ghj-åktvs. Åjktt jåobq djghjc pfrkñxftncz d njv, yf-crjkmrj äaatrnbdys yfib ltqcndbz gj ghtljndhf-otybñ fkrjujkbpvf b yfhrjvfybb djjåot. B vytghtlcnfdkztncz, xnj jndtn yf änjn djghjc ytjlyj-pyfxty. D yfitq cnhfyt ceotcndetn ibhjrfz cbcnt-vf irjkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz. Xbckj exfoböcz d irj-kfö ljcnbuftn 53 vbkkbjyf, b z yt levfñ, xnj yfq-ltncz öjnm jlby xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq jcvtkbncz endth-élfnm, xnj yb jlby bp änbö 53 vbkkbjyjd exfoböczyt egjnhtåkztn fkrjujkmyst yfgbnrb bkb yfhrjnb-rb. Pf gjcktlybq ujl vs yfåkñlfkb ytrjnjhjt cyb-étybt d bö egjnhtåktybb. Vs yflttvcz, xnj änf nty-ltywbz ghjljkébncz b d åkbéfqibt ldf ujlf. Vscxbnftv, xnj yföjlbvcz yf ghfdbkmyjv genb. Vs gj-kfuftv, xnj c gjvjomñ åjktt dctcnjhjyybö ghj-uhfvv, gjchtlcndjv jåütlbytybz ecbkbq irjk bvtcnyjq jåotcndtyyjcnb d hfvrfö tlbyjq jåotyf-wbjyfkmyjq rfvgfybb, rjnjhfz gjvjétn hjlbntkzvb exfobvcz jcjpyfnm ytljgecnbvjcnm gjljåyjuj gj-dtltybz, vs åeltv ghjljkéfnm ldbufnmcz d ghfdbkm-yjv yfghfdktybb.

Djghjc: Ds egjvzyekb åjktt étcnrbt irjkmystghfdbkf b ekexitybt jnyjitybq vtéle exfobvbczb ghtgjlfdfntkzvb. Xnj, gj dfitve vytybñ, ckeébnrkñxjv r ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjvfybb b fkrjujkbpvfchtlb exfoböcz?

Jndtn: Z gjkfufñ, xnj ghjabkfrnbrf ljkéyf yfxb-yfnmcz jxtym hfyj. Vs yt vjétv jnrkflsdfnm yfxfkj

ghjabkfrnbxtcrbö vthjghbznbq lj cnfhibö rkfc-cjd, bkb lfét lj gznjuj bkb itcnjuj rkfccf. Z cxb-nfñ, xnj kexibq vtnjl ghjabkfrnbrb fkrjujkbpvfb yfhrjvfybb pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås yfxbyfnmänb vthjghbznbz d ctvmt tot lj njuj, rfr ltnb gjq-len d irjke. Vfvs b gfgs ljkéys åtctljdfnm cjcdjbvb ltnmvb yt njkmrj j dhtlt fkrjujkz b yfh-rjnbrjd, yj b j njv, ≤xnj nfrjt öjhjij b xnj nfrjtgkjöj≥, xnj nfrjt ljgecnbvjt gjdtltybt b xnj nfrjtytljgecnbvjt gjdtltybt. Htxm bltn j cfvsö hfpkbx-ysö fcgtrnfö gjdtltybz, d njv xbckt jå fkrjujkbpvtb yfhrjvfybb. Cfvfz kexifz ghjabkfrnbrf cjcnjbnd njv, xnjås eét c vfkjktncndf ghbdbdfnm htåtyreghfdbkmyst yjhvs gjdtltybz.

Yf vjq dpukzl, hjkm irjks pfrkñxftncz d erhtgkt-ybb änjuj ghjwtccf. Z yt levfñ, xnj irjkf vjétnpfvtybnm htåtyre hjlbntktq. Äne hfåjne ljkéys yf-xfnm hjlbntkb, f pfntv jyf ljkéyf åsnm ecbktyf jå-otcndjv, irjkjq. Tckb ghbpsd r ghfdbkmyjve gjdt-ltybñ bcöjlbn yt bp ljvf, ghtgjlfdfntkzv jxtymnhelyj bcghfdbnm nj, xnj ujdjhbncz bkb ltkftncz dljvt.

Rjt-xnj vjuen ltkfnm b irjks. Vbybcnh jåhfpjdf-ybz d cdjbö dscnegktybzö xfcnj pfnhfubdftn ghj-åktve cdzpb gjrjktybq b rfr cltkfnm tt åjktt äa-atrnbdyjq. Pltcm dféyj ghbåtufnm r cfvsv hfpysvcgjcjåfv – åelm-nj jhufybfpwbz ghjuhfvv yfcnfd-ybxtcndf, cjrhfotybt xbckf extybrjd d rkfccfö bcjplfybt nfrbö eckjdbq lkz exbntktq, rjulf jybbvtñn djpvjéyjcnm kexit gjpyfrjvbnmcz cj cdjb-vb extybrfvb, bkb jhufybpfwbz vtymibö gj hfpvt-hfv irjk, ult ybrnj yt jcnftncz åtp dybvfybz b lt-nb bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm pfybvfnmcz cgjhnjv, bcreccn-djv b extåjq, kbåj ghbdktxtybt r hfåjnt exbntktq,ghjatccbjyfkmyj jåextyysö hfcgjpyfdfnm ≤ght-leghtlbntkmyst cbuyfks≥ e ltntq, gjgfdibö d ckjé-yjt gjkjétybt, egjnhtåkzñobö fkrjujkmyst yfgbn-rb b yfhrjnbrb, b htifnm änb ghjåktvs.

Ghjabkfrnbrf pfrkñxftncz yt ghjcnj d njv, xnjåsdytlhbnm ne bkb byeñ ghjuhfvve d irjkt yf jlbyxfc d ytltkñ d ntxtybt 15–20 ytltkm b gjnjv crf-pfnm: ≤Vs ghjdtkb ghjabkfrnbre≥. Ghjabkfrnbrf –änj jåhfp ébpyb, ghjabkfrnbrf – änj ghjwtcc, ghj-abkfrnbrf – änj cnhfntubz, ghjabkfrnbrf ljkéyfyfxbyfnmcz hfyj b rhfcyjq ybnmñ ghjöjlbnm xthtpdct, xnj vs ltkftv d ntxtybt extåyjuj ujlf. Tckb vsyt åeltv ghblthébdfnmcz änbö ghbywbgjd, nj yb-rjulf yt ljåmtvcz ecgtöf.

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Djghjc: Gsnfñncz kb irjkmyst ghjuhfvvs ljytc-nb lj hjlbntktq äne bltñ j ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjllth-éfybz åjktt ntcysö cdzptq cj cdjbvb ltnmvb?

Jndtn: Rfr z eét crfpfk, hjlbntkmcrjt exfcnbt bvt-tn htifñott pyfxtybt, b Vbybcnthcndj jåhfpjdf-ybz botn cgjcjås, rjnjhst lfñn hjlbntkzv djp-vjéyjcnm gjpyfrjvbnmcz åkbét c ébpymñ ltntq.Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy b gthdfz ktlb cnhfys ytjlyj-rhfnyj pfnhfubdfkb änjn djghjc d cdjbö dscnegkt-ybzö.

B ltkj pltcm pfrkñxftncz yt njkmrj d njv, xnjås hj-lbntkb ghjdjlbkb åjkmit dhtvtyb cj cdjbvb ltnm-vb, yj b d njv, xnjås jyb ghjdjlbkb änj dhtvz åj-ktt äaatrnbdyj. Åñhj yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb gjåjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb cjplfkj ghtrhfcysq ntktdb-pbjyysq hjkbr j ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjvfybb. Vf-ktymrbq vfkmxbr cblbn pf reöjyysv cnjkjv b tcnrfie, f hzljv cblbn tuj jntw, rjnjhsq xbnftn ufpt-ne, b d ntxtybt 45 ctreyl änb ldjt yt gthtåhfcsdf-ñncz lheu c lheujv yb tlbysv ckjdjv. B ujkjc pfrflhjv ujdjhbn: ≤Ds egecnbkb djpvjéyjcnm jåce-lbnm änjn djghjc≥. Vyt rfétncz, änbv crfpfyj dct.Lf, änjn gfgf ghjdjlbn dhtvz cj cdjbv csyjv. Yjyfcrjkmrj äaatrnbdyj änj dhtvz?.

B yt njkmrj hjlbntkb. Vs ljkéys nfrét ghjfyfkb-pbhjdfnm hfåjne lheubö jåotcndtyysö jåütlbyt-ybq, rjnjhst cjplfys d yfitv jåotcndt lkz gjvj-ob kñlzv. R ybv jnyjczncz wthrdb, cgjhnbdyst rj-vfyls b vjkjltéyst jhufybpfwbb nbgf rkeåjd lkzvfkmxbrjd b ltdjxtr – dct änj jåotcndtyyst jhuf-ybpfwbb. Z yt öjxe crfpfnm, xnj änbv ljkéys pfyb-vfnmcz njkmrj hjlbntkb bkb njkmrj irjks. Htxmbltn jåj dctv jåotcndt, d rjnjhjv rkñxtdeñ hjkmbuhfñn hjlbntkb b irjks. Tcnm vyjétcndj lheuböuhegg b jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst ljkéys htfkmyj exf-cndjdfnm d ébpyb ctvmb, d ébpyb ltntq, b vyt rf-étncz, xnj xtv åjktt zhrj dshfétyysv åeltn änjexfcnbt, ntv kexit åeltn dctv yfv.

Djghjc: Ds cxbnftnt, xnj vjéyj eltkznm åjkmitdybvfybz jnltkmysv exfobvcz, rjulf d ytrjnjhsöyfibö rhegysö chtlybö irjkfö xbckbncz yb vyjujyb vfkj gj 5000 extybrjd?

Jndtn: Vbybcnthcndj jåhfpjdfybz yt ghbpsdftndpznm yfib rhegyst irjks – d rjnjhsö exbncz gj4000–5000 xtkjdtr – b chfdyznm bö c ptvktq c gjvj-omñ åekmljpthf. Z levfñ, ytjåöjlbvj ghjfyfkbpb-

hjdfnm hfåjne änbö åjkmibö irjk b gjlevfnm j cj-plfybb ≤irjk dyenhb irjk≥. Rfr cjplfnm vtöfybpvslkz ghtjåhfpjdfybz änbö rhegysö irjk d ujhfpljvtymibt gj hfpvthfv extåyst pfdtltybz?

Änj vjéyj cltkfnm ytcrjkmrbvb genzvb, rfr gjchtl-cndjv cnhernehbhjdfybz rkfccjd, nfr b gentv cjplf-ybz ≤irjk dyenhb irjk≥ – ytcjvytyyj vjéyj cj-plfnm e exfoböcz xedcndj ghtåsdfybz d vfktymrjq,eñnyjq irjkt, ult ybrnj yt dsgflftn bp gjkz pht-ybz gtlfujujd, lfét tckb jyb exfncz d extåyjv pfdt-ltybb c åjkmibv xbckjv exfoböcz.

Djghjc: Ljcnfnjxyj kb ltytu vs nhfnbv yf änbghjuhfvvs?

Jndtn: Z vjue c edthtyyjcnmñ crfpfnm, xnj dct vs,dvtcnt dpznst – d njv xbckt jhufys dkfcnb atlt-hfkmyjuj ehjdyz, ehjdyz infnjd b vtcnyjuj ehjdyz,f nfrét jåotcndtyyst jåütlbytybz b jhufybpfwbb– dblbvj, ckbirjv vfkj nhfnbv yf ghjabkfrnbxtc-rbt vthjghbznbz. Vs yt dsltkztv yf änj ljcnfnjx-yjuj rjkbxtcndf dhtvtyb b ltytu.

Vyt rfétncz, djghjc pfrkñxftncz yt njkmrj d njv,xnj dct vs dvtcnt nhfnbv ytljcnfnjxyj vyjuj, yj bd njv, xnj vs, gj-dblbvjve, yt dctulf nhfnbv böghfdbkmysv jåhfpjv.

Gjänjve vs ljkéys gjlevfnm j njv, rfr yfghfdbnmåjkmit htcehcjd yf ghjabkfrnbre b hfyytt dvtif-ntkmcndj, f tot vs ljkéys eåtlbnmcz d njv, xnj änbltymub hfcöjleñncz hfwbjyfkmyj. Änj yfgjvbyftngjregre åsnjdjq ntöybrb. Gjregfz äktrnhjghbåjh,ds yt öjnbnt, xnjås jy xthtp ujl ckjvfkcz. Nfr lf-dfqnt gjregfnm njkmrj ltqcndbntkmyj cnjzobt njdf-hs. Lfdfqnt nhfnbnm ltymub yf rfxtcndtyyst dtob.

Nj ét cfvjt vjéyj crfpfnm b ghbvtybntkmyj r ghj-uhfvvfv lkz ltntq. Änj ljkéys åsnm yt ghjcnj ghj-uhfvvs, f ltqcndtyyst b rfxtcndtyyst ghjuhfvvs,ghbyjczobt gjkmpe b jåotcnde, b htåtyre.

Djghjc: Ds c jgnbvbpvjv jnyjcbntcm r gthcgtrnb-dt htitybz ghjåktvs yfhrjvfybb d åeleotv?

Jndtn: Z cvjnhñ d åeleott c juhjvysv jgnbvbp-vjv. Z cxbnfñ, xnj vs vyjujt epyftv bp yfexysöbccktljdfybq b pyftv ctujlyz åjkmit, xtv gznm bkbltcznm ktn yfpfl. B gj-vjtve, ctqxfc vtcnyfz jåot-cndtyyjcnm åjkmit ujnjdf gjlöjlbnm r änjve rfr r

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ckjéyjq ghjåktvt, rfr jyf njuj pfckeébdftn, b dctvvbhjv hfåjnfnm yfl ytq, f yt ghjcnj gjhexfnm tt ht-itybt jlyjve-ldev hfåjnybrfv irjkmyjq cbcntvs.

Rhjvt njuj, dct åjkmit b åjkmit irjkmysö cbcntvgjlöjlzn r änjq hfåjnt c gjpbwbb cjnhelybxtcndf

irjks b jåotcndtyyjcnb, hfccvfnhbdfz tt yt ghj-cnj rfr xfcnm extåyjq ghjuhfvvs. Vs yt ljkéysjuhfybxbdfnmcz ghjdtltybtv vthjghbznbq d irjktd ntxtybt xfcf d ytltkñ bkb jrjkj njuj, b eét ceot-cndetn ujnjdyjcnm htifnm äne ghjåktve d ibhjrjv,rjvgktrcyjv gkfyt.

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15

≤Rjfkbwbz pf åtpjgfcyjt b cdjåjlyjt jn yfh-

rjnbrjd jåotcndj≥ (Vfqfvb, Akjhblf) ghjdjlbn

jlye bp yfbåjktt ecgtiysö ghjuhfvv ghjabkfr-

nbrb yfhrjvfybb d cnhfyt. Jyf csuhfkf dféyeñ

hjkm d cjplfybb yfhrjcelf jrheuf Ltql-Vfqfvb,

j rjnjhjv hfccrfpfkf vbybcnh ñcnbwbb Hbyj.

Änf jhufybpfwbz åskf cjplfyf d 1988 u. b dytckf

pyfxbntkmysq drkfl d cjrhfotybt ghjåktv yfh-

rjvfybb, xnj gjlndthéltyj vyjujxbcktyysvb

jåcktljdfybzvb yf atlthfkmyjv, infnyjv b

vtcnyjv ehjdyzö. Rjfkbwbz jrfpfkf gjvjom d

hfphfåjnrt gkfyjd drkñxtybz ghjabkfrnbxtc-

rbö vth d ghjuhfvvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåext-

ybz b cgtwbfkmysö ghjuhfvv ghjabkfrnbrb

chtlb ufbnzycrbö b reåbycrbö bvvbuhfynjd.

Xktys rjfkbwbb gjvjukb cdjbv tlbyjvsiktyyb-

rfv d 564 fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö b 64 cnhfyfö

cjplfnm jåotcndtyyst rjfkbwbb gj åjhmåt

c yfhrjnbrfvb.

Ecgtö ltcznbktnytq åjhmås Rjfkbwbb c yfhrjvfyb-tq yt ckexfty b kturj jåüzcybv. Änj öjhjij jhuf-ybpjdfyyfz b crjjhlbybhjdfyyfz åjhmåf c jgfcysvcjwbfkmysv pkjv, d rjnjhjq exfcndeñn hfpkbxystxfcnyst rjvgfybb. Rhjvt njuj, änf rjfkbwbz cnfkfyfbåjktt dkbzntkmyjq d cdjtq jåkfcnb d CIF b djdctq Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt. D gjcktlytt dhtvz jåotcn-dtyyst ltzntkb b herjdjlbntkb xfcnysö rjvgfybqbp Fhutynbys, Gthe b Rjkevåbb åerdfkmyj pfåhfcs-

dfñn tt ghjcmåfvb lfnm cjdtns gj jhufybpfwbb fyf-kjubxysö fccjwbfwbq lkz åjhmås c yfhrjnbrfvb.

Yfbåjktt bynhbueñobv b lkz ytrjnjhsö ytjåüzc-ybvsv fcgtrnjv äaatrnbdyjcnb ltzntkmyjcnb rjf-kbwbb cnfkf ujnjdyjcnm ltkjdsö rheujd exfcndjdfnmd änjq htubjyfkmyjq bybwbfnbdt. E åbpytcvtyjdvjukj ås ghjzdbnmcz zdyj jnhbwfntkmyjt jnyjit-ybt r exfcnbñ d änjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Dtlm jåotcndty-yfz frnbdyjcnm yt cgjcjåcndetn edtkbxtybñ rjv-vthxtcrjq ghbåskb. Lheubt jåotcndtyyst jhufyb-pfwbb pfcsgfñn herjdjlbntktq xfcnysö rjvgfybqghjcmåfvb j gjvjob. Ghb änjv e vyjubö bp änbö he-rjdjlbntktq ytn yb dhtvtyb, yb étkfybz ltkfnm änjäaatrnbdyj b gjcktljdfntkmyj.

Ytcvjnhz yf dct änb jnhbwfntkmyst cnbveks, d 1988u. rjfkbwbb elfkjcm-nfrb ljcnexfnmcz lj xfcnyjujctrnjhf. Wtksq hzl cjwbfkmyj frnbdysö herjdjlb-ntktq åbpytcf b jåotcndtyysö ltzntktq, vyjubt bprjnjhsö åskb xktyfvb Njhujdjq gfkfns ÅjkmijujVfqfvb, jnhtfubhjdfkb yf frnefkmyeñ ghjåktve.Jyb ghbdktrkb r hfåjnt cdjbö rjkktu, ljytcz ljåbpytcvtyjd vsckm j ytjåöjlbvjcnb exfcnbz d ecb-kbzö gj ghjabkfrnbrt yfhrjvfybb tckb yt gj fkmn-hebcnbxtcrbv, nj gj abyfycjdsv cjjåhfétybzv.

Yf ghjnzétybb dctq dnjhjq gjkjdbys 80-ö ujljdÅjkmijq Vfqfvb cjnhzcfkf geufñofz cdjbvb vfc-

RJVVTYNFHBB

GHJABKFRNBRF YFHRJNBXTCRJQ PFDBCBVJCNB – LTKJ RFÉLJUJ

Åthyb Lbfp

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infåfvb rhärj-rjrfbyjdfz ägbltvbz. Kfnbyjfvthb-rfycrbt yfhrjrfhntkb ltqcndjdfkb jxtym yfukj b cf-vjedthtyyj. Ghjwtyn yfhrjvfybb b cdzpfyysö cytq ghtcnegktybq ljcnbu fåcjkñnyjuj vfrcbvevfpf dct dhtvtyf. Elfxyfz b gjgekzhyfz dj dctq cnhfytntktghjuhfvvf ≤Gjhjxysq Vfqfvb≥ bpjåhféfkfänjn hfcgjkjétyysq yf jrtfycrjv gjåthtémt ñé-ysq ujhjl rfr vtcnj hfpuekf yfhrjåbpytcf, yfcbkbzb ghtcnegyjcnb. Änj cltkfyyfz d ghbrkñxtyxtcrjvcnbkt gthtlfxf gjlhsdfkf ecbkbz Njhujdjq gfkfnsgj ghblfybñ ujhjle jåkbrf ghbkbxyjuj ujhjlf lkzdtltybz åbpytcf.

Ltkjdst rheub yfxfkb gjytvyjue jcjpyfdfnm, xnjyfhrjvfybz jrfpsdfñn jnhbwfntkmyjt dkbzybt yfbö ghbåskb. Gj jwtyrfv cgtwbfkbcnjd, cnhfyftétujlyj ytljgjkexftn ghbåskm d hfpvtht gjxnb100 vky. ljkk. dcktlcndbt ybprjq ghjbpdjlbntkmyjc-nb hfåjns kñltq, egjnhtåkzñobö yfhrjnbrb. Hfcne-ott xbckj ytdsöjljd yf hfåjne, vtlkbntkmyjcnm, yt-cxfcnyst ckexfb, jgkfnf vtlbwbycrbö hfcöjljd bcybétybt ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb nhelf chtlb kbw, pkj-egjnhtåkzñobö yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb, dvtc-nt dpznst, ghbyjcbkb rjvgfybzv eåsnrb. Gj ytrj-njhsv jwtyrfv, fvthbrfycrbt rjvgfybb tétujlyjhfcöjleñn yf ytcrjkmrj nsczx ljkkfhjd åjkmit yfrféljuj cdjtuj hfåjnybrf-yfhrjvfyf, xtv yf hfåjn-ybrf, cdjåjlyjuj jn änjq gfueåyjq ghbdsxrb. Änfwbahf ghbjåhtnftn tot åjkmitt pyfxtybt d cjxtnf-ybb c lheubvb lfyysvb cnfnbcnbxtcrbö bccktljdf-ybq yfhrjvfybb yf hfåjxtv vtcnt. Cjukfcyj jghjce,ghjdtltyyjve atlthfkmysv Eghfdktybtv gj åjhmåtc yfhrjvfybtq b jöhfyt gcböbxtcrjuj pljhjdmz, jnctvb lj ltdznb ghjwtynjd hfåjnybrjd, pfyznsö gj-kyeñ hfåjxeñ ytltkñ, ghbpyfñncz d egjnhtåktybbyfhrjnbrjd bkb fkrjujkmysö yfgbnrjd yf cdjtv hf-åjxtv vtcnt.

Herjdjlbntktq b djkjynthjd rjfkbwbb, jcyjdfdiböäne jhufybpfwbñ, dljöyjdkzkf vtxnf j njv, xnjåscltkfnm ltkjdeñ ébpym d Vfqfvb cdjåjlyjq jn yfh-rjnbrjd. Gthdsv kblthjv rjfkbwbb cnfk herjdjlz-obq hfåjnybr ntöybxtcrjuj ubufynf ≤Kjröbl Vfh-nby≥ Åbkk Cnjerc, rjnjhsq lj änjuj dytc drkfl dajhvbhjdfybt lheujuj jåotcndtyyjuj jåütlbyt-ybz, bpdtcnyjuj gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Åbpytc ghjnbd yfh-rjnbrjd≥. Djn rfr Cnjerc jgbcsdfk bcöjlyeñ pflfxecdjtq rjfkbwbb: ≤Tckb änjuj [bvttncz d dble ghjab-kfrnbrf egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd vjkjltémñ] ytcltkfñn hjlbntkb, nj rnj? Vs pyfkb, xnj yfif rjf-kbwbz ghbytctn gjkmpe jåotcnde, ekexifz eckjdbz

ébpyb. Ntgthm bybwbfnbde ljkéys dpznm yf ctåzxfcnyst rjvgfybb≥.

Htifñott pyfxtybt lkz ecgtöf uheggs bvtkf cnhf-ntubz, gjpdjkbdifz jcyjdfntkzv rjfkbwbb pfhexbnm-cz gjllthérjq cj cnjhjys cdjbö rjkktu d ltkjdsörheufö. ≤Rkñxfvb r ecgtöe≥ gjckeébkb:

• ltdbp ≤Ybrfrjq gjkbnbrb^≥ Dféyj, xnjås kblthsrjfkbwbb jcnfdfkbcm d cnjhjyt jn ujcelfhcndty-yjuj ctrnjhf. Ffhjy Gjlöehcn, jlby bp xktyjd-jcyjdfntktq rjfkbwbb b dblysq vtcnysq ñhbcn,ujdjhbk: ≤Rfr njkmrj jyb (vtcnyst gjkbnbxtcrbtltzntkb) yfxyen exfcndjdfnm d änjv ltkt, jyb cnf-yen htifnm cdjb gjkbnbxtcrbt bkb bpåbhfntkmystpflfxb, nj tcnm jåotcndtyyst pflfxb, rjnjhst vj-uen blnb dhfphtp c yfibvb wtkzvb≥;

• hbpyfybt pfckeu ntö, rnj änj pfckeébk. Gj ckjdfvCnjercf, ≤vyjubt kñlb pfybvfñncz jåotcndtyyj-gjktpyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ gj cfvsv hfpysv ghbxb-yfv. Lkz jlybö änj djpvjéyjcnm pfdtcnb gjktpystcdzpb, lheubvb ldbétn xedcndj cfvjeljdktndjht-ybz bkb cfvjkñåbt. D kñåjv ckexft vs ljkéysbcgjkmpjdfnm bö cnhtvktybz b ghbpyfdfnm bödrkfl≥;

• xedcndj vjhfkmyjuj ljkuf. Gj vytybñ xktyf bc-gjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf rjfkbwbb b åsditujvtcnyjuj herjdjlbntkz FAK-CBJ Vfhnb Ehhs,≤rjfkbwbz ljkéyf bvtnm rjcnzr bp cjwbfkmyj fr-nbdysö bkb cjpyfntkmysö kblthjd ltkjdsö rheujd.Bvtyyj nfrbt kñlb, ythfdyjleiyst r ghjåktvt bcelmåfv jrheéfñobö, åelen frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm dhfåjnt ghfdktybz b htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnjd≥.

Ghbdthétyyjcnm änbv ghbywbgfv d ljcnbétybbcvtksö wtktq jåeckjdbkf yf ghjnzétybb ltcznb ktnpyfxbntkmyst ljcnbétybz d åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb djrheut Ltql-Vfqfvb. 60 ghjwtynjd vtcnyjq hfåjxtqcbks pfyznj yf ghtlghbznbzö bkb d exhtéltybzö,rjnjhst ghjdjlzn gjkbnbre ytnthgbvjuj jnyjit-ybz r yfhrjnbrfv yf hfåjxtv vtcnt. Cnjerc yfitkcgjcjå ljytcnb ytjåöjlbvjcnm nfrjq cnhfntubb ljcdjbö ltkjdsö rjkktu, jnvtxfz: ≤Vs gsnfkbcm gjdkb-znm yf ybö c gjvjomñ bltb j njv, xnj cdjåjlyjt jnyfhrjnbrjd hfåjxtt vtcnj åeltn nfrbv ét åkfujvlkz åbpytcf, rfr b lkz jåotcndf. C ntö gjh Vfqfvbghjdjlbn yjdeñ gjkbnbre åjhmås c yfhrjvfybtq yfhfåjxbö vtcnfö≥.

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Yt vtytt dféyj b nj, xnj rjfkbwbz ljcnbukf cdjtqgthdjyfxfkmyjq wtkb, rjnjheñ jyf gjcnfdbkf gthtlcjåjq åjktt ltcznb ktn yfpfl – pyfxbntkmyjuj cj-rhfotybz vfcinfåjd rhärj-rjrfbyjdjq ägbltvbb.Yfxbyfz c 1993 u., cvthnyjcnm dcktlcndbt egjnhtåkt-ybz rjrfbyf b rhärf chtlb dphjckjuj yfctktybz jr-heuf Ltql cnfåbkbpbhjdfkfcm. Gj lfyysv Yfwbj-yfkmyjuj bycnbnenf ghfdjcelbz, rjkbxtcndj fhtcnjdd cdzpb c rjrfbyjv cybpbkjcm gjxnb yf 20 ghjwty-njd, gj chfdytybñ c gbrjv d 1989 u.

Ghbpyfdfz dkbzybt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbbyf rekmnehe, jcjåtyyj chtlb vjkjltéb, rjfkbwbzyfxfkf ghjdjlbnm b rekmnbdbhjdfnm ghjuhfvvs cj-nhelybxtcndf c vtcnysvb CVB. D htpekmnfnt d gj-cktlybt gznm ktn CVB d ñéyjq Akjhblt nhfyckbhe-ñn åjkmit fynbyfhrjnbxtcrbö ghjgfufylbcncrböhjkbrjd, cjplfyysö ≤Gfhnythcndjv pf cdjåjlyeñ jnyfhrjnbrjd Fvthbre≥, xtv d lheubö hfqjyfö CIF.

Rhjvt njuj, rjfkbwbz jrfpfkf dkbzybt yf ajhvbhj-dfybt gthdjuj d cnhfyt jrheéyjuj yfhrjcelf, pfyb-vfñotujcz ltkfvb kbw, dgthdst d cdjtq ébpyb cj-dthibdibö ghfdjyfheitybz, cdzpfyyst c yfhrjnb-rfvb. Gjljåyst yfhrjcels cjplfys eét d åjktt xtv300 ujhjlfö cnhfys.

Gj bybwbfnbdt rjfkbwbb atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcn-dj ghbcdjbkj lfyyjve htubjye cnfnec ≤hfqjyf c gj-dsityyjq frnbdyjcnmñ yfhrjltkmwjd≥, xnj cgjcjå-cndjdfkj gthtåhjcrt nelf ljgjkybntkmysö ghfdjjö-hfybntkmysö htcehcjd. Rhjvt njuj, cjplfyyfz rjf-kbwbtq cbcntvf jåotcndtyyjuj yfåkñltybz pf yfh-rjvfyfvb nhflbwbjyyj pfybvftn dtleobt gjpbwbbd djghjcfö dszdktybz b jgjdtotybz j yjdsö nty-ltywbzö d jåkfcnb yfhrjnbrjd, drkñxfz dytlhtybt dCIF ñéyjfvthbrfycrjuj uthjbyf, dcgktcr egjnhtå-ktybz vfhböefys chtlb vjkjltéb b gjzdktybt hj-ubgyjkf – yfhrjnbrf, rjnjhsq ghtcnegybrb gjlvt-ibdfñn d dbyj bpyfcbkjdfyysv bvb ltdeirfv, rj-njhsö jyb ghbukfifñn yf cdblfybt.

Jlyfrj gjrf djqyt c yfhrjnbrfvb yt dblyj rjywf.Rfr njkmrj kbrdblbhetncz jlyf ägbltvbz, djpybrftnlheufz. Gjcrjkmre rjfkbwbz dblbn cdzpm vtéle nzé-rbvb ghtcnegktybzvb b yfhrjvfybtq, jyf drkñxftnd cdjb ghjuhfvvs vthjghbznbz gj ghtljndhfot-ybñ yfcbkbz. Lkz cjrhfotybz ghjwtynf nzérböghtcnegktybq rjfkbwbz Vfqfvb yfvthtyf bcgjkm-pjdfnm nt ét aeylfvtynfkmyst, jcyjdfyyst yf plhf-djv cvsckt gjlöjls, rjnjhst jyf ghbvtyztn dåjhmåt c yfhrjvfybtq.

Åthyb Lbfp, Rjfkbwbz pf åtpjgfcyjt b cdjåjlyjt jn

yfhrjnbrjd jåotcndj d u. Vfqfvb

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Ötqpknjy – nböbq ujhjljr, pfnthzdibqcz chtlb dj-kybcnsö ptktysö öjkvjd ctdthj-djcnjxyjq Gtycbkm-dfybb. Ytrjulf pltcm ljåsdfkb eujkm. Ltcznbktnbznjve yfpfl nsczxb bvvbuhfynjd tdhjgtqcrjuj ghj-bcöjéltybz gthttöfkb cñlf bp åjkmibö ujhjljdAbkfltkmabb b Ymñ-Qjhrf, xnjås hfåjnfnm yf ifö-nfö. Ujhjlcrjq gtqpfé jghtltkzñn yt vyjujänféystytåjcrhtås, f wthrjdyst igbkb b regjkf. Yj pfänjq åkfujjåhfpyjq yfheéyjcnmñ ghzxtncz ntvyfzbpyfyrf. Ébpym vyjubö jåbnfntktq Ötqpknjyf, jcj-åtyyj ntö, rnj gjvjkjét, jgecnjifñn gmzycndj byfhrjvfybz.

Nhblwfnm ktn yfpfl d åjkmibö ujhjlfö yfhrjvfysghtlgjxbnfkb uthjby, yj d vtcntxrfö nbgf Ötqpknj-yf tuj ghfrnbxtcrb yt pyfkb. Väh Vfqr Vfhcbrfyj,hjlbdibqcz pltcm, gjvybn dhtvz, rjulf d tuj ujhjltuthjby åsk ytljcnegty. Lheujt ltkj ntgthm. ≤Jy nfrét hfcghjcnhfyty, rfr vfhböefyf, – hfccrfpsdftnväh. – Ljcnfnm tuj ctujlyz jxtym kturj≥. 51-ktnybquhfljyfxfkmybr, rjulf-nj ckeébdibq d gjkbwbbinfnf, gjzcyztn: ljcnegyjcnb uthjbyf b lheubö yfh-rjnbrjd cgjcjåcndetn nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj gjijcct kturj vjéyj ljtöfnm lj Ymñ-Qjhrf (210 rv) bAbkfltkmabb (140 rv).

Ldevz änféfvb ybét rfåbytnf vähf, d gjldfkt, yföj-lbncz rjvyfnf c ljåsnsvb gjkbwbtq dtotcndtyys-vb ljrfpfntkmcndfvb. Öhfyzobtcz pltcm ghtlvtns –nofntkmyj jnvfhrbhjdfyyst b egfrjdfyyst lkzghtlcnfdktybz d celt – erfpsdfñn yf nj, xnj vyjubtgjhjrb ljåhfkbcm b lj Ötqpknjyf. Gjkrb d änjv yt-åjkmijv gjvtotybb åerdfkmyj kjvzncz jn uthjbyf,vfhböefys, fvatnfvbyjd, rjrfbyjdjuj gjhjirf,rhärf b jheébz.

D rjvyfne, ult cjåhfys dtotcndtyyst ljrfpfntkmcn-df, gjctnbntkz ghjdjlbn cthéfyn ötqpknjycrjq gj-kbwbb Hfkma Kbylcb. Änbö ljrfpfntkmcnd egjnhtåkt-ybz yfhrjnbrjd d bö yfctktyyjv geyrnt åjkmibycn-

dj ujhjéfy ybrjulf yt edblbn, yj ghjdjéfnsq ujdj-hbn: ≤Jyb – pltcm. Vs yt vjétv pfrhsdfnm yf änjukfpf≥.

C yfxfkf 1999 u. d htubjyt, relf döjlzn nhb jrheuf,hfcgjkjétyysö djrheu Ötqpknjyf, jn gthtljpbhjdrbuthjbyf evthkj gjxnb 20 xtkjdtr. D änjq vtcnyjcnb,ult ctvmb pyfrjvs lheu c lheujv yf ghjnzétybb yt-crjkmrbö gjrjktybq, nfrbt cvthnb jpyfxfñn ujhfpljåjkmit, xtv d åjkmijv ujhjlt, ult xfcnj ébntkb ytpyfñn lheu lheuf. ≤Kñlb levfkb, xnj änf ghjåktvfbö yt rfcftncz, – pfvtxftn Kbylcb. – Ntgthm jyb db-lzn, xnj njét r ytq ghbxfcnys. Vjétn åsnm, änj hfc-neott gjybvfybt – rfr hfp nj, xnj yfv yeéyj≥.

Cajhvbhjdfnm nfrjt gjybvfybt – jlyf bp ukfdysöpflfx cjplfyyjq d 1997 u. cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gjåjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb d Ötqpknjyt b tuj jrhtcnyjc-nzö. D tt cjcnfdt c cfvjuj yfxfkf hfåjnftn xkty uj-hjlcrjuj cjdtnf Ke Åfhktnnf, ysyt rfylblfn d vähs.Jy cjukfcty c Kbylcb, rjnjhsq nfrét döjlbn d cgtw-uhegge: vtcnyst ébntkb yt étkfkb dthbnm, xnj d böujhjljr ghbikf ghjåktvf yfhrjnbrjd, ghbceofzrhegysv ujhjlfv. Yjdsq jhufy pflfkcz wtkmñ bpvt-ybnm cbnefwbñ, hfccrfpsdftn Åfhktnnf. ≤Cgtwbfkm-yfz uheggf gjlyzkf äne ghjåktve b dsldbyekf tt yfgthtlybq gkfy, gjrfpfkf tt kñlzv dgkjnyeñ, ghb-dktrkf dybvfybt ufptn≥, – ujdjhbn jy.

Jåotcndtyyjcnm gjkjébntkmyj jnrkbryekfcm yfjlby bp gthdsö ghjtrnjd cgtwuheggs – cjplfnm ntktajyyeñ rheukjcenjxyeñ kbybñ gj yfhrjnbrfv,lfñoeñ uhfélfyfv djpvjéyjcnm fyjybvyj ghtle-ghtélfnm dkfcnb j ghtlgjkfuftvjq frnbdyjcnb dänjq catht. Gj ckjdfv Kbylcb, gjkbwtqcrbt cktlj-dfntkb ghbybvfñn ghbvthyj 12 pdjyrjd d vtczw b, jgbhfzcm yf byajhvfwbñ, gthtlfyyeñ yfctktyb-tv gj rheukjcenjxyjq kbybb, eét ghjbpdtkb hzlfhtcnjd.

ÄNJ VJÉTN CKEXBNMCZ DTPLT: ÅJHMÅF CYFHRJVFYBTQ D VFKSÖ UJHJLFÖ

Ifhkby Gjhnth

19

Ghtjljktdfz uhfybws

Äl Gtqy – jcyjdfntkm cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj åjhm-åt c yfhrjnbrfvb d Ötqpknjyt b tuj jrhtcnyjcnzö, fnfrét ghtpbltyn b ukfdysq bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtr-njh ≤Cthtynj Ufhltyp≥ – xfcnyjq ytrjvvthxtcrjqjhufybpfwbb, ghtljcnfdkzñotq eckeub gj ktxtybñfkrjujkbpvf b yfhrjvfybb, rjnjhfz yföjlbncz dctujd ldeö rdfhnfkfö jn ujhjlcrjq hfneib.

Dctuj pf gjknjhf ujlf, ghjitlibö c ntö gjh, rfr åskf cjplfyf cgtwuheggf, hfccrfpsdftn Gtqy, tq elfkjcm cyznm jlye bp ghjåktv, ghtélt vtifdibögjgsnrfv pfyznmcz djghjcjv j pkjegjnhtåktybbyfhrjnbrfvb d htubjyt. Htxm bltn jå flvbybcnhf-nbdysö uhfybwfö, rjnjhst lhjåzn yfctktybt xbc-ktyyjcnmñ jrjkj 80 000 xtkjdtr yf vyjétcndj gj-ctkrjd b hfqjyjd. ≤Lkz yfhrjltkmwjd yt ceotcndetnybrfrbö uhfybw≥, – ujdjhbn Åfhktnnf, gjlxthrbdfzdctjödfnsdfñobq öfhfrnth ghjåktvs.

Flvbybcnhfnbdyst åfhmths cgtwuheggf ghtjljktkfåkfujlfhz ecgtiysv kjååbcncrbv rfvgfybzv, gj-vjuibv ghbdktxm r åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb vyjuj-xbcktyyst cnhernehs vtcnyjq dkfcnb. Äythubxyjtkjååbhjdfybt ghbdtkj r njve, xnj exfcndjdfnm d fr-wbb pf ≤Cdjåjlysq jn yfhrjnbrjd Ötqpknjy≥ jåzpf-kbcm 16 vtcnysö b hfqjyysö jhufyjd dkfcnb.

Kbylcb ujdjhbn, xnj änj åsd dféysq ifu, gjcrjkmrenfrbv jåhfpjv åskj cjplfyj jåotcndtyyjt lfdkt-ybt yf xbyjdybrjd, pfcnfdbditt bö eltkbnm lfyyjvedjghjce åjkmit dybvfybz.

Ljcnbuyensq ecgtö gjpdjkbk cgtwbfkmyjq uheggtgjnhtåjdfnm jn vtcnysö dkfcntq åjktt htibntkmysöpfrjyjlfntkmysö ltqcndbq. Gj tt yfcnjzybñ d ht-ubjyt åsk ghbyzn erfp, pfghtofñobq ghjlfdfnm bdkfltnm chtlcndfvb b ghbyflktéyjcnzvb, bcgjkmpet-vsvb ghb gjnhtåktybb, öhfytybb b cjrhsnbb yfh-rjnbxtcrbö dtotcnd.

Ghbyzd erfp, vtcnyst dkfcnb d cdjtq åjhmåt c yfh-rjltkmwfvb dcnegbkb ≤yf nthhbnjhbñ, yt jåjpyf-xtyyeñ yf rfhnt≥, ujdjhbn ötqpknjycrbq fldjrfnLéjy Hjléthc, rjnjhsq, åelexb xktyjv cgtwuheggs,ujnjdbk änjn yjhvfnbdysq frn. Gj tuj ckjdfv, lfy-ysq erfp cnhjét, xtv cjjndtncndeñobq pfrjy infnf,jlyfrj herjdjlbntkb yf vtcnfö cjukfcbkbcm jljå-hbnm ghjtrn, gjnjve xnj ≤vs cltkfkb nfr, xnj gjcne-gbnm byfxt bv åskj ås cnslyj≥.

D cjjndtncndbb c erfpjv, gjzcyztn Hjléthc, dkflt-ybt ghbyflktéyjcnzvb lkz egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnb-rjd cxbnftncz ghtcnegktybtv, ghtcktletvsv d gj-hzlrt cevvfhyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf. Änj yfbåjktt ct-hmtpyjt ghtcnegktybt, gjlgflfñott gjl pfrjyjlf-ntkmyst gjkyjvjxbz vtcnysö dkfcntq. Jyj dktxtn pfcjåjq nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt yf chjr lj 90 lytq binhfa d 300 ljkkfhjd.

Jrheéyjq celmz Léj Pjkf yfpsdftn yjdsq yjhvf-nbdysq frn ukfdysv jcyjdfybtv ghjdjlbvjq cgtw-uheggjq ghjabkfrnbxtcrjq rfvgfybb d xfcnb, jnyj-czotqcz r åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb. C ntö gjh, rfrvtymit ujlf yfpfl erfp åsk ghbyzn ujhjlcrbv cjdt-njv Ötqpknjyf, Pjkf jcelbk pf dkfltybt jåüzdkty-ysvb dyt pfrjyf bpltkbzvb jrjkj 30 xtkjdtr.

Cfvjq åjkmijq gjåtljq, ljcnbuyenjq åkfujlfhzänjve erfpe, rfr cxbnfñn xktys cgtwbfkmyjq uheg-gs, cnfk dspjd d cel dkfltkmwf vtcnyjuj vfufpbyf,ult yf gjkrfö åskb dscnfdktys ghbyflktéyjcnb lkzegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd. D jndtn yf dsldbyenjtjådbytybt öjpzby eåhfk c gjkjr änb ghtlvtns.

Åjhjnmcz tétlytdyj

Öjnz egjnhtåktybt uthjbyf b lheubö yfhrjnbxtcrbödtotcnd ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cfveñ pkjdtoeñ bcvthnjyjcyeñ ajhve gjhfpbditq Ötqpknjy yfh-rjvfybb, vyjubt cxbnfñn åjktt cthmtpyjq ghjåktvegjlhjcnrjdjuj fkrjujkbpvf.

Hfåjnfnm d ötqpknjycrjq cgtwuheggt Ifhjy Hbigjldbukj ujhmrjt jnrhsnbt: tt 17-ktnybq csy jrf-pfkcz fkrjujkbrjv. Ysytiyzz frnbdbcnrf rfvgfybbgj ghjcdtotybñ jåotcndtyyjcnb ujdjhbn: ≤Ctujlyzkñåjq 13-ktnybq gjlhjcnjr njxyj pyftn, relf gjqnbb c rtv cdzpfnmcz, xnjås ljcnfnm gbdj. Änj ckbirjvkturj, f d htpekmnfnt vs dblbv, xnj gznyflwfnb- bitcnyflwfnbktnybt gjlhjcnrb bcgsnsdfñn gjkyeñ,abpbxtcreñ fkrjujkmyeñ pfdbcbvjcnm≥.

Dtcyjq, rjulf åkbpbkcz ctpjy irjkmysö åfkjd b ds-gecrysö dtxthjd, xktys cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs ghb-dktrkb vyjubö vtcnysö njhujdwtd gbdjv r exfcnbñd rfvgfybb ghjnbd gjlhjcnrjdjuj gmzycndf. 60 ghj-wtynjd pltiybö hjpybxysö ghjlfdwjd gbdf ghbcjt-lbybkbcm r cgtwuheggt, xtnrj erfpfd cdjbv gjregf-ntkzv yf ytljgecnbvjcnm gjnhtåktybz änjuj yfgbn-rf gjlhjcnrfvb.

20

≤Dybvfybñ hjlbntktq dsgecrybrjd≥ – nfr jpfukfd-ktyf jngtxfnfyyfz d nbgjuhfabb kbcnjdrf, ktéfofze rfccs gbdyjuj vfufpbyf ≤Rbcnjey rtqc äyl rtu≥.Änb kbcnrb cgtwuheggf hfcnbhfébhjdfkf lkz gjre-gfntktq gbdf, ghtleghtélfz bö, xnj gj pfrjye infnfGtycbkmdfybz ghtljcnfdktybt fkrjujkz ytcjdth-ityyjktnybv cxbnftncz ghtcnegktybtv, rjnjhjtvjétn gjdktxm pf cjåjq nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt yfchjr lj gznb ktn b inhfa d 10 000 ljkkfhjd.

Dkfltktw ≤Rbcnjey≥ Ävb Ehåfy ujdjhbn: ≤Ghjnbd vj-bö jéblfybq äne kbcnjdre åthtn e yfc vyjuj kñltq.Jyb yt pyfkb j ceotcndjdfybb inhfaf d 10 000 lj-kkfhjd. Änj åjkmibt ltymub≥.

≤Vs ghjcnj öjntkb gjrfpfnm kñlzv, xnj pfrjy ljcnf-njxyj cehjd≥, – hfccrfpsdftn Hbi. ≤Yf kñltq änj yf-djlbn ytrjnjhsq cnhfö≥, – ghjljkéftn vfnm, xtqcsy d 17 ktn gjgfk d wtynh gj ktxtybñ fkrjujkbpvf.

Ghtlfyyjcnm b cthmtpysq yfcnhjq xktyjd cgtwbfkm-yjq uheggs yfkbwj. Jlyfrj nhelyj jghtltkbnm,ltqcndbntkmyj kb bö ecbkbz gjpdjkbkb cjrhfnbnm

yfhrjvfybñ b fkrjujkbpv chtlb ébntktq Ötqpknj-yf. Ghtlcnfdbntkm jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq jhufybpfwbb≤Rjfkbwbb vtcnysö cjjåotcnd Fvthbrb ghjnbdyfhrjnbrjd≥ cxbnftn, xnj ≤jyb ljcnbukb dslfñobö-cz ecgtöjd≥, jlyfrj ghtlctlfntkm uheggs Gjk Åhty-yth yt cgtibn ghjdjpukfifnm gjåtle. ≤Lf, vs vtyz-tv cbnefwbñ, – ujdjhbn jy, – yj dsbuhsdftv kb vsåbnde? Rjytxyj ét, ytn≥.

Vyjubt xktys cgtwuheggs ckbirjv öjhjij pyfñnhfpheibntkmyjt ltqcndbt yfhrjnbrjd, xnjås hfccxb-nsdfnm yf nj, xnj bö ecbkbz dctuj pf gjknjhf ujlfghbdtlen r htprbv bpvtytybzv d htubjyt. AhäyrRfnjyf hfåjnftn d uheggt, gjvyz j ldjñhjlyjv åhf-nt b gktvzyybrt, rjnjhst evthkb jn gthtljpbhjdrbuthjbyf. E ytuj ldf csyf-yfhrjvfyf. ≤Nfrbt dtobhden cthlwt, – ujdjhbn jy. – Z pfybvfñcm änbv gj-njve, xnj änf ghjåktvf ghbxbyztn vyt åjkm. Jyf rf-cftncz vjtq ctvmb, b z ujnjd dtcnb tétlytdyeñåjhmåe≥.

Ifhkby Gjhnth, rjhhtcgjyltyn Byajhvfwbjyyjuj

futyncndf CIF

21

Ubkmåthn Åjndby – ghjatccjh gcböbfnhbb,

ärcgthn gj djghjcfv plhfdjjöhfytybz, lbhtrnjh

Rjhytkkcrjuj bycnbnenf ghjabkfrnbxtcrbö

bccktljdfybq b fdnjh ghjuhfvvs ghtljndhfot-

ybz yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb ≤Hfpdbnbt

ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥. D bynthdmñ c htlfrnjhjv

ÑCBF Ifhkby Gjhnth ljrnjh Åjndby, jgbcs-

dfz cbkmyst cnjhjys änjq ghjuhfvvs, hfccrf-

pfk, gjxtve vyjubt nhflbwbjyyst gjlöjls r

ghtljndhfotybñ yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb

gjnthgtkb ytelfxe.

Djghjc: Rfr ds jghtltkztnt gjyznbt ≤ébpytyystyfdsrb≥ b rfrjt jnyjitybt jyb bvtñn r htitybñyfxfnm egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb, rjnjhjt ghbybvftnnjn bkb byjq xtkjdtr?

Jndtn: Ghtélt dctuj, dféyj bvtnm d dble, xnj gthb-jl dscjrjuj hbcrf åscnhjuj ghbdsrfybz r yfhrjnb-rfv ghböjlbncz yf yfxfkj ñyjcnb. Nj tcnm htxm bltnj ghjåktvt, utytpbc rjnjhjq cdzpfy c ltncrbvb bñyjitcrbvb ujlfvb. Ctqxfc bpdtcnyj, xnj hfpdbnbñe xtkjdtrf crkjyyjcnb r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjdcgjcjåcndetn yt jlby b lfét yt ytcrjkmrj vfksöafrnjhjd, f ckjéysq yfåjh hfpkbxysö afrnjhjd. C jlyjq cnjhjys, ceotcndeñn cjwbfkmyst dkbzybz,dytiybt dkbzybz – cj cnjhjys jrheétybz, cj cnj-hjys chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhst dyj-czn cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjc-nb. Jghtltktyyjt dkbzybt yf ltntq nfrét jrfpsdf-ñn bö cdthcnybrb b lhepmz. Rhjvt njuj, djpybryjdt-ybñ ghbdsxrb r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd cgjcjå-cndetn wtksq hzl lheubö afrnjhjd, cdzpfyysö cdyenhtyybvb cnbvekfvb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, rfr dyti-ybt, nfr b dyenhtyybt cbks vjuen gjåelbnm xtkjdt-rf yfxfnm egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb.

Vs gjkfuftv, xnj yfbåjktt äaatrnbdysvb ghjab-kfrnbxtcrbvb ghjuhfvvfvb jrfpsdfñncz ghjuhfv-

vs jåextybz ltntq yfåjhe jåobö ébpytyysö yfds-rjd, rjnjhst jyb cvjuen bcgjkmpjdfnm ghb htitybbgjdctlytdysö ghjåktv d cdjb ñyst ujls. Hfpdbdfz eltntq änb yfdsrb, vs yt njkmrj cjrhfoftv e yböcnbveks r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd, yj b bö ezpdb-vjcnm, bö djcghbbvxbdjcnm r dytiybv afrnjhfv.Gjvbvj jåobö ébpytyysö yfdsrjd vs nfrét ljyj-cbv lj ybö byajhvfwbñ b ghbdbdftv bv yfdsrb,bvtñobt cfvjt ytgjchtlcndtyyjt jnyjitybt rghjåktvt yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb. Yfghbvth,vs exbv bö äaatrnbdyj ghjnbdjcnjznm cjwbfkmyj-ve lfdktybñ, cjghjnbdkznmcz lfdktybñ cj cnjhjyschtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b cj cnjhjys lheptq:evtybñ crfpfnm ≤ytn≥, evtybñ dszdkznm b bpåtufnmjgfcysö cbnefwbq, d rjnjhsö, rfr bv bpdtcnyj, jybvjuen gjldthuyenmcz lfdktybñ, ghbyeélfñotve regjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd.

Ébpytyyst yfdsrb, rjnjhsv vs gsnftvcz exbnm lt-ntq, vjéyj hfpltkbnm yf ldt jcyjdyst rfntujhbb.Gthdfz rfntujhbz jåütlbyztn yfdsrb cfvjrjynhjkz,rjynhjkz yfl cjåcndtyysvb gjcnegrfvb, nj tcnm yf-dsrb ghbyznbz htitybq, yfdsrb cyznbz yfghzét-ybz b lbcrjvajhnf. Rj dnjhjq rfntujhbb jnyjcznczcjwbfkmyst yfdsrb, nj tcnm yfdsrb jåotybz, hfpuj-djhyst yfdsrb, edthtyyjcnm d ctåt b yfdsrb, rjnj-hst gjvjukb ås vjkjltéb dcnhtxfnmcz c yjdsvbkñlmvb b ghbjåhtnfnm yjdsö lheptq.

Åjkmibycndj bp yfc ghbjåhtnfñn änb yfdsrb d pht-kjv djphfcnt. Ytrjnjhst ecdfbdfñn bö, yfåkñlfz pfgjdtltybtv dphjcksö d cdjb ltncrbt ujls, yj d yf-ib lyb ltnb ghjdjlzn dct åjkmit dhtvtyb, jåofzcmc lheubvb ltnmvb. Jyb vtymit jåofñncz cj dphjc-ksvb, gjänjve djpybrftn cbnefwbz, yfgjvbyfñofzne, rjulf cktgjq dtltn cktgjuj. Vs cxbnftv dféysvcbcntvfnbxtcrjt jåextybt änbv yfdsrfv d hfvrföghjabkfrnbxtcrjq ghjuhfvvs. C gjvjomñ nfrjqrjvåbyfwbb hfpdbnbz jåobö yfdsrjd b ecdjtybzrjyrhtnyjuj byajhvfwbjyyjuj vfnthbfkf, cdzpfy-

HFPDBNBT ÉBPYTYYSÖ YFDSRJD GHTLJNDHFOFTN YFHRJNBXTCREÑ

PFDBCBVJCNM

22

yjuj c ghjåktvjq yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb, vsvjétv cjrhfnbnm yfhrjvfybñ yf 50–60fi.

Djghjc: Evtybt jåofnmcz, evtybt ghbjåhtnfnm lhe-ptq – rfrjt jnyjitybt änb yfdsrb bvtñn r njve,pföjxtn kb htåtyjr gjghjåjdfnm yfhrjnbrb bkb ytn?

Jndtn: Kñlb ytghfdbkmyj nhfrneñn ghbxbys yfh-rjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb. Ltkj yt ghjcnj d htitybbegjnhtåkznm bkb yt egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb. Dct nhf-lbwbjyyst gjlöjls r byajhvbhjdfybñ ltntq jdhtlt rehtybz, fkrjujkz b yfhrjnbrjd d pyfxbntkm-yjq cntgtyb gjnthgtkb ytelfxe. Yfexyst bccktljdf-ybz, rjnjhst gjvjukb jwtybnm nfrbt gjlöjls, rfr bgjlöjls, jcyjdfyysö yf pfgeubdfybb b gjlxthrbdf-ybb jgfcyjcnb egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd, gjrfpsdf-ñn, xnj jyb fåcjkñnyj ytäaatrnbdys.

Ghjåktvf yfvyjuj ibht, b ytjåöjlbv wtkjcnysqgjlöjl, rjnjhsq jödfnbk ås ytcrjkmrj hfpkbxysöafrnjhjd hbcrf. Vyjubt ébpytyyst yfdsrb, rjnj-hsv vs jåexftv ltntq, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb zdkzñn-cz pfobnysvb vtöfybpvfvb. Jyb ltkfñn ltntqcbkmysvb b evtymifñn ltqcndbt lehysö cnbvekjd.

Egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd cgjcjåcndeñn cfvst hfp-yst afrnjhs. Lkz hfpysö ltntq dféytqibv jrfps-dftncz njn bkb byjq afrnjh. Ytrjnjhst ltnb egj-nhtåkzñn yfhrjnbrb, yfghbvth, rjulf jyb joeofñnlbcrjvajhn d jåotcndt. Jyb egjnhtåkzñn yfhrjnb-rb, nfr rfr levfñn, xnj änj gjvjétn bv cghfdbnmcz ccjwbfkmysv lbcrjvajhnjv. Hfpdbdfz e ltntq evtybtcghfdbnmcz c joeotybtv lbcrjvajhnf, ds ghbdb-dftnt bv flfgnbdyst ébpytyyst yfdsrb, b njulf lt-nb yt åelen yeélfnmcz d yfhrjnbxtcrbö cnbvekznj-hfö lkz åjhmås c jnhbwfntkmysvb xedcndfvb, ds-pdfyysvb cjwbfkmysv lbcrjvajhnjv.

D lheubö ckexfzö ltnb yfxbyfñn egjnhtåkznm yfh-rjnbrb, xnjås gjkexbnm ljcneg d jghtltktyysqrheu cdthcnybrjd, åsnm ghbyznsvb d rfreñ-nj uheg-ge ltntq bkb xnjås gjyhfdbnmcz lheubv. Hfpdbdfz eybö yfåjh cjwbfkmysö yfdsrjd, gjvjufñobq dcnht-xfnmcz c yjdsvb kñlmvb b yfkfébdfnm yjhvfkmystlheétcrbt jnyjitybz, vs evtymiftv e ltntq cnb-veks r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd.

Dféyj, xnjås ltnb gjyzkb, xnj åjkmibycndj lheuböltntq yt egjnhtåkzñn yfhrjnbrb. Ltnb, celz gj dct-ve, gthtjwtybdfñn ghjwtyn cdjbö cdthcnybrjd, fnfrét dphjcksö, egjnhtåkzñobö yfhrjnbrb. Cjpyf-

ybt, xnj ≤dct ltkfñn änj≥, jrfpsdftn lfdktybt yfrféljuj htåtyrf, pfcnfdkzz tuj cjjndtncndjdfnm nj-ve, xnj, rfr tve jibåjxyj ghtlcnfdkztncz, cjcnfdkz-tn yjhve gjdtltybz. Byajhvbhez ltntq j njv, xnjåjkmibycndj ltntq yt egjnhtåkzñn yfhrjnbrb, gj-rfpsdfz, xnj yt egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb – yjhvfkm-yj, ds evtymiftnt lfdktybt, ghbyeélfñott ltntqcjjndtncndjdfnm änbv dytiybv cnfylfhnfv, rjnjhsöd ltqcndbntkmyjcnb yt ceotcndetn.

Nfr xnj rjvåbyfwbz afrnjhjd, bvtñobö ytgjchtl-cndtyyjt jnyjitybt r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd bghbyeéltybñ r bö egjnhtåktybñ, f nfrét åjktt jå-obö ébpytyysö yfdsrjd, rjnjhst ghblfñn ltnzvåjkmitt xedcndj cfvjrjynhjkz b xedcndj cjåcndty-yjuj ljcnjbycndf, evtymifñn bcgsnsdftvjt bvbjoeotybt lbcrjvajhnf d jåotcndt, cyfåéfñn bövtnjlfvb htitybz vyjubö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb bvghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnmcz d ébpyb, d jåotv b wtkjvgjvjuftn bv åsnm åjktt cxfcnkbdsvb b ljåbdfnmczecgtöjd.

Djghjc: Ds crfpfkb, xnj, cjukfcyj ytrjnjhsv bc-cktljdfybzv, ghjuhfvvs, gjlxthrbdfñobt jgfcyjc-nb yfhrjnbrjd, jrfpfkbcm yt ckbirjv äaatrnbdys-vb. Änj ghjbcöjlbn gjnjve, xnj jyb yt bcgjkmpeñnjgbcfyysq dfvb dctcnjhjyybq gjlöjl? Jyb ckbi-rjv jlyjcnjhjyyb?

Jndtn: Lf, bvtyyj nfr. Z cgtwbfkmyj egjvzyek ghj-uhfvvs hfcghjcnhfytybz byajhvfwbb, gjnjve xnjjyb nhflbwbjyyj ghbvtyzñncz d Fvthbrt lkz ght-ljndhfotybz yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb.

Rfpfkjcm ås, c kjubxtcrjq njxrb phtybz jyb ljkéysåsnm äaatrnbdysvb. Dfib ltnb egjnhtåkzñn yfh-rjnbrb, ds gjdsiftnt ehjdtym bö byajhvbhjdfy-yjcnb jå jgfcyjcnb egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd, bjyb, dblbvj, ljkéys ghbyznm lkz ctåz hfwbjyfkm-yjt htitybt yt egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb. Yj ltkj dnjv, xnj ltnb ajhvfkmyj yt ghbybvfñn htitybzegjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb. Jyb cjcrfkmpsdfñn d änjåjkjnj gjcntgtyyj. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd jybcrkjyzñncz r egjnhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd, lfét yt pf-levsdfzcm jå änjv. Änj yt hfwbjyfkmysq ghjwtcc,gjänjve hfwbjyfkmysq gjlöjl r lfyyjq ghjåktvt,jcyjdfyysq yf gjdsitybb cntgtyb byajhvbhjdfy-yjcnb, yt cgjcjåcndetn tt htitybñ.

Bvtyyj änjn vyjujcnjhjyybq fcgtrn ghjåktvs, rj-njhsq egecrfkcz bp dblf fdnjhfvb cnfhsö ghjabkfr-

23

nbxtcrbö vtnjlbr, b åsk drkñxty d ghjuhfvve ≤Hfp-dbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥. Lfyyfz ghjåktvf ltqcn-dbntkmyj nhtåetn dctcnjhjyytuj, wtkjcnyjuj gjlöjlf.

Djghjc: Jlyj bp jåüzcytybq, rjnjhst vs xfcnjcksibv j njv, gjxtve njn bkb byjq gjlhjcnjr ghb-cnhfcnbkcz r yfhrjnbrfv, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jy≤gjldthucz lehyjve dkbzybñ≥. Rfrbv jåhfpjv ghj-uhfvvf ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥ cgjcjåcn-detn ghtljndhfotybñ änjuj dkbzybz?

Jndtn: Ldevz genzvb. Ghbdbdfz ltnzv yfåjh jåoböébpytyysö yfdsrjd, jyf gjvjuftn bv ghtecgtnm dbö ñyst ujls. Ltnb, rjnjhst d cdjb ñyst ujls bc-gsnsdfñn nhelyjcnb – d jåotybb, d gkfyt abpbxtc-rjuj hfpdbnbz bkb d extåt, – änb ltnb nzujntñn ruheggt cdthcnybrjd c ytyjhvfnbdysv gjdtltybtv.Jyb crkjyys cnjhjybnmcz ltntq, rjnjhst ndthljdcnfkb yf genm ecgtöf, b gjcntgtyyj yfxbyfñn ldb-ufnmcz gj ≤byjq ébpytyyjq nhftrnjhbb≥, rfr tt yf-psdfñn extyst. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jyb nzujntñnr uheggt cdthcnybrjd c ytyjhvfnbdysv gjdtltybtv,gjnjve xnj levfñn, xnj njkmrj jyf ujnjdf bö ghb-yznm. Jyb cxbnfñn ctåz ytelfxybrfvb. C lheujq cnj-hjys, jyb vjuen jndthufnm wtyyjcnb, ghjgjdtlet-vst bö åjktt elfxkbdsvb cdthcnybrfvb – ntvb, rnjghtecgtdftn d irjkt b d cgjhnt, – b nzujntnm r åjkttytyjhvfnbdyjve yfåjhe wtyyjcntq. Tot hfp öjxegjlxthryenm – pltcm bvttn vtcnj rjvåbyfwbz dyen-htyybö b dytiybö ghbxby.

Ytrjnjhst ltnb jnkbxfñncz crkjyyjcnmñ r gjbcreyjdsö jcnhsö joeotybq d ébpyb. Lkz njuj, xnjåsgjkexfnm eljdjkmcndbt jn ébpyb, bv ytjåöjlbvfvjoyfz cnbvekzwbz. Yt dct ltnb jnyjczncz r änjqrfntujhbb, yj hzl ltntq, ghjzdkzñobö bynthtc ryfhrjnbrfv, jnkbxftn änf crkjyyjcnm r gjbcre jc-nhsö joeotybq. Ltnb, rjnjhst hbcreñn, cjdthifzjgfcyst gjcnegrb, yjczcm yf vjnjwbrkfö b edktrf-zcm pfnzéysvb ghsérfvb c gfhfiñnjv, nfrét xfcnjegjnhtåkzñn yfhrjnbrb.

Gjänjve ghjuhfvvf ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥,ghbdbdfz ltnzv ytjåöjlbvst yfdsrb, evtymiftndthjznyjcnm bö nzujntybz r rjvgfybzv c jnrkjyt-ybzvb jn yjhvs.

Djghjc: F rfr ét kñåbntkb jcnhsö jieotybq ? Lf-tn kb bv ghjuhfvvf ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥ytxnj nfrjt, xnj vjukj ås jåeplfnm bö nzue r jcnhsvjoeotybzv?

Jndtn: Jyf yt d cjcnjzybb gjkyjcnmñ jåeplfnm änjcnhtvktybt, yj d jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb änj elftncz.D hfvrfö hfpdbnbz e ltntq yfdsrjd evtymitybzxedcndf lbcrjvajhnf, vs jåexftv bö vtnjlfv ht-kfrcfwbb, gjvjufz rjynhjkbhjdfnm cdjb xedcndf dckexft cnhtccf bkb lbcrjvajhnf. Vs exbv bö, rfrhfcckfåbnmcz, ecgjrjbnmcz. Änj gjktpyj ltnzv, rjnj-hst yt evtñn cjchtljnjxbnmcz bkb crkjyys r gjbc-re jcnhsö joeotybq. Vs jåyfheébkb, xnj jåext-ybt gj ghjuhfvvt ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysö yfdsrjd≥evtymiftn étkfybt hbcrjdfnm. Jåkflfz wtksv yfåj-hjv yfdsrjd gj rjynhjkñ cdjtuj cjåcndtyyjuj gj-dtltybz, ltnb cgjcjåys yt njkmrj kexit eghfdkznmcdjbvb bvgekmcbdysvb gjcnegrfvb, yj b cnfyj-dbnmcz yf genm ecgtöf b ljcnbufnm xedcndf djpåeélt-ybz c gjvjomñ åjktt yjhvfkmysö chtlcnd, ytétkbyfhrjnbrb.

Djghjc: Rfrjdf hjkm hjlbntktq d jcdjtybb htåty-rjv änbö yjdsö yfdsrjd cfvjrjynhjkz?

Jndtn: Änj nf xfcnm ajhveks htitybz ghjåktvs, crjnjhjq vs njkmrj yfxfkb ärcgthbvtynbhjdfnm dgjcktlybt ldf ujlf. Vs gsnftvcz dyeibnm hjlbnt-kzv vsckm j dféyjcnb vjybnjhbyuf gjdtltybz lt-ntq, j ytjåöjlbvjcnb yt jcnfdkznm bö åtp yflpjhf brjynhjkbhjdfnm, c rtv jyb jåofñncz. Hjlbntkb lj-kéys ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm rheu lheptq cdjbö ltntq b,tckb ltnb yfxbyfñn nzujntnm r jåotcnde c jnrkjyt-ybzvb jn yjhvs, nj hjlbntkb vjuen dvtifnmcz. Dyf-xfkt ghtljndhfnbnm änj jnyjcbntkmyj kturj. Gj vthtgjlhfcnfybz ltntq, gj vtht erhtgktybz cdzptq lt-ntq c rheujv cdjbö cdthcnybrjd c ytyjhvfnbdysvgjdtltybtv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt bpvtybnm ckj-ébdittcz gjkjétybt.

Hjlbntkb nfrét ljkéys dyeibnm cdjbv ltnzvvsckm j njv, xnj d ctvmt ceotcndetn fynbyfhrjnb-xtcrfz änbrf, fynbyfhrjnbxtcrfz yjhvf gjdtltybz.Jyb ljkéys zcyj lfnm bv gjyznm änj. Hjlbntkb lj-kéys ddtcnb yflktéfobt b cghfdtlkbdst ghfdbkf bcnfylfhns gjdtltybz b ghbvtyznm hfpevyjt yfrfpf-ybt. Xnj rfcftncz lbcwbgkbys, nj nen yfåkñlftnczldjqcndtyyjcnm. Rfr vjéyj jéblfnm, ltnb bp ctvtq,ult hjlbntkb gjpdjkzñn bv ckbirjv vyjujt, gjl-dthétys jxtym dscjrjve hbcre egjnhtåktybz yfh-rjnbrjd. Yj b ltnb bp ctvtq, ult wfhbn jcjåtyyjcnhjufz lbcwbgkbyf, nfrét gjldthétys dscjrjvehbcre egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd. Xfcnj jxtym nhelyjyfqnb pjkjneñ cthtlbye vtéle ldevz änbvb rhfq-yjcnzvb, yj hjlbntkb ljkéys pyfnm jå jgfcyjcnzö,

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rjnjhst nfzn d ctåt ckbirjv åjkmibt djkmyjcnbbkb, yfjåjhjn, ckbirjv cnhjufz lbcwbgkbyf.

Djghjc: Nfr ds cnjhjyybr dvtifntkmcndf c wtkmñghtljndhfotybz yfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb?

Jndtn: B lf, b ytn. Dféyj ghfdbkmyj jwtybdfnm cb-nefwbñ. Vs 20 ktn ghjdjlbv bccktljdfybz, ltvjyc-nhbheñobt, xnj ghjuhfvvf ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysöyfdsrjd≥ vjétn cjrhfnbnm egjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrjdyfgjkjdbye d ntö irjkfö, ult ghtgjlftncz änf ghj-uhfvvf, gj chfdytybñ cj irjkfvb, ult tt ytn. Vsghjdtkb ltcznrb bccktljdfybq, htpekmnfns rjnjhsöåskb jgeåkbrjdfys d yfexysö éehyfkfö b ltvjyc-nhbheñn, xnj gjljåysq gjlöjl r ghjabkfrnbrt vj-étn pyfxbntkmyj b htprj cybpbnm egjnhtåktybt yfh-rjnbrjd. Ghjwtyn ecgtöf yfituj vtnjlf ljcnbuftn90fi, yj hfpevytt ujdjhbnm j 60fi ecgtöf. Båj rjulfvs ujdjhbv, xnj ghjuhfvvf ≤Hfpdbnbt ébpytyysöyfdsrjd≥, ghtlkjétyyfz njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjquheggt, ghbdjlbn r 60-ghjwtynyjve cjrhfotybñxbckf ltntq, nzujntñobö r yfhrjnbrfv, gj-ghtéyt-ve jcnfñncz ytjödfxtyysvb 40fi ltntq. Lfét cfvfzäaatrnbdyfz ghjabkfrnbrf yt ljcnbuftn vyjuböltntq. B änj jxtym dféyfz ghjåktvf.

Lheufz cthmtpyfz ghjåktvf: ghjabkfrnbxtcrfz ghj-uhfvvf, rfr ås öjhjif jyf yb åskf, crkjyyf c ntxt-ybtv dhtvtyb enhfxbdfnm cdjñ äaatrnbdyjcnm, tckbyt ghjdjlbncz gjcnjzyyfz hfåjnf, rjnjheñ vs yf-psdftv ≤frnbdyjq gjllthérjq≥. Änj jcjåtyyj frne-fkmyj lkz exfoböcz ctlmvsö-djcmvsö rkfccjd chtl-ytq irjks.

E vtyz bvtñncz dct jcyjdfybz dthbnm d äaatrnbd-yjcnm yfituj gjlöjlf yf jcyjdfybb lfyysö yfex-ysö bccktljdfybq, rjnjhsvb vs hfcgjkfuftv. Yjjåtcgtxbdftn kb jy 100-ghjwtynysq jödfn? Ytn. Gj-ghtéytve jcnftncz vyjuj ltntq, rjnjhsö vs yt jödfnsdftv.

Djghjc: Vjéyj kb jödfnbnm dctö ltntq bkb ds cxb-nftnt, xnj änj ytdjpvjéyj?

Jndtn: Änj zdyj dsöjlbn pf hfvrb yfibö ysyti-ybö djpvjéyjcntq. Nhelyj crfpfnm, xtuj vs vjétvljåbnmcz d åeleotv. Z edthty, xnj vs cvjétv gjds-cbnm b ekexibnm äaatrnbdyjcnm yfibö ghjabkfr-nbxtcrbö ghjuhfvv. Gj vtht hfpdbnbz pyfybq b åj-ktt zcyjuj ghtlcnfdktybz jå jcyjdysö ghbxbyföyfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnb yfv åeltn ktuxt cjdth-itycndjdfnm b ljhfåfnsdfnm ghjabkfrnbxtcrbt gjl-öjls.

Åjkmibycndj jghjåjdfyysö yfvb gjlöjljd jrfpf-kbcm yt jxtym äaatrnbdysvb. Dféyj dsqnb pf hfv-rb jåotghbyznjq njxrb phtybz j njv, xnj ghjab-kfrnbrf yt hfåjnftn, rjnjhfz, gj-dblbvjve, ghtjåkf-lftn chtlb ibhjrbö vfcc yfctktybz b d ytrjnjhjqcntgtyb d cntyfö Rjyuhtccf. Vs ljkéys d gthdeñjxthtlm hfcghjcnhfyznm byajhvfwbñ – b änj cfvjtukfdyjt – j njv, xnj ghjabkfrnbxtcrbt vths vjuenåsnm äaatrnbdysvb. Ceotcndeñn gjlöjls, rjnjhstjrfpsdfñncz ltqcndtyysvb d ckexft bö nofntkmyjqb ghfdbkmyjq htfkbpfwbb. Dnjhjq dféysq vjvtyncdzpfy c ntv, xnj pf gjcktlybt 20 ktn vs vyjujt ep-yfkb j ltqcndtyyjcnb hfpkbxysö vtnjljd, yj bvt-tncz juhjvysq hfphsd vtéle ntv, xnj bpdtcnyj yf-ert, b ntv, xnj jceotcndkzñn yf ghfrnbrt. Gjänjveytjåöjlbvj ecgtiyj djgkjofnm gjkextyyst yfex-yst pyfybz d ébpym, ljdjlz bö lj ntö, rnj jceotcn-dkztn ghjuhfvvs, lj ghfrnbrjd b gtlfujujd. Vs lj-kéys gjrfpfnm bv, rfrbt bvtyyj gjlöjls jrfpsdf-ñncz äaatrnbdysvb.

Ifhkby Gjhnth, rjhhtcgjyltyn Byajhvfwbjyyjuj

futyncndf CIF

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LJRKFLS B LJREVTYNS

Dslthérb bp geåkbrfwbb, hfcghjcnhfyztvjq cht-

lb hjlbntktq d hfvrfö Ghjuhfvvs åtpjgfcysö b

cdjåjlysö jn yfhrjnbrjd irjk Vbybcnthcndf

ghjcdtotybz CIF. C vjvtynf dsöjlf gthdjuj bp-

lfybz chtlb hjlbntktq dctq cnhfys åskj hfc-

ghjcnhfytyj 28 vbkkbjyjd ärptvgkzhjd. Änj gj-

cjåbt vjéyj nfrét gjkexbnm bp Bynthytnf gj

flhtce: www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS.

C NJXRB PHTYBZ DFITUJ HTÅTYRF

Gjxtve htåtyjr egjnhtåkztn yfhrjnbrb

Gjyznyj, gjxtve ytrjnjhst hjlbntkb yfhrjvfyjdlevfñn, xnj bö htåtyjr cnfk egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrbgjl djpltqcndbtv cdthcnybrjd bkb njhujdwtd yfh-rjnbrfvb. Jlyfrj ltnb ujdjhzn, xnj cnfkb egjnhtå-kznm yfhrjnbrb, xnjås bpåfdbnmcz jn crerb, gjxed-cndjdfnm ctåz öjhjij, pfåsnm j cdjbö ghjåktvfö bhfcckfåbnmcz, gjdtctkbnmcz, eljdktndjhbnm cdjt kñ-åjgsncndj, hbcryenm, jckfåbnm åjkm, gjxedcndjdfnmctåz dphjcksv, gjrfpfnm cdjñ ytpfdbcbvjcnm, ghjlt-vjycnhbhjdfnm ghbyflktéyjcnm r jghtltktyyjquheggt bkb dsukzltnm ≤rhenj≥.

Ltnb b gjlhjcnrb xfcnj cfvb ghbvsrfñn r yjdjqrjvgfybb hjdtcybrjd, xnjås ghjdjlbnm dhtvz c ds-

åhfdibvb fyfkjubxysq cnbkm ébpyb, f yt ghjcnjgjlgflfñn gjl dkbzybt yjdsö lheptq.

Hjlbntkb kexit dctuj pyfñn cdjbö ltntq, b gjänjvebv ktuxt ghtlkjébnm ghfdbkmyst fkmnthyfnbds egj-nhtåktybñ yfhrjnbrjd. Cgjhn, rkeås, ehjrb vepsrb,jåotcndtyyfz hfåjnf b rheérb yt njkmrj gjllthéb-dfñn frnbdyjcnm b pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm ltntq b gjl-hjcnrjd, yj b cåkbéfñn bö c hjlbntkzvb, rjnjhstvjuen gjctofnm buhs b dscnegktybz. Lkz hfpdbnbzgjpbnbdyjuj xedcndf ytpfdbcbvjcnb vjéyj gjjo-hznm hfåjne åäåbcbnnthjv bkb htgtnbnjhjv. Kñåb-ntkzv hbcrjdfnm vjéyj ghtlkjébnm pfyznmcz crfkj-kfpfybtv, rfhfnt bkb öjlbnm d gjöjls.

Xnj yfit jåotcndj ujdjhbn ltnzv j yfhrjnbrfö

R cjéfktybñ, d yfitq rekmneht ghjwdtnfñn vjls bghbxels, ghjgfufylbheñobt cfvst ijrbheñobtwtyyjcnb. D vjpu cjdhtvtyysö ltntq ghjybrfñn bc-rkñxbntkmyj bpjohtyysvb b ytzdysvb cgjcjåfvbbltb j njv ≤öjhjitv≥, xnj cdzpfyj c fkrjujktv, nf-åfrjv b yfhrjnbrfvb. Dfib ltnb vjuen dbltnm, rfrntktgthcjyféb ébden d åjufncndt b hjcrjib yfltymub jn ghjlféb yfhrjnbrjd, vjuen yfnryenmcz yfeptk Bynthytn, ult fubnbheñn pf ktufkbpfwbñ vfhb-öefys, dbltnm cdjbö kñåbvsö rbyjpdtpl rehzobvb

RFR DSHFCNBNM LTNTQ, YT EGJNHTÅKZÑOBÖYFHRJNBRB: GHJABKFRNBXTCRJT GJCJÅBT

LKZ HJLBNTKTQ

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d ytlfdyj dsitlibö yf ärhfys abkmvfö bkb cke-ifnm gtcyb c jgbcfybtv djcnjhuf jn ctrcf d cjcnjz-ybb yfhrjnbxtcrjuj jgmzytybz.

Lkz åjhmås c nfrbvb dgtxfnktybzvb gjcnfdmnt ntkt-dbpjh b rjvgmñnth d jåotq rjvyfnt, xnjås ds vju-kb rjynhjkbhjdfnm nj, xnj cvjnhzn dfib ltnb.

Gjcblbnt c ybvb, rjulf jyb cvjnhzn ntktdbpjh, bkbrjulf jyb ≤åhjlzn≥ gj Bynthytne, xnjås bpexbnm bödrecs. Dct, xnj dspsdftn dfit åtcgjrjqcndj, vjéyjghtdhfnbnm d ≤gtlfujubxtcrbq vjvtyn≥. Ds vjétntecnfyjdbnm ghbywbgs, rjnjhsv ljkéys jndtxfnm nt-ktgthtlfxb, abkmvs b epks Bynthytnf, gjlöjlzobtlkz dfituj htåtyrf. Öjhjij nfrét pfdthbnm ltntq,xnj vbh yt nfr vhfxty, rfr änj vjétn gjrfpfnmcz ce-lz gj ghjuhfvvfv yjdjcntq, d wtynht dybvfybz rj-njhsö yföjlzncz zpds jåotcndf.

Gjpyfrjvmntcm c kñåbvsvb hflbjcnfywbzvb, rjv-gfrn-lbcrfvb b rfcctnfvb dfibö ltntq. Gj lfyysvytlfdytuj bccktljdfybz, åjkmibycndj gjlhjcnrjdghtlgjxbnfñn pfybvfnmcz cdjbvb kñåbvsvb dyti-rjkmysvb pfyznbzvb gjl vepsre b ckeifñn tt dchtlytv jn nhtö lj xtnshtö xfcjd d ltym. Gjcrjkmredj vyjubö gtcyzö, rjnjhst jyb cksifn, egjnhtåktybtyfhrjnbrjd dsukzlbn ghbdktrfntkmysv b yt cjghz-étyysv c gjcktlcndbzvb, ds cvjétnt dscnegbnm ghj-nbd nfrjuj dgtxfnktybz, xtnrj pfzdbd cdjñ gjpbwbñ.

RFR GHJCDTOFNM HTÅTYRF J YFHRJNBRFÖ

Ljirjkmybrb

Ujdjhbnm j yfhrjnbrfö c ljirjkmybrfvb vjétn gj-rfpfnmcz ghtéltdhtvtyysv, jlyfrj gjpbwbb b ghb-dsxrb, rjnjhst e ybö ajhvbheñncz d änjv djphfcnt,jrfpsdfñn dféyjt dkbzybt yf htitybz, rjnjhstjyb åelen ghbybvfnm, cnfd cnfhit. D änjv hfyytvdjphfcnt jyb cnhtvzncz epyfdfnm b pfgjvbyfnm ghf-dbkf b öjnzn ecksifnm dfit vytybt j njv, xnj nfrjt≤öjhjij≥ b xnj nfrjt ≤gkjöj≥. Öjnz jyb eét ljcnf-njxyj åjkmibt lkz njuj, xnjås gjybvfnm, xnj reht-ybt lkz ybö gkjöj, jyb tot yt ujnjds r djcghbznbñckjéysö afrnjd jå fkrjujkt, nfåfrt b lheubö yfh-rjnbrfö. Ntv yt vtytt d änjv djphfcnt evtcnyj ghb-jåhtnfnm ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb ghbyznbz htitybqb ghtjljktybz ghjåktv, rjnjhst bv gjyfljåznczlkz njuj, xnjås crfpfnm ≤ytn≥ dgjcktlcndbb.

Djn ytrjnjhst cgjcjås, gjpdjkzñobt gjvjxm df-ibv ltnzv ljirjkmyjuj djphfcnf ghbybvfnm ghf-dbkmyst htitybz d jnyjitybb njuj, xnj cktletn bxtuj yt cktletn ddjlbnm dyenhm cdjtuj jhufybpvf:

• Hfccrfébnt, gjxtve ltnzv yeéyf pljhjdfz gbof.Gjghjcbnt htåtyrf yfpdfnm ytcrjkmrj kñåbvsöghjlernjd b hfpüzcybnt, rfr änf gbof cgjcjåcn-detn gjllthéfybñ pljhjdmz b cbks.

• Dsltkbnt htuekzhyjt dhtvz, rjulf ds vjétnt dctcdjt dybvfybt eltkznm dfitve csye (ljxthb).Czlmnt yf gjk b gjbuhfqnt c htåtyrjv, epyfqnt jnjv, xnj tq yhfdbncz b yt yhfdbncz, lfqnt tve gj-yznm, xnj ds kñåbnt tuj, crfébnt tq, xnj jyfckbirjv pfvtxfntkmyf b ytgjdnjhbvf lkz njuj,xnjås ghbybvfnm yfhrjnbrb. Ntv cfvsv ds cjplf-lbnt ghjxyst jnyjitybz ljdthbz b ghbdzpfyyjc-nb, rjnjhst gjpdjkzn jåktuxbnm htitybt yt egj-nhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb d uhzleobt ujls.

• Ecnfyjdbnt nfrbt ghbywbgs, rfr ytjåöjlbvjcnmbuhfnm xtcnyj, ltkbnmcz buheirfvb b ujdjhbnmghfdle c ntv, xnjås ltnb pyfkb, rfrjuj hjlf gjdt-ltybz ds jn ybö jéblftnt.

• Gjjohzqnt dfituj htåtyrf cktljdfnm erfpfybzv bpflfdfnm djghjcs, tckb jy yt gjybvftn erfpfybz.

• Tckb e dfituj htåtyrf xnj-nj yt gjkexftncz d ghj-wtcct buhs, djcgjkmpeqntcm änbv lkz hfpdbnbz yf-dsrjd ghtjljktybz ghjåktv. R ghbvthe, tckb åfi-yz bp reåbrjd dct dhtvz gflftn, gjhfåjnfqnt dvtc-nt, xnjås yfqnb djpvjéyst htitybz. Ghtdhfot-ybt ytufnbdyjq cbnefwbb d ecgtiyeñ erhtgkztnedthtyyjcnm htåtyrf d cjåcndtyysö cbkfö.

• Gj djpvjéyjcnb hfphtifqnt dfitve htåtyre ds-åbhfnm, xnj jltdfnm. Lfét tckb jltélf yt cjdctvdslthéfyf d wdtnjdjq ufvvt, ds hfpdbdftnt cgj-cjåyjcnb htåtyrf r ghbyznbñ htitybq.

• Erfébnt yf zljdbnst b dhtlyst dtotcndf, rjnj-hst jåsxyj yföjlzncz ljvf, nfrbt rfr jnåtkbdf-ntkm, reöjyyjt xbcnzott chtlcndj b chtlcndj lkzgjkbhjdrb vtåtkb, b ghjxbnfqnt dckeö ghtleght-élfñobt änbrtnrb yf ghjlernfö. Gjzcybnt lt-nzv, xnj yt yf dctö ≤gkjöbö≥ ktrfhcndfö bvtñnczghtleghtéltybz jå jgfcyjcnb gjgflfybz bödyenhm jhufybpvf xtkjdtrf, f gjnjve vjéyj tcnmbkb yñöfnm njkmrj gboe bkb ghjgbcfyyjt ktrfh-

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cndj, rjnjhst bv lftnt ds, ltleirf (åfåeirf)bkb yzyz.

• Hfpüzcybnt, xnj ghjgbcfyyst vtlbrfvtyns – änjktrfhcndf, rjnjhst vjuen gjvjxm njve, lkz rjujjyb ghtlyfpyfxtys, b gjdhtlbnm kñåjve lheujve,– jcjåtyyj ltnzv, rjnjhst ljkéys lthéfnmcz jnybö gjlfkmit.

Gjlujnjdbntkmysq rkfcc – nhtnbq rkfcc (jn 5 lj 8 ktn)

D änjv djphfcnt htåtyjr jåsxyj ltvjycnhbhetn hfc-neobq bynthtc r vbhe, yföjlzotvecz pf ghtltkfvbctvmb b ljvf. Ntgthm yfcnftn dhtvz lkz njuj, xnjåshfpüzcybnm, xnj nfrjt fkrjujkm, nfåfr b yfhrjnbrb,b nj, xnj ytrjnjhst kñlb bcgjkmpeñn bö lfét yt-cvjnhz yf nj, xnj jyb dhtlys, f nfrét jgbcfnm gj-cktlcndbz bö egjnhtåktybz. Hfccrfébnt, xnj kñåjtdtotcndj, rjnjhjt xtkjdtr ghbybvftn dyenhm, jn-kbxyjt jn gbob, vjétn åsnm rhfqyt dhtlysv. Gjzc-ybnt, rfr yfhrjnbrb vtifñn hfåjnt jhufybpvf bvjuen ghbdtcnb r jxtym gkjöjve cfvjxedcndbñ xt-kjdtrf bkb lfét dspdfnm cvthnm. (E åjkmibycndf lt-ntq änjuj djphfcnf eét tcnm kbxysq ébpytyysqjgsn d cdzpb cj cvthnmñ hjlcndtyybrf bkb hjlcn-dtyybrf rjuj-kbåj bp irjks.) Hfpüzcybnt gjyznbtghbdsrfybz – xnj egjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrf vjétncnfnm dtcmvf dhtlyjq ghbdsxrjq, jn rjnjhjq nhelyjbpåfdbnmcz. Gjödfkbnt dfibö ltntq pf öjhjibqeöjl pf cdjbv ntkjv b ytegjnhtåktybt njuj, xnj bvvjétn gjdhtlbnm.

R nhtnmtve rkfcce ltnb ljkéys gjybvfnm:

• rfr jnkbxfñncz lheu jn lheuf ghjlerns gbnfybz,zls, ktrfhcndf b yfhrjnbrb;

• xnj ktrfhcndf, ghjgbcfyyst dhfxjv b ghbybvft-vst gjl herjdjlcndjv jndtncndtyyjuj dphjckjuj,vjuen gjvjufnm d gthbjl åjktpyb, yj vjuen åsnmdhtlysvb ghb ytghfdbkmyjv egjnhtåktybb, b gj-änjve ltnzv yeéyj lthéfnmcz gjlfkmit jn ytbp-dtcnyjuj dtotcndf bkb tvrjcnb;

• gjxtve dphjckst vjuen gbnm fkrjujkm, f ltnb ytvjuen, ghbxtv lfét d ytåjkmibö rjkbxtcndfö, –änj dhtlyj lkz hfcneobö vjpuf b jhufybpvf ltntq.

C xtndthnjuj gj itcnjq rkfcc (jn 9 lj 11 ktn)

Ghjljkéfqnt pfybvfnm étcnreñ gjpbwbñ d jnyjit-ybb yfhrjnbrjd. C ltnmvb änjuj djphfcnf vjéyjghjdtcnb åjktt ckjéyjt jåceéltybt njuj, gjxtvekñltq ghbdktrfñn yfhrjnbrb. Ds vjétnt djcgjkm-pjdfnmcz bö kñåjgsncndjv gj gjdjle cthmtpysönhfdvbheñobö cjåsnbq d ébpyb kñltq (nbgf fdnj-vjåbkmyjq fdfhbb bkb hfpdjlf), xnjås jåcelbnm dj-ghjc j njv, rfr yfhrjnbrb vjuen cnfnm ghbxbyjqänbö cjåsnbq. Rhjvt njuj, ltnb änjuj djphfcnf kñ-åzn epyfdfnm hfpkbxyst afrns, jcjåtyyj cnhfyyjujhjlf, b jyb öjnzn pyfnm, rfr hfåjnfñn dtob. Ltnbänjq djphfcnyjq uheggs vjuen cbkmyj pfbynthtcj-dfnmcz ntv, rfr yfhrjnbrb ltqcndeñn yf vjpu bkbjhufybpv yfhrjvfyf. Gjzcybnt, xnj kñåjt dtotcndj,ghbyznjt d bpkbiytv rjkbxtcndt, – åelm-nj ktrfh-cndj jn rfikz bkb fcgbhby, – vjétn åsnm jgfcysv.

D änj dhtvz rhfqyt dféyjt pyfxtybt ghbjåhtnfñnlhepmz – kexibq lheu bkb uheggf lheptq, – f nfrétyflktéfott gjkjétybt d uheggt b djcghbznbt ctåzlheubvb rfr ≤yjhvfkmyjuj≥. Rjulf ltnb gthtöjlzn dchtlybt bkb cnfhibt rkfccs, jyb gjrblfñn cdjt ep-rjt b kexit pfobofñott jrheétybt b dcnegfñn dåjktt vyjujxbcktyyeñ b åjktt hfpjåotyyeñ njkgeltntq ghtlgjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf. Änb åjktt cnfh-ibt ltnb vjuen gjpyfrjvbnm dfituj htåtyrf c fkrj-ujktv, nfåfrjv b yfhrjnbrfvb. Bccktljdfybz gjrfps-dfñn, xnj xtv hfymit ltnb yfxbyfñn egjnhtåkznm änbdtotcndf, ntv åjkmit dthjznyjcnm djpybryjdtybz ct-hmtpysö ghjåktv. Gjänjve dféyj, xnjås gthtl ntv,rfr gthtqnb d chtlybt rkfccs (6-q – 7-q), dfi htåt-yjr ghbjåhtk ghjxyjt ytghbznbt yfhrjnbrjd.

Lj jrjyxfybz yfxfkmyjq irjks dfi htåtyjr ljkétypyfnm cktleñott:

• ytgjchtlcndtyyjt djpltqcndbt ghbtvf fkrjujkz,nfåfrf b yfhrjnbrjd yf hfpkbxyst xfcnb jhufybp-vf, drkñxfz jgfcyjcnm yfcnegktybz rjvs bkbcvthntkmyjq gthtljpbhjdrb;

• ljkujchjxyst gjcktlcndbz – rfr b gjxtve vjétndjpybrfnm ghbdsrfybt r yfhrjnbrfv b rfr jyb vj-uen ghbdjlbnm r gjntht yfhrjvfyfvb rjynhjkz yflcdjtq ébpymñ;

• ghbxbys njuj, gjxtve yfhrjnbrb jcjåtyyj jgfc-ys lkz hfcneotuj jhufybpvf;

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• ghjåktvs, rjnjhst fkrjujkm b lheubt yfhrjnbrbcjplfñn yt njkmrj lkz njuj, rnj bö egjnhtåkztn,yj b lkz tuj ctvmb b vbhf d wtkjv.

Jnhtgtnbheqnt djpvjéyst cwtyfhbb, ghb rjnjhsölhepmz ghtlkfufñn yfhrjnbrb. Gecnm dfib ltnb gj-exfncz ghjbpyjcbnm c xedcndjv: ≤Änf dtom jxtymdhtlyf lkz ntåz^≥ Hfphtibnt bv cjckfnmcz yf dfc:≤Vjz vfvf eåmtn vtyz, tckb z dsgmñ gbdf^≥ ≤Yt öjxehfccnhfbdfnm hjlbntktq≥ – djn jlyf bp ukfdysö ghb-xby jnrfpf jn egjnhtåktybz vfhböefys, rjnjheñghbdjlzn ltnb ghtlgjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf.

Jpyfrjvmnt dfibö ltntq c ntv, rfr dtltncz ghjgf-ufylf yfhrjnbrjd b fkrjujkz. Jåcelbnt, rfr htrkfvf,gtctyyfz kbhbrf b ntktgthtlfxb åjvåfhlbheñn böbltzvb j njv, xnj egjnhtåktybt fkrjujkz, nfåfrf blheubö yfhrjnbrjd dsukzlbn ibrfhyj. Eåtlbntcm,xnj ltnb cgjcjåys jnltkznm vbas jn htfkbq d jn-yjitybb gjnhtåktybz fkrjujkz, nfåfrf b lheuböyfhrjnbrjd b gjödfkbnt bö pf evtybt vsckbnm cfvj-cnjzntkmyj.

Gjpyfrjvmntcm c lhepmzvb dfibö ltntq, epyfqnt, ultjyb ghjdjlzn dhtvz b xtv bv yhfdbncz pfybvfnmcz.Gjlheébntcm c hjlbntkzvb lheptq dfibö ltntq cntv, xnjås ds vjukb gjllthébdfnm ecbkbz lheu lhe-uf. Ntv cfvsv ds kexit epyftnt gjdctlytdyeñébpym dfituj htåtyrf b åeltnt kexit ujnjds dszd-kznm ghjåktvyst jåkfcnb. (Htåtyjr, dct lhepmz rjnj-hjuj egjnhtåkzñn yfhrjnbrb, crjhtt dctuj nfrétyfxytn bö egjnhtåkznm.) Ltnb änjuj djphfcnf dscjrjwtyzn nfrjt dybvfybt b exfcnbt. Ldt nhtnb jghj-ityysö xtndthjrkfccybrjd crfpfkb, xnj jyb öjntkbås, xnjås hjlbntkb åjkmit ujdjhbkb c ybvb j yfh-rjnbrfö.

C ctlmvjuj gj ltdznsq rkfcc (jn 12 lj 14 ktn)

D cjjndtncndbb c nhflbwbjyysv cnthtjnbgjv gjl-hjcnrb yfcnhjtys gj-åeynfhcrb, d cdjbö ltqcndbzöjyb herjdjlcndeñncz dkbzybtv hjdtcybrjd, b bödktren jgfcyjcnb dgkjnm lj cfvjeybxnjétybz. Öjnzgjlhjcnrb b d cfvjv ltkt xfcnj yt djcghbybvfñnhtxtq hjlbntktq, åjhzcm pf cdjñ ytpfdbcbvjcnm, jybyeélfñncz d gjllthért, exfcnbb b herjdjlcndt hj-lbntktq åjkmit, xtv rjulf-kbåj.

Ltnb hfyytuj gjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf vjuen bcgs-nsdfnm htprbt b åscnhst bpvtytybz d jhufybpvt,

ävjwbjyfkmyjq ébpyb b jnyjitybzö. Ñyjcnm xfcnjåsdftn dhtvtytv cvzntybz b cnhtccjd, c gthtvtyf-vb yfcnhjtybz b jcnhsv xedcndjv ytpfobotyyjc-nb, nfr rfr gjlhjcnrb gsnfñncz jcjpyfnm, rnj jyb brfr dgbcfnmcz d jrheétybt, jlyjdhtvtyyj ajhvbhezcdjñ kbxyjcnm. Yt elbdbntkmyj, xnj bvtyyj d änjdhtvz vyjubt vjkjlst kñlb dgthdst ghjåeñn fkrj-ujkm, nfåfr b lheubt yfhrjnbrb.

Hjlbntkb vjuen yt jcjpyfdfnm, xnj bö ltnzv-gjlhjc-nrfv rfétncz, xnj jyb jrheétys yfhrjnbrfvb. Ghb-vthyj ltdznm bp ltcznb gjlhjcnrjd cjukfifñncz cendthéltybtv ≤d yfit dhtvz rfétncz, xnj vfhböef-yf ghjcnj gjdcñle≥. Hjlbntkb d ldf hfpf ytljjwtyb-dfñn cntgtym dthjznyjcnb egjnhtåktybz vfhböefysgjlhjcnrfvb, ghb änjv gjlhjcnrb egjnhtåkzñn yfh-rjnbrb dj dgjkyt åtpjgfcysö, gj vytybñ hjlbnt-ktq, vtcnfö – d irjkt, e ctåz ljvf b d ljvfö lheptq.

Öjnz gjlhjcnrb vjuen yt gjrfpsdfnm änjuj, dct éthjlbntkb buhfñn ceotcndtyyeñ hjkm d ajhvbhjdf-ybb htitybq, ghbybvftvsö bö ltnmvb d jnyjit-ybb yfhrjnbrjd. Djcgjkmpeqntcm ntv pyfxtybtv, rf-rjt vjkjltém ghblftn cdjtve cjwbfkmyjve jåhfpe bdytiyjcnb, gjlxthrbdfz ytgjchtlcndtyyst b yt-ghbdktrfntkmyst gjcktlcndbz egjnhtåktybz nfåfrfb vfhböefys – yfghbvth nj, xnj rehtybt ghbdjlbnr gjzdktybñ gkjöjuj pfgföf bpj hnf b gjétkntybñpeåjd, pfgföe jn jltéls b djkjc. D nj ét cfvjt dht-vz ytjåöjlbvj jåcelbnm b ljkujdhtvtyyst gjcktl-cndbz yfhrjnbrjd:

• ytgjkextybt dféytqibö cjwbfkmysö b ävjwbj-yfkmysö yfdsrjd, rjnjhst jåsxyj ghbjåhtnfñn dñyjcnb;

• jgfcyjcnm pfåjktdfybz hfrjv kturbö b ävabptvjqd htpekmnfnt rehtybz;

• fdnjnhfycgjhnyst ghjbcitcndbz cj cvthntkmysvbcöjljv b edtxmzvb, f nfrét gjdhtéltybt gtxtybd htpekmnfnt cbkmyjuj gmzycndf;

• ghbdsrfybt, vjpujdfz rjvf b cvthnm.

C ltcznjuj gj ldtyflwfnsq rkfcc (jn 15 lj 17 ktn)

Gjlhjcnrb cnfhituj djphfcnf eét ljkéys åskb yt-jlyjrhfnyj ghbybvfnm htitybz j njv, ghjåjdfnm kbyfhrjnbrb. Ysytiybt gjlhjcnrb vyjujt pyfñn j

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yfhrjnbrfö, ghjdjlz hfpkbxbz yt njkmrj vtéle hfp-kbxysvb yfhrjnbrfvb b bö gjcktlcndbzvb, yj bvtéle ghjåysv, ckexfqysv egjnhtåktybtv b ghb-dsrfybtv. Jyb dblzn, xnj vyjubt bö cdthcnybrbghbybvfñn yfhrjnbrb, – ytrjnjhst åtp jxtdblysöbkb ytvtlktyysö gjcktlcndbq, njulf rfr e lheuböegjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrjd dsöjlbn bp-gjl rjynhjkz.

Lkz njuj, xnjås cjghjnbdkznmcz dkbzybñ hjdtcyb-rjd, gjlhjcnrfv yeéyj ytxnj åjkmitt, xtv jåofzbltz j ytegjnhtåktybb yfhrjnbrjd. D änjv djphfcntwtktcjjåhfpyj hfccrfpfnm gjlhjcnrfv j njv, rfregjnhtåktybt fkrjujkz, nfåfrf b ghjxbö yfhrjnbrjddj dhtvz åthtvtyyjcnb cdzpfyj c dhjéltyysvb lt-atrnfvb e yjdjhjéltyysö. Gjlhjcnrjd ytjåöjlbvjghtleghtlbnm j gjntywbfkmyj dhtlysö äaatrnföcjxtnfybz yfhrjnbrjd. Bv yeéyj ecksifnm ckjdfhjlbntktq j njv, xnj kñåjq xtkjdtr vjétn cnfnmyfhrjvfyjv b xnj lfét ytcbcntvfnbxtcrjt egjnhtå-ktybt yfhrjnbrjd vjétn ghbdtcnb r cthmtpysv gj-cktlcndbzv yf dcñ ébpym.

Gjcrjkmre åjkmibycndj extybrjd cnfhibö rkfccjdyfwtktyj yf åeleott, jyb, crjhtt dctuj, ghbckeif-ñncz r hfcceéltybzv j njv, rfr yfhrjnbrb cgjcjå-ys kbibnm ifycjd yf gjcnegktybt d öjhjibq rjk-ktlé, ghbtv yf djtyyeñ ckeéåe bkb yftv yf jght-ltktyyeñ hfåjne.

Rfr ghfdbkj, gjlhjcnrb – bltfkbcns b kñåzn cke-ifnm j njv, rfr jyb vjuen ekexibnm vbh. Hfccrféb-nt cdjbv ltnzv-gjlhjcnrfv j njv, xnj egjnhtåktybtyfhrjnbrjd – änj yt ghtcnegktybt åtp éthnds, b lj-åtqntcm gjybvfybz njuj dkbzybz, rjnjhjt jrfpsdftnegjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbrjd yf yfit jåotcndj. Dpjdb-nt r cdjbv ltnzv, erfpfd yf nj, rfr jnrfp jn yfhrjnb-rjd gjvjuftn cltkfnm dfi ujhjl åjktt åtpjgfcysv bkexibv lkz ébpyb b dscdjåjélftn åjkmit äythubb

lkz djkjynthcrjq hfåjns gjckt irjks, cdzpfyyjq cgjvjomñ d extåt b cgjhnbdysö nhtybhjdrfö ltntqvkflituj djphfcnf, – rjnjhjq éltn jn ybö yfctkt-ybt ujhjlf.

Dfi htåtyjr-gjlhjcnjr vjétn pyfnm j ltåfnfö gjgjdjle ktufkbpfwbb vfhböefys b njuj, cktletn kbdhfxfv ghjgbcsdfnm tt d vtlbwbycrbö wtkzö. Bltz jnjv, xnj yfhrjnbr vjétn åsnm jghtltktyysv jåhf-pjv gjktpty lkz pljhjdmz, cåbdftn c njkre. Ntgthm,rjulf dfi htåtyjr cnfk eét ljcnfnjxyj dphjcksv,xnjås gjybvfnm ckjéyjcnm lfyyjuj djghjcf, dféyjjåcelbnm änj d eljåysq vjvtyn, – djpvjéyj, d ≤gt-lfujubxtcrbq vjvtyn≥ gj cktlfv cjjåotybz d yj-djcnzö. Ds vjétnt hfccrfpfnm htåtyre j njv, xnjjlby bp rjvgjytynjd vfhböefys – ltkmnf-9-ntnhf-ublhjrfyyfåbyjk (NUR), – rjnjhsq bvttn vtlbwby-crbq äaatrn, eét vjétn ghjgbcsdfnmcz dhfxfvb dajhvt gbkñkm, rjnjhst yt cjlthéfn rfywthjutyysödtotcnd, bvtñoböcz d dsrehbdftvjq vfhböefyt. Rxbcke lheubö åjktenjkzñobö ktrfhcnd jnyjcznczrjltby b vjhaby, rjnjhst åskb ghbpyfys åtpjgfc-ysvb lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz gj yfpyfxtybñ dhfxf gjcktcnhjubö bcgsnfybq b bpextybz yfexysvb vtlbwby-crbvb jhufybpfwbzvb.

Dféyj, xnjås hjlbntkb ödfkbkb b gjjohzkb gjl-hjcnrjd pf dct nj, xnj jyb ltkfñn öjhjij, b pf ghf-dbkmyst htitybz, rjnjhst jyb ghbybvfñn. Rjulfds bcgsnsdftnt ujhljcnm pf csyf bkb ljxm, crfébntbv jå änjv. Pyfybt njuj, xnj bö pfvtxfñn b dscjrjwtyzn jrheéfñobt dphjckst, jrfpsdftn vjoyjtcnbvekbheñott djpltqcndbt b vjétn erhtgbnm bö dhtitybb yt egjnhtåkznm yfhrjnbrb. Dféyeñ hjkmlkz dfituj htåtyrf-gjlhjcnrf vjétn nfrét csuhfnmjcjpyfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb ckeébnm jåhfpwjv lkzgjlhféfybz lkz vkflituj åhfnf bkb ctcnhs.

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Gj vfnthbfkfv geåkbrfwbb, gjlujnjdktyyjq

Fvthbrfycrjq rjfkbwbtq vtcnysö jhufybpfwbq

gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb, åfpbheñotqcz d

Fktrcfylhbb, infn Dbhlébybz

DDTLTYBT

Cjplfnm d cdjtv yfctktyyjv geyrnt rjfkbwbñ gjåjhmåt c ghjåktvfvb, cdzpfyysvb cj pkjegjnhtåkt-ybtv yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb, – pflfxf yt bpkturbö. Lkz änjuj gjyfljåzncz yfcnjqxbdjcnm, evt-ybt blnb yf rjvghjvbccs, nthgtybt b vyjujktnyzzghtlfyyjcnm ltke. Herjdjlbntkb uhegg ljkéys jåkf-lfnm yfdsrfvb gjchtlybrjd, ghjlfdwjd b jhufybpf-njhjd cåjhf chtlcnd. F gj cdjtve leöe änb kñlb lj-kéys åsnm eåtéltyysvb bltfkbcnfvb.

IFU 1. JGHTLTKBNT GHJÅKTVE B TT DJPLTQCNDBT YF VTCNYJT YFCTKTYBT

Jghtltkbnt vfcinfås b öfhfrnth ghjåktvs, cnjz-otq gthtl ébntkzvb dfituj yfctktyyjuj geyrnf.Rnj egjnhtåkztn yfhrjnbrb? Rfrjuj hjlf dtotcndf döjle? Djphjckj bkb cjrhfnbkjcm pf gjcktlytt dhtvzxbckj pkjegjnhtåktybq yfhrjnbrfvb? Dspdfyj kbänj bpvtytybt rfrbvb-kbåj vtcnysvb vthjghbz-nbzvb? D xtv rjyrhtnyj cjcnjzn joeoftvst yfctkt-ybtv ytufnbdyst gjcktlcndbz, jåeckjdktyyst egj-nhtåktybtv yfhrjnbrjd?

Gsnfzcm jndtnbnm yf änb djghjcs, bcgjkmpeqnt rfrvjéyj åjkmit bcnjxybrjd byajhvfwbb. Wtkm dfit-uj bccktljdfybz – ghbdktxm htcehcs b dsltkbnmghjåktvs, htitybt rjnjhsö gjpdjkbn eljdktndj-hbnm vtcnyst gjnhtåyjcnb. Xnjås ltqcndjdfnm äa-atrnbdyj, yt juhfybxbdfqntcm cdtltybzvb ägbpjlb-xtcrjuj öfhfrnthf.

Byjulf åsdftn gjktpyj hfcibhbnm rheujpjh exfcn-ybrjd åeleotq rjfkbwbb, hfccvfnhbdfz pkjegjnhtå-

ktybt yfhrjnbrfvb yf dctv cgtrnht – jn kñltq, rj-njhst bö yt egjnhtåkzñn djdct, b lj ntö, rnj ktxbn-cz jn yfhrjvfybb.

• Yt egjnhtåkzñobt yfhrjnbrjd. Kbim ytåjkmifzxfcnm yfctktybz djdct yt egjnhtåkztn ybrfrböyfhrjnbxtcrbö dtotcnd, gjvbvj vtlbwbycrbö wtktq, – gj jwtyrfv, 10 ghjwtynjd bkb vtymit.

• Gjnhtåbntkb yfhrjnbrjd. 90 ghjwtynjd gjlhjc-nrjd lj jrjyxfybz chtlytq irjks öjnz ås hfpghjåeñn fkrjujkm bkb rfrjt-kbåj byjt yfhrjnb-xtcrjt dtotcndj (d lfyyjq rfntujhbb pfcxbnsdftn-cz dct – lfét ukjnjr ifvgfycrjuj ljvf d ctvtq-yjv rheue).

• Kbwf, pkjegjnhtåkzñobt yfhrjnbrfvb. Nt, rnj bcgjkmpetn fkrjujkm b (bkb) yfhrjnbrb lkz njuj,xnjås bpvtybnm cdjt leitdyjt cjcnjzybt, cjcnfd-kzñn d CIF 50 ghjwtynjd dctq vjkjltéb.

• Öbvbxtcrfz pfdbcbvjcnm. Yfhrjvfybz – änj pfåj-ktdfybt ujkjdyjuj vjpuf, gj jghtltktybñ Yfwbj-yfkmyjuj bycnbnenf ghjåktv pkjegjnhtåktybzyfhrjnbrfvb. Bccktljdfybz dszdbkb nfrét utyt-nbxtcreñ ghtlhfcgjkjétyyjcnm r yfhrjpfdbcb-vjcnb, gjljåyeñ fyfkjubxyjve afrnjhe hbcrf gjytrjnjhsv pfåjktdfybzv. Tckb jåf hjlbntkz bvt-ñn nfreñ pfdbcbvjcnm, dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj htåt-yjr eyfcktletn äne åjktpym, cjcnfdkztn 90 ghjwty-njd.

• Kbwf, ghjöjlzobt htfåbkbnfwbñ. R bö xbcke jnyj-czncz kñlb, ndthlj htibdibt ghtrhfnbnm pkjegj-nhtåkznm yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb. Nfrbt kñlbyeélfñncz d frnbdyjq gjllthért b gjjohtybb.

CJPLFYBT RJFKBWBQ GHJNBD YFHRJNBRJD

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IFU 2. DSZDBNT UKFDYSÖ PFBYNTHTCJDFY-YSÖ KBW

Rjfkbwbb ljkéys drkñxfnm d ctåz cktleñobq rheukñltq b jhufybpfwbq:

• Ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö uhegg vtcnyjuj yfctktybz

• Hfpyjjåhfpyst rekmnehyst b änybxtcrbt uheggs

• Vtcnysö ébntktq, gjkmpeñoböcz dkbzybtv

• Kñltq, yfbåjktt ukeåjrj pfnhjyensö lfyyjq ghj-åktvjq

• Ltkjdjt cjjåotcndj

• Jhufybpfwbb gj jrfpfybñ eckeu

IFU 3. JHUFYBPEQNT CJÅHFYBT

Yfpyfxmnt cjåhfybt yf dtxthytt dhtvz d öjhjij bp-dtcnyjv vtcnysv ébntkzv gjvtotybb – wthrdb,cgjhnbdyjv wtynht bkb irjkt. Ghbukfcbnt gjåjkm-it kñltq.

Jåzpfntkmyj cjåthbnt byajhvfwbñ j ghbitlibö –bö bvtyf, flhtcf b yjvthf ntktajyjd. Gjlåthbnt dt-leotuj, rjnjhsq evttn gjllthébdfnm ntvg hfåjns,yt jndktrfnmcz jn wtktq dcnhtxb, ltqcndjdfnm d rfxt-cndt gjchtlybrf d cgjhysö cbnefwbzö b edfébntkm-yj jnyjcbnmcz rj dctv ghbcencndeñobv.

Yfcnhjqnt felbnjhbñ yf nj, xnj ybrfrjt pfvtxfybtbkb bltz yt åeltn dsukzltnm ukegj (tckb jyj yt cjlthébn d ctåt hfcjdjuj afyfnbpvf bkb ghbpsdjdr yfcbkbñ). Yfpyfxmnt ctrhtnfhz lkz pfgbcb dctöegjvbyftvsö ghjåktv b (bkb) dfhbfynjd bö htitybz.

Yt nthzqntcm, tckb ghbltn dctuj ytcrjkmrj xtkjdtr.Ghjfyfkbpbheqnt ghbxbys ybprjq zdrb b dytcbnt rcktleñotq dcnhtxt cjjndtncndeñobt rjhhtrnbds.

IFU 4. JÅVTYZQNTCM VYTYBZVB

Yf gthdjq dcnhtxt ytjåöjlbvj jåvtyznmcz hfpkbx-ysvb njxrfvb phtybz j ghbxbyfö egjnhtåktybzyfhrjnbrjd b j njv, rfr htifnm äne ghjåktve. Jhuf-ybpfnjh rjfkbwbb ljkéty gjjohznm rféljuj r exfc-nbñ d lbcreccbb c bpkjétybtv cdjbö cjjåhfétybq d

dblt ajhvekbhjdjr cenb ghjåktvs, xnjås d rjytx-yjv bnjut gjkexbnm fyfkbp cbnefwbb d yfctktyyjvgeyrnt.

Pkjegjnhtåktybt yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb pf-nhfubdftn rféljuj xtkjdtrf d rféljv yfctktyyjvgeyrnt, b dkbzybt änj ghjzdkztncz jxtym gj-hfpyj-ve. Yfghbvth, tcnm kñlb, gjkfufñobt, xnj änj bc-rkñxbntkmyj djghjc ghtcnegktybz b yfrfpfybz. Yflheujv rhfñ cgtrnhf – nt, rnj hfccvfnhbdftn lfy-yeñ ghjåktve xbcnj rfr pfåjktdfybt, cdzpfyyjt cyfhrjnbxtcrjq pfdbcbvjcnmñ. B, hfpevttncz, ytvfkjkñltq ghblthébdftncz hfpkbxysö ghjvtéenjxysödpukzljd. Hfpltkztn kñltq nj, xnj rféljve xtkjdtrepyfrjv kbim jlby ≤chtp≥ jgsnf. Cbkmyfz cnjhjyfrjfkbwbb cjcnjbn bvtyyj d njv, xnj d bnjut vyjubtkñlb c cfvsv hfpysv jgsnjv vjuen cjdvtcnyjcajhvekbhjdfnm njxyjt b jcvscktyyjt ghtlcnfdkt-ybt j cbnefwbb.

IFU 5. JÅCELBNT HTFKMYEÑ B BLTFKMYEÑCBNEFWBB

Rfrjdf htfkmyfz cbnefwbz cj pkjegjnhtåktybtvyfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb d dfitv yfctktyyjvgeyrnt? Rnj bö egjnhtåkztn? Ult ghjlfñncz b egj-nhtåkzñncz yfhrjnbrb? Ds cjplflbnt jåoeñ rfhnb-ye yf jcyjdfybb rfr jåütrnbdysö, nfr b ceåütrnbd-ysö lfyysö. Jåütrnbdyst lfyyst drkñxfñn d ctåzcnfnbcnbxtcrbt gjrfpfntkb, lfyyst jåcktljdfybq blheueñ ägbltvbjkjubxtcreñ byajhvfwbñ (cv. Ifu1). Ceåütrnbdyst lfyyst jnhféfñn djcghbznbt cb-nefwbb xktyfvb rjfkbwbb b vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Bnj, b lheujt bvttn jlbyfrjdj dféyjt pyfxtybt lkzgjybvfybz vfcinfåjd ghjåktvs.

Xtnrj bpkjébnt, rfr ås ds öjntkb bpvtybnm cbnef-wbñ d dfitv yfctktyyjv geyrnt. Ytljcnfnjxyj ghj-cnj crfpfnm: ≤Vs öjnbv gjrjyxbnm c gmzycndjv byfhrjvfybtq d yfitv ujhjlt≥. Änj ckbirjv ibhj-rj, b nfrjuj yt ghjbpjqltn. Dvtcnj änjuj gjcnfdmnt10 bkb 15 wtktq, rjnjhsö ljkéyf ljåbnmcz dfifuheggf. Xnjås hfphfåjnfnm gkfy genb, yeéyj cyfxf-kf pyfnm, relf ds yfghfdkztntcm.

Ghb ghbyznbb rjkktrnbdysö htitybq jcyjdsdfq-ntcm yf cktleñobö ghbywbgfö: rjyctycec, ltvjrhf-nbxtcrjt ujkjcjdfybt b pfrhtgktyyjt pf jhufybpf-wbzvb ghfdj dtnj.

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IFU 6. HFPHFÅJNFQNT GTHCGTRNBDYSQGKFY LKZ DFITUJ YFCTKTYYJUJ GEYRNF

D gthcgtrnbdyjv gkfyt hbcetncz ibhjrfz gfyjhfvf,öfhfrnthbpeñofz cjdhtvtyyeñ cbnefwbñ b wtkbjhufybpfwbb. Änj yt gkfy hfåjns. Gthcgtrnbdysqgkfy jpyfxftn njxyjt jghtltktybt njuj, xnj ds öjnb-nt cltkfnm. Rfr änj cltkfnm – htibnt gjnjv. Gthcgtr-nbdysq gkfy dctulf ljkéty åsnm gjpbnbdysv bdljöyjdkzñobv. Änj yt gkfy hfåjns. Gthcgtrnbd-ysq gkfy jpyfxftn njxyjt jghtltktybt njuj, xnj dsöjnbnt cltkfnm. Rfr änj cltkfnm – htibnt gjnjv.

IFU 7. JGHTLTKBNT CKTLEÑOBT IFUB

Ds ghbdktrkb exfcnybrjd rjfkbwbb. Rfélsq bp yböljkéty pyfnm, xnj ltkfnm lfkmit, jcyjdsdfzcm yf uhf-abrt ljcnbétybz jghtltktyysö wtktq. Chfpe yf-pyfxmnt lfne cktleñotuj cjåhfybz.

Cktleñobq kjubxtcrbq ifu yfpsdftncz cnhfntubxtc-rbv gkfybhjdfybtv.

• Cjplfqnt rjvbntn gj cnhfntubxtcrjve gkfybhjdf-ybñ b jghtltkbnt pflfxe.

• Jghtltkbnt ghfdbkf exfcnbz, nfrbt rfr jåzpfntkm-cndf, chjrb b jndtncndtyyjcnm.

• Dszdbnt ljcnfnjxyst byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcsgj lfyyjq ghjåktvt b hfccrfébnt j ybö ntv, rnjpfybvftncz tt htitybtv.

• Jwtybnt eét bvtñobtcz d dfitv yfctktyyjv gey-rnt htcehcs gj ghjabkfrnbrt pkjegjnhtåktybzyfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb. Ghbdktrbnt änb jh-ufybpfwbb r cdjtq hfåjnt.

Yt pfåsdfqnt – xnjås jhufybpjdfnm hfåjne chtlb yf-ctktybz b ljåbnmcz gthtvty gjnhtåeñncz dhtvz, ecb-kbz b yfcnjqxbdjcnm. Yj dct änj djplfcncz cnjhbwtq^

33

Ytrjnjhst ujdjhzn, xnj gjkyfz gjåtlf d åjhmåt cyfhrjnbrfvb vfkjdthjznyf, jlyfrj lfyyst ytlfdyt-uj jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj jåcktljdfybz cdbltntkmcn-deñn j njv, xnj infns dsbuhsdfñn htifñobt åbnds.

Jåcktljdfybt dctö infnjd b nthhbnjhbq, ghjdtlty-yjt Cjdtnjv flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd (CFI), cdblt-ntkmcndetn j njv, xnj äaatrnbdyst ghjuhfvvs cgj-cjåcndeñn ecnfyjdktybñ åtcghtwtltynyjuj cjnhel-ybxtcndf vtéle cjnhelybrfvb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysöjhufyjd, yfyjczn ytgjghfdbvsq eothå njhujdktyfhrjnbrfvb b gjpdjkzñn cjplfdfnm yjdst kjdeirblkz njhujdwtd yfhrjnbrfvb.

Ukfdyjt cjcnjbn d njv, xnj infns cjplfñn hfåjnj-cgjcjåyst äktvtyns dctcnjhjyytq cnhfntubb åjhm-ås c yfhrjnbrfvb, drkñxfz cjrhfotybt gjcnfdjryfhrjnbrjd, cybétybt htynfåtkmyjcnb njhujdkbyfhrjnbrfvb b cjltqcndbt ghjabkfrnbrt.

≤Yfif pflfxf – ybxnj byjt rfr cgfctybt≥, – crfpfk dvft 1998 u. d cdjtv dscnegktybb gthtl Cgtwbfkmyjquheggjq gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb ghb ghtpbltyntCjdtnf flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd ueåthyfnjh Geähnj-Hbrj Gtlhj Hjctkkj. D rfxtcndt ghtpbltynf CFIHjcctkkj cajhvbhjdfk äne cgtwbfkmyeñ uhegge bpghtlcnfdbntktq hfpysö infnjd cnhfys, b jyf ljåb-kfcm pyfxbntkmysö ecgtöjd.

Kbrdblfwbz ghbåskb

D Xbrfuj cgtwbfkmyst uheggs ghfdjjöhfybntkmysöjhufyjd, bvtñobt ltkj c yfhrjnbrfvb, pfybvfñnczrjyabcrfwbtq b gthtdjljv d rfpye ghbåsktq jnjgthfwbq c yfhrjnbrfvb. Pf 1992–1997 u. djcmvbuheggfv hfåjnybrjd atlthfkmysö jhufyjd, jhufyjdinfnf b vtcnysö jhufyjd elfkjcm rjyabcrjdfnm 16vky ljkkfhjd, ghbxtv d jlyjv njkmrj 1997 u. änfcevvf cjcnfdbkf gjhzlrf 3,4 vky ljkk. Nfrbt uheggs

cjltqcndeñn hfåjnt jåotinfnyjq cbcntvs ghfdjjö-hfybntkmysö gjlhfpltktybq, ltqcndeñobö d rheg-ysö ujhjlfö infnf.

Xbrfucrbq ghjtrn abyfycbhetncz pf cxtn uhfynf bpatlthfkmyjuj Vtvjhbfkmyjuj ajylf Äldfhlf Åthyf.Chtlcndf änjuj ajylf blen yf åjhmåe c ghbåskzvbjn ghjlféb yfhrjnbrjd. Vyjubt infns gjkexbkbdjpvjéyjcnm hfcibhbnm vfcinfås åjhmås c yfh-rjnbrfvb, åkfujlfhz uhfynfv bp Ajylf Åthyf.

Ghtrhfotybt gjnjrf yfhrjnbrjd

Tot jlybv ghbvthjv cjnhelybxtcndf atlthfkmysöjhufyjd, jhufyjd infnjd b vtcnysö jhufyjd ckeébnGhjtrn lkz pjy dscjrjbyntycbdyjq njhujdkb yfh-rjnbrfvb (PDBNY), abyfycbhetvsq atlthfkmysvghfdbntkmcndjv. Rfr ghfdbkj, atlthfkmyst chtlcndfgj ghjtrne PDBNY yfghfdkzñncz yf hfpdbnbt cj-nhelybxtcndf jhufyjd dkfcnb hfpkbxysö ehjdytq dåjhmåt c njhujdktq yfhrjnbrfvb d ntö hfqjyfö, ultjyf ghtlcnfdkztn cthmtpyeñ ghjåktve. Lädbl Yfqn,herjdjlbntkm ghjtrnf PDBNY yf gjåthtémt Vtrcb-rfycrjuj pfkbdf c åfpjq d Vtnfhb, in. Kebpbfyf, uj-djhbn, xnj cgtwbfkmyfz uheggf futynjd gj åjhmåt cyfhrjnbrfvb vtcnysö jhufyjd, jhufyjd infnf b at-lthfkmysö jhufyjd jåhfoftn jcjåjt dybvfybt yfyfbåjktt jgfcysö njhujdwtd yfhrjnbrfvb. Atlt-hfkmyjt abyfycbhjdfybt gjpdjkbkj ghjdtcnb åjkttäaatrnbdyeñ gjlujnjdre futynjd b jåtcgtxbkj jgkfne bö cdthöehjxyjq hfåjns.

Uheggf gj jgthfwbzv yf fdnjvfubcnhfkzö, jåhfpj-dfyyfz d hfvrfö ghjtrnf PDBNY, tétujlyj fhtcnj-dsdftn ytcrjkmrj cjnty yfheibntktq pfrjyjd j yfh-rjnbrfö b gthtödfnsdftn nsczxb aeynjd yfhrjnbrjdd jrhtcnyjcnzö u. Åfnjy-Heé, in. Kebpbfyf. Vfqjh ÄlRfythn bp gjkbwbb infnf ujdjhbn, xnj änj cnfkjdjpvjéysv åkfujlfhz jgkfnt cdthöehjxysö xfcjdflvbybcnhfwbtq infnf. ≤Vs pfybvftvcz ltkfvb, c

ÅJHMÅF C YFHRJNBRFVB: RFR INFNS LJÅBDFÑNCZ ECGTÖJD

Hjåthn F. Åäååblé

34

rjnjhsvb ås yt cghfdbkbcm gznm bkb ltcznm ktn nj-ve yfpfl≥.

Gjpbnbdyst htpekmnfns lfñn b fyfkjubxyst ghjtr-ns, jceotcndkztvst d lheubö hfqjyfö cnhfys. Gfn-hekmyj-gjcnjdfz ckeéåf yf fdnjvfubcnhfkzö infnfCtdthyfz Lfrjnf ecnfyjdbkf ljhjéyst pyfrb ≤Dgt-htlb gjcn gjkbwbb infnf≥ b ≤Dgthtlb gjcn gj åjhm-åt c yfhrjnbrfvb≥, xnjås dspsdfnm åtcgjrjqcndj eyfheibntktq b dyeifnm cgjrjqcndbt pfrjyjgjckei-ysv djlbntkzv. D 1997 u. änf ckeéåf jcnfyjdbkf 221fdnjvjåbkm, ghtleghtlbkf 100 djlbntktq b fhtcnjdf-kf gj eujkjdysv jådbytybzv 118 xtkjdtr.

Gjlhfpltktybz ghjtrnf PDBNY d hfqjyt u. Åfknbvj-hf, in. Vähbktyl, b u. Dfibyunjyf fyfkbpbheñn åf-ps lfyysö ntktajyysö yjvthjd ytcrjkmrbö infnjdc wtkmñ dszdktybz ntktajyysö pdjyrjd ghjlfdwjdyfhrjnbrjd dthjznysv gjcnfdobrfv. Änj gjpdjkbkjjåyfheébnm kbw, gjljphtdftvsö d cjdthitybb ght-cnegktybq, cdzpfyysö c yfhrjnbrfvb, rfr d änjv hf-qjyt, nfr b d Ymñ-Qjhrt, Kjc-Fylétktct b Vfqfvb byfkflbnm åjktt ibhjrjt cjnhelybxtcndj vtéleinfnfvb d ltkt åjhmås c njhujdktq yfhrjnbrfvb.

Yf fvthbrfycrjq nthhbnjhbb Geähnj-Hbrj gjkbwbzbcgjkmpetn htynutyjdcrjt jåjheljdfybt, cgtwbfkmyjgjlujnjdktyysö cjåfr b cgtwbfkmysö futynjd, ab-yfycbhetvsö gj ghjtrne PDBNY, lkz rjyabcrfwbbyfhrjnbrjd, yföjlzoböcz yf åjhne gfccfébhcrböbkb uhepjdsö cfvjktnjd d vtéleyfhjlyjv fähjgjhne.

Infn Dfibyunjy åjhtncz c jåjcnhzñotqcz ghjåkt-vjq nbgbxyj fvthbrfycrjuj yfhrjnbrf vtnfvatnf-vbyf. C vjvtynf yfxfkf hfåjns d 1996 u. cgtwbfkm-yfz uheggf gfnhekmyj-gjcnjdjq ckeéås infnf gjxnbeldjbkf xbckj pfödfnsdftvsö d infnt kfåjhfnjhbqgj ghjbpdjlcnde ≤vtnf≥ b fhtcnjdfkf vyjuj njhujd-wtd yfhrjnbrjd. Rfgbnfy Läybäk Ä. Lädbc bp gfn-hekmyj-gjcnjdjq ckeéås infnf crfpfk, xnj änb pf-ödfns cnfkb djpvjéysvb åkfujlfhz chtlcndfv bpatlthfkmysö bcnjxybrjd, jlyfrj jnvtnbk, xnj lkzhfcibhtybz änjq ghjuhfvvs gjnhtåeñncz ljgjkyb-ntkmyst chtlcndf jn infnf. Pfrjy infnf (pfrjyjghj-trn gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq 2628), rjnjhsq dcnegbkd cbke d bñyt 1998 u., jhbtynbhjdfy cgtwbfkmyj yfåjhmåe c ghjbpdjlcndjv vtnfvatnfvbyf b cxbnftnczjåhfpwjv lkz lheubö infnjd.

Infn Dbcrjycby, ltqcndez xthtp cdjñ yfwbjyfkm-yeñ udfhlbñ, gj nhtåjdfybñ ghtljcnfdkztn lheubv

infnfv cfvjktn C-26 lkz åjhmås c yfhrjnbrfvb. Cf-vjktn C-26 eét bcgjkmpjdfkcz 12 infnfvb lkz gjke-xtybz rhfqyt wtyysö fähjajnjcybvrjd b lfyysöbyahfrhfcyjq cütvrb.

D 10 lheubö infnfö yfwbjyfkmyfz udfhlbz nfrét ds-ltkztn cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cfvjktns. GjkrjdybrHecc Ähkth bp Åñhj yfwbjyfkmyjq udfhlbb d Df-ibyunjyt, crfpfk, xnj C-26 gjvjuftn jåyfheébdfnmgkfynfwbb vfhböefys rfr yf jnrhsnjv djpleöt, nfrb d gjvtotybzö, f nfrét kfåjhfnjhbb gj dsgecrevtnfvatnfvbyf. Jy nfrét jåtcgtxbdftn yfåkñltybtpf lheubvb cfvjktnfvb b rjhfåkzvb.

Tckb ghtcnegybr d infnt Ltkfdäh hfccxbnsdftn gj-kexbnm yfhrjnbrb c gjvjomñ nfrbö xfcnysö gjxnj-dsö ckeéå, rfr ≤Atlthfk Ärcghtcc≥ bkb ≤Ñ-gb-äc≥,nj tuj vjétn jéblfnm cñhghbp. Ljcnfdbnm uhep vj-étn gjkbwtqcrbq. Gjkbwbz infnf Ltkfdäh abyfycb-hjdfkf cjdvtcnysq ghjtrn gj dszdktybñ b gthtödf-ne gjcnfdjr yfhrjnbrjd. Dszdktyyst jnghfdktybz cyfhrjnbrfvb dyjdm pfgtxfnsdfñncz b ljcnfdkzñnczgjkbwtqcrbvb, rjnjhst ltqcndeñn lfktt d cjjndtn-cndbb c pfrjyjv.

Ghjabkfrnbxtcrbt hfåjns

Infns cybéfñn cghjc yf yfhrjnbrb cfvsvb hfp-kbxysvb cgjcjåfvb.

Infn Jrkföjvf juhfybxbdftn pkjegjnhtåktybz kt-rfhcndfvb. Äktrnhjyyfz cbcntvf vjybnjhbyuf ht-ubcnhbhetn dct bvtñobtcz d infnt yfhrjcjlthéf-obt vtlbrfvtyns, rjnjhst gj atlthfkmyjve pfrjyedöjlzn d ≤Cgbcjr II≥. Rfr ghfdbkj, r ybv jnyjcznczvtlbrfvtyns, dspsdfñobt ghbdsrfybt, nfrbt rfrgthrjlfy bkb nfqkjrc. Pflfxf cjcnjbn d dszdktybb≤öjljrjd r dhfxfv≥, n.t. kñltq, jåhfofñoböcz r yt-crjkmrbv dhfxfv pf gjkextybtv jlybö b ntö ét kt-rfhcnd, jåsxyj bp rfntujhbb åjktenjkzñobö, rjnj-hsvb kñlb xfcnj pkjegjnhtåkzñn. Åñhj gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb infnf Jrkföjvf jghtltkztn ajhvb-heñobtcz ntyltywbb pkjegjnhtåktybq ktrfhcndfvb.Bccktljdfybt Eybdthcbntnf infnf Jrkföjvf, ghjdt-ltyyjt d 1997 u., gjrfpfkj, xnj änf ghjuhfvvf cke-ébn wtyysv chtlcndjv clthébdfybz pkjegjnhtåkt-ybq ktrfhcndfvb.

D infnt Rjyytrnbren ghjabkfrnbrf dtltncz d ajh-vt ghjcdtotybz yfctktybz. Cgtwbfkmyfz uheggf gjåjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb gjkbwbb infnf jhufybpetn

35

hfåjne byajhvfwbjyyjuj åñhj, d rjnjhjv hfåjnfñn542 cjnhelybrf. D ghjikjv ujle jyb ghjdtkb åjktt1 000 dscnegktybq ghbvthyj lkz 121 000 xtkjdtr.

D ytrjnjhsö infnfö d wtynht dybvfybz ghjabkfr-nbxtcrjq hfåjns yföjlbncz vjkjltém. C gjvjomñatlthfkmysö chtlcnd d infnt Fqjdf ñyst ghfdjyf-heibntkb d djphfcnt 17–21 ktn jåtcgtxbdfñncz by-ntycbdysv yflpjhjv, jåhfpjdfybtv, ktxtybtv jnpkjegjnhtåktybq fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvb b jåext-ybtv ébpytyyj dféysv yfdsrfv. B änf cbcntvf lf-tn htpekmnfns. Gj lfyysv ytpfdbcbvjq jwtyrb, 64ghjwtynf ghfdjyfheibntktq, exfcndjdfdibö d ghj-uhfvvt, yt cjdthifñn yjdsö ghtcnegktybq – gjchfdytybñ c 24 ghjwtynfvb chtlb ntö, rnj yt ghb-ybvfk d ytq exfcnbz.

D u. Abkfltkmabb, in. Gtycbkmdfybz, d hfvrfö ghj-uhfvvs ≤Xthtp djphfcnyst åfhmths≥ itcnbrkfccyb-rjd bp uheggs dscjrjuj hbcrf cdzpsdfñn c åjkttcnfhibvb yfcnfdybrfvb. Dphjckst cnfhituj djp-hfcnf bcgjkmpeñn cdjb yfdsrb b jgsn lkz jrfpfybzgjllthérb ezpdbvjq vjkjltéb, f vjkjltém ghbps-dftncz r ghtljcnfdktybñ eckeu gjébksv kñlzv cjckfåsv pljhjdmtv. Lbhtrnjh ghjtrnf Fylhtf Ntqkjujdjhbn: ≤Ghjuhfvvf ≤Xthtp djphfcnyst åfhmths≥öjhjif dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö. Tt kturj djcghjbp-djlbnm. Jyf lftn ltnzv yfltéle. Änjuj ytkmpz lj-åbnmcz xntybtv ktrwbq. Ltnzv yeéty jåhfptw. Dctbccktljdfybz cdbltntkmcndeñn j njv, xnj ltnzvyeéyj ghbcencndbt dphjckjuj, dyeifñotuj edfét-ybt. Lfét tckb nfrbö kñltq ytn d bö ctvmzö, djrheuvyjuj öjhjibö kñltq≥.

Herjdjlbn htfkbpfwbtq ghjuhfvvs ≤Xthtp djphfcn-yst åfhmths≥ Wtynh jåextybz gjchtlcndjv jåot-ybz gjrjktybq ghb Eybdthcbntnt Ntvgk, bcgjkmpezchtlcndf bp hfpkbxysö ajyljd, jåotcndtyyst b ujcelfhcndtyyst chtlcndf. Ytpfdbcbvst jwtyrbgjlndthélfñn pfvtnyjt ekexitybt jnyjitybz ext-ybrjd r irjkt, cnfhibv b cdjtve cjåcndtyyjve åeleotve, f nfrét gjdsitybt ehjdyz bö pyfybq jyfhrjnbrfö b ekexitybt htfrwbq yf cbnefwbb, cdz-pfyyst c egjnhtåktybtv yfhrjnbrjd.

Ebkmzv D. Öäycjy cjplfk ghjuhfvve ≤Dct pdtpls≥lkz njuj, xnjås gjåelbnm ltntq pflevfnmcz j cdjtvåeleotv b gjcktlcndbzö cdjbö gjcnegrjd. Jåext-ybt gj ghjuhfvvt dtltncz d hfvrfö rehcf jöhfyspljhjdmz, lfdfz ltnzv djpvjéyjcnm jåcelbnm bltb,vytybz b wtkb cj cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb. D chtlytq

irjkt Ktrcbyunjy d u. Ebycnjy-Cfktvt, in. Ctdth-yfz Rfhjkbyf, dsgecrybrfv ghjuhfvvs dhexfñn ct-htåhzyst rjkmwf cj pdtpljxrfvb, rjnjhst yfgjvb-yfñn exfcnybrfv ghjuhfvvs jå jåzpfntkmcndfö,ghbyznsö d jnyjitybb gmzycndf, rehtybz, ctrcf,pkjegjnhtåktybz fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvb b lhe-ubö djghjcjd.

D Rhäycnjyt, in. Hjl-Fqktyl, uheggs vjkjlsö kñ-ltq gjl herjdjlcndjv dphjcksö hfphfåfnsdfñnvtcnyst ghjuhfvvs gj ghjabkfrnbrt pkjegjnhtå-ktybz fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvb. Änj lftn djpvjé-yjcnm djdktxm vjkjltém d ghjuhfvvs ghjabkfrnb-rb. Gj ytpfdbcbvsv jwtyrfv, åjktt 70 ghjwtynjdexfcnybrjd bp xbckf vjkjltéb d cktleñotv ujleghbybvfñn exfcnbt d vtcnysö ghjabkfrnbxtcrböghjuhfvvfö.

Vyjubt infns b vtcnyst flvbybcnhfwbb ghbyzkbyf djjheétybt vjltkm yfhrjcelf, rjnjhfz ght-lecvfnhbdftn cjxtnfybt ktxtybz b irfks cfyrwbqlkz kbw, cjdthibdibö ytyfcbkmcndtyyst ghtcneg-ktybz d cdzpb c yfhrjnbrfvb, b ghjxbö ghtcnegyb-rjd, rjnjhst cjjndtncndeñn nhtåjdfybzv b lj-åhjdjkmyj exfcndeñn d änjq ghjuhfvvt. Ecgtiyjtpfdthitybt ktxtybz b cfyrwbq jpyfxftn cvzuxtybtyfrfpfybz, cyznbt jådbytybq bkb evtymitybt cev-vs inhfaf.

Celmz Vähb Yjåk, gjkexbdifz jåotyfwbjyfkmyjtghbpyfybt pf cjplfybt äaatrnbdyjuj celf gj åjhm-åt c yfhrjnbrfvb d u. Ktrcbyunjyt, in. Rtynerrb, uj-djhbn, xnj änf rjywtgwbz ≤nhtåetn jn celtq åjkmit-uj, b ecbkbz jregfñncz≥.

Jyf gjlxthrbdftn dféyjcnm gjljnxtnyjcnb. ≤Jceé-ltyyst pyfñn, xnj yföjlzncz gjl yfåkñltybtv. Ce-otcndetn cdzpm vtéle celmtq b jndtnxbrjv. Jybdcnhtxfñncz kbwjv r kbwe rféleñ ytltkñ. Ybrnj bybrjulf yt eltkzk bv nfr vyjuj dybvfybz≥.

Yjåk yfcnfbdftn yf njv, xnjås jndtnxbrb hfåjnfkbyf gjkyeñ cnfdre bkb exbkbcm, exfcndjdfkb d hfåjntendthéltyyjq uheggs gjllthérb, htuekzhyj gjct-ofkb gcböjkjuf, dtkb tétlytdysq lytdybr b ébkb dcnfåbkmyjq jåcnfyjdrt. ≤Rkñxtdsv vjvtynjv cke-éfn xfcnst b ckexfqyst ghjdthrb yf egjnhtåktybtyfhrjnbrjd≥.

Cnhtvzcm r rjvgktrcysv htitybzv b cjdthityysvvjltkzv c dthbabwbhetvsvb htpekmnfnfvb, infns

gjcntgtyyj bcrjhtyzñn pkjegjnhtåktybt yfhrjnb-rfvb.

Hjåthn F. Åäååblé, eghfdkzñobq abhvs ≤BynthCfen,Byr.≥, pfybvfñotqcz ecjdhtitycndjdfybtv ghjwtcjdeghfdktybz b ghbyznbz htitybq. D 1988–1992 uu. Åäåblé hfåjnfk dsåjhysv felbnjhjv infnf Rtyner-rb, f d 1992–1996 u. ujcelfhcndtyysv ctrhtnfhtv

infnf. D gjcktlytt dhtvz jy åsk yfexysv cjnhelyb-rjv Cjdtnf flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd, cgtwbfkbpbhezcmyf djghjcfö eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf b bcghfdb-ntkmysö yfrfpfybq.

Gthtgtxfnfyj c hfphtitybz bp ≤CNTQN UFDTHYVTYN

YMÑC≥, ltrfåhm 1998 u. Fdnjhcrbt ghfdf 1998 u. ghb-

yflktéfn Cjdtne flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd

36

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Botvin, Gilber t J.LIFE SKILLS TRAINING: PROMOTING HEALTHAND PERSONALDEVELOPMENTPrinceton Health Press, 1998. 3 volumes and 3 sound cassettes.

Callison, William; Colocino, Nancy R.; Vasquez, Diva A.SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION HANDBOOKTechnomic Publishing, 1995. 382 p.

Caulkins, Jonathan P.; and othersPREVENTING DRUG USE AMONG YOUTHTHROUGH COMMUNITY OUTREACH: THE MILITARY'S PILOTPROGRAMRand Corporation, 1994. 155 p.

COALITION BUILDING 101: GETTING STARTEDCommunity Anti-Drug Coalitions of America, 1997. 8 p.

Coombs, Robert H.; Ziedonis, Douglas, editorsHANDBOOK ON DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION: A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY TO PREVENTTHE ABUSE OF ALCOHOLAND OTHER DRUGSAllyn and Bacon, 1995. 608 p.

Davis, Robert C.; Lurigio, Ar thur J.; Rosenbaum,Dennis P., editorsDRUGS AND THE COMMUNITY: INVOLVING COMMUNITY RESIDENTS IN COMBATTING THESALE OF ILLEGALDRUGSCharles C. Thomas Publisher, 1993. 328 p.

Gruenewald, Paul J.; and othersMEASURING COMMUNITY INDICATORS: A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO DRUG AND ALCOHOLPROBLEMSSage Publications, 1996. 112 p.

Levant, Glenn A.KEEPING KIDS DRUG FREE: D.A.R.E. OFFICIALPARENT'S GUIDEAdvanced Marketing Services, 1998. 276 p.

Merenda, Daniel W.; Tangeman, Linda B.; Robinson, VirginiaA PRACTICALGUIDE TO CREATING AND MANAG-ING COMMUNITY COALITIONS FOR DRUG ABUSEPREVENTIONNational Association of Partners in Education, 1997. 75 p.

SECURING THE FUTURE FOR SAFER YOUTHAND COMMUNITIESNational Crime Prevention Council, 1998. 20 p.(available on the Internet at http://ncpc.org/2secfut.htm)

GHBKJÉTYBT

ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ

RYBUB B LJREVTYNS

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U.S. Department of Education. Office of Elementaryand Secondary Education. Safe and Drug FreeSchools ProgramGROWING UPDRUG-FREE: A PARENT'S GUIDE TO PREVENTIONOffice of Elementary and Secondary Education, 1998. 52 p.(available on the Internet http://www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS/parents_guide)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.National Institutes of Health. National Institute onDrug AbusePREVENTING DRUG USE AMONG CHILDREN ANDADOLESCENTS: A RESEARCH-BASED GUIDENational Institute on Drug Abuse, 1997. 38 p.(available on the Internet at http://www.nida.nih.gov/Prevention/Prevopen.html)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.National Institutes of Health. National Institute onDrug Abuse. Division of Epidemiology and Preve-ntion ResearchASSESSING DRUG ABUSE WITHIN AND ACROSSCOMMUNITIES: COMMUNITY EPIDEMIOLOGY SURVEILLANCE NETWORKS ON DRUG ABUSENational Institute on Drug Abuse, 1998. 130 p.(available on the Internet at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DEPR/Assessing/Guideindex.html)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.National Institutes of Health. National Institute onDrug Abuse. Office of Science Policy andCommunications. Public Information BranchCOMMUNITY READINESS FOR DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION: ISSUES, TIPS, AND TOOLSNational Institute on Drug Abuse, 1997. 176 p.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admi-nistration. Center for Substance Abuse PreventionCHANGING LIVES: PROGRAMS THAT MAKE ADIFFERENCE FOR YOUTH AT HIGH RISKCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1995. 54 p.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admi-nistration. Center for Substance Abuse PreventionEFFECTIVE COMMUNITY MOBILZATION: LESSONSFROM EXPERIENCE; A CENTER FOR SUBSTANCEABUSE PREVENTION IMPLEMENTATION GUIDECenter for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1997. 62 p.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admi-nistration. Center for Substance Abuse PreventionKEEPING YOUTH DRUG-FREE: A GUIDE FORPARENTS, GRANDPARENTS, ELDERS, MENTORS,AND OTHER CAREGIVERSCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1998. 22 p.(available on the Internet at http://www.health.org/reality/ParentsGuide/index.htm)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admi-nistration. Center for Substance Abuse PreventionREALITY CHECK: COMMUNITY KITCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1998. 40 p.(available on the Internet at http://www.health.org/reality/CommunityKit/kitnoframe.htm)

U.S. Executive Office of the President. Office ofNational Drug Control PolicyREDUCING DRUG ABUSE IN AMERICA: AN OVER-VIEW OF DEMAND REDUCTION INITIATIVESOffice of National Drug Control Policy, 1999. 48 p.(available on the Internet at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugabuse/toc.html)

Wilson, Richard W.; Kolander, Cheryl A.DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION: A SCHOOLAND COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPJones and Bartlett Publishers, 1997. 356 p.

CNFNMB

Babbage, Richard J.WAYS TO FIGHTDRUGSState Government News, Vol. 1, No. 10, December1998, pp. 24–27

Buchanan, David R.; Wallack, LawrenceTHIS IS THE PARTNERSHIPFOR A DRUG-FREEAMERICA: ANY QUESTIONS?Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. 28, No. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 329–356

Catalano, Richard F.; and othersAN EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION WITH FAMILIES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSERS: ONE-YEARFOLLOW-UP OF THE FOCUS ON FAMILIES PROJECTAddiction, Vol. 94, No. 2, February 1999, pp. 241–254

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Guilmet, George M.; Whited, David L.; Pijanowski, CherlynTHE SAFE FUTURES INITIATIVE AT CHIEF LESCHISCHOOLS: A SCHOOL-BASED TRIBALRESPONSETO ALCOHOL-DRUG ABUSE, VIOLENCE-GANGVIOLENCE, AND CRIME ON AN URBAN RESER-VATIONAmerican Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 22,No. 4, 1998, pp. 407+

Hora, Peggy Fulton; Schma, William G.; Rosenthal, John T. A.THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE AND THE DRUGTREATMENTCOURT MOVEMENT: REVOLUTIO-NIZING THE CRIMINALJUSTICE SYSTEM'S RESPONSE TO DRUG ABUSE AND CRIME INAMERICAThe Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 74, No. 2, 1999, pp. 439–537

Johnson, Knowlton; Bryant, Denise D.; Berbaum, MichaelPREVENTING AND REDUCING ALCOHOLAND OTHER DRUG USE AMONG HIGH-RISK YOUTHSBY INCREASING FAMILY RESILIENCESocial Work, Vol. 43, No. 4, July 1998, pp. 297–308

King, WandaTHE TULARE COUNTY JUVENILE DRUG COURTFamily Futures, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1998, pp. 44+

Miller -Heyl, Jan; MacPhee, David; Fritz, Janet J.DARE TO BE YOU: A FAMILY-SUPPORT, EARLYPREVENTION PROGRAMThe Journal of Primary Prevention, Vol. 18, No. 3,Spring 1998, pp. 257–285

Pilgrim, Colleen; and othersIMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACTOF A FAMILY-BASED SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION PROGRAM IN RURALCOMMUNITIESThe Journal of Primary Prevention, Vol. 18, No. 3,Spring 1998, pp. 341–361

Rauch, Heidi; Perez, Maria EugeniaA COASTAL COALITION AGAINSTDRUGSAmericas, Vol. 50, No. 6, November/December 1998,pp. 52–54

Sroka, Stephen R.SEX, DRUGS AND DENIAL: VIOLENCE AND RISKYBEHAVIOR SOUND A WAKE-UPCALL FORSCHOOLSThe American School Board Journal, Vol. 185, No. 7,July 1998, pp. 41, 47

Sterk, Claire E.BUILDING BRIDGES: COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENTIN DRUG AND HIVRESEARCH AMONG MINORITYPOPULATIONSDrugs and Society, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, 1999, pp. 107–121

St. Pierre, Tena L.; and othersINVOLVING PARENTS OF HIGH-RISK YOUTH INDRUG PREVENTION: A THREE-YEAR LONGITUDI-NAL STUDY IN BOYS AND GIRLS CLUBSThe Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1997,pp. 21–50

Whiteside-Mansell, Leanne; and othersTHE DEVELOPMENTAND EVALUATION OF AN ALCOHOLAND DRUG PREVENTION AND TREATMENTPROGRAM FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN: THE AR-CARES PROGRAMJournal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Vol. 16, No. 3,1999, pp. 265–275

Winters, Ken C.KIDS AND DRUGSCorrections Today, Vol. 60, No. 6, 1998, pp. 118–121,163, 168

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GHFDBNTKMCNDTYYST EXHTÉLTYBZ

Eghfdktybt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pf yfhrjnbrfvb (EYGRY)http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/Eghfdktybt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjynhjkz pfyfhrjnbrfvb jhufybpjdfyj d cnherneht flvbybcnhf-wbb Ghtpbltynf. Eghfdktybt rjjhlbybhetn ecbkbz,ghtlghbybvftvst yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, d infnföb yf vtcnfö lkz åjhmås c egjnhtåktybtv yfhrjnb-rjd, b hfphfåfnsdftn yfwbjyfkmyst cnhfntubb gjäaatrnbdyjve jceotcndktybñ vthjghbznbq ghjnbdyfhrjvfybb. Yf cfqnt ghtlcnfdktyf byajhvfwbz jghjabkfrnbxtcrbö b extåysö ghjuhfvvfö b vfnt-hbfkfö.

Eghfdktybt ktxtybñ yfhrjvfybz b gcböjkjub-xtcrjq gjvjobhttp://www.samhsa.gov/EKYGG – dtleobq jhufy atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkm-cndf gj ekexitybñ rfxtcndf b ljcnegyjcnb ghjab-kfrnbrb pkjegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcn-dfvb, ktxtybñ pfdbcbvjcnb b gcböjkjubxtcrjq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob. Yföjlbncz d gjlxbytybb Vbybcnthcndf plhfdjjöhfytybz b cjwbfkmysöckeéå CIF.

Wtynh ghjabkfrnbrb yfhrjvfybb (WGY)http://www.samsha.gov/csap/WGY – gjlhfpltktybt EKYGG. Gjllthébdftn b gjjohztn cbcntvs rjvgktrcyjq ghjabkfrnbrb bexfcnbt yfctktybz d htitybb ghjåktvs.

Yfwbjyfkmysq byajhvfwbjyysq wtynh gj ghj-åktvfv fkrjujkbpvf b yfhrjvfybb (YBWFY)http://www.health.org/YBWFY – byajhvfwbjyyfz ckeéåf Wtynhf gj ghj-abkfrnbrt yfhrjvfybb Vbybcnthcndf plhfdjjöhf-ytybz b cjwbfkmysö ckeéå CIF. Hfcgjkfuftn rheg-

ytqibvb d vbht pfgfcfvb ntreotq byajhvfwbb bvfnthbfkjd j pkjegjnhtåktybb yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb. Cfqn drkñxftn d ctåz vfnthbfks yf bcgfycrjv zpsrt.

Yfwbjyfkmysq bycnbnen ghjåktv pkjegjnhtåkt-ybz yfhrjnbrfvb (YBPY)http://www.nida.nih.gov/YBPY – döjlbn d cbcntve Yfwbjyfkmysö bycnbnenjdpljhjdmz ghb Vbybcnthcndt plhfdjjöhfytybz b cj-wbfkmysö ckeéå CIF. Åelexb ujkjdyjq jhufybpfwb-tq d cnhfyt, ghjdjlbn b gjllthébdftn bccktljdf-ntkmcreñ hfåjne b hfcghjcnhfyztn byajhvfwbñ jghjabkfrnbrt b ktxtybb yfhrjvfybb.

Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF. Pkjegjnhtå-ktybt yfhrjnbrfvb b njrcbxysvb dtotcndfvb.http://www.usia.gov/topical/global/drugs/subab.htmJcyjdyjt dybvfybt yf cfqnt eltktyj gjkbnbrt ghfdbntkmcndf CIF, f nfrét vtcnysv rjfkbwbzv bjhufybpfwbzv, pfybvfñobvcz ktxtåyj-ghjabkf-rnbxtcrbvb vthjghbznbzvb.

VTCNYST RJFKBWBB B JHUFYBPFWBB

Fvthbrfycrbq cjdtn gj ghjcdtotybñ ghjnbdyfhrjnbrjd (FCGY)http://www.acde.org/FCGY hfphfåfnsdftn ghjuhfvvs b vfnthbfks.

Xthtp djphfcnyst åfhmthshttp://www.temple.edu/CILD hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs gj ghjabkfrnbrt yfh-rjvfybb pf exfobvbcz chtlytq irjks pfrhtgkzñn-cz åjktt dphjckst yfcnfdybrb.

BPÅHFYYST HTCEHCS BYNTHYTNF

41

Fvthbrfycrbt rjfkbwbb gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrf-vb yf vtcnfö (FRÅYV)http://www.cadca.org/FRÅYV cjnhelybxftn c vtcnysvb rjfkbwbzvb lkzhtfkbpfwbb cdjtq wtkb – jcdjåjlbnm yfctktyystgeyrns jn yfhrjnbrjd.

Cjplfybt ghjxysö ctvtqysö cdzptqhttp://www.copes.orgD hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs ghtgjlfñncz yfdsrb hfp-dbnbz kbxyjcnb b erhtgktybz ctvmb, gjdsifñobtcjghjnbdkztvjcnm ltntq yfhrjvfybb b fkrjujkbpve.

Jåütlbyzqntcm jykfqyhttp://www.jointogether.org/Jhufybpfwbz gjllthébdftn vtcnyst ecbkbz gjåjhmåt c yfhrjvfybtq.

Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh gj ghjåktvfv yfhrjpfdb-cbvjcnb b pkjegjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb ghb Rjkevåbqcrjv eybdthcbntnt(YPYD)http://www.casacolumbia.org/Wtynh pfybvftncz bccktljdfybzvb yfhrjnbxtcrjqpfdbcbvjcnb b yfhrjvfybb. Jy bpexftn ghjåktvsktxtybz yfhrjvfybb, f nfrét cjåbhftn byajhvfwbñj ktxtåyj-ghjabkfrnbxtcrbö vthjghbznbzö.

Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh gj ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcneg-yjcnb (YWGG)http://www.ncpc.org/YWGG ghtlcnfdkztn yf änjv cfqnt gjktpyeñ byajh-vfwbñ j ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegyjcnb b hfåjnt yfvtcnfö, xfcnbxyj yf bcgfycrjv zpsrt.

Gfhnythcndj pf cdjåjlyeñ jn yfhrjnbrjd Fvthbrehttp://www.drugfreeamerica.org/Gfhnythcndj pf cdjåjlyeñ jn yfhrjnbrjd Fvthbre– ytrjvvthxtcrfz rjfkbwbz cgtwbfkbcnjd bylec-nhbb cdzpb. Bö vbccbz – cjrhfnbnm gjnhtåktybtyfhrjnbrjd gentv bpvtytybz jnyjitybz jåotcn-dtyyjcnb r änjve zdktybñ.

GHFQL (Åjhmåf c yfhrjnbrfvb: Bycnbnen ghj-cdtotybz lkz hjlbntktq)http://www.prideusa.orgUkfdyfz wtkm GHFQL – ghjcdtofnm yfctktybt j cdz-pfyyjv c yfhrjnbrfvb yfcbkbb b gjjohznm ébpymåtp yfhrjnbrjd.

Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds

Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvsBñkm 1999 u., njv 4, yjvth 2

ÅJHMÅF C ÅJHMÅF C YFHRYFHRJNBRJNBRFVB:FVB: