Airport Planning Lecture

8/13/2019 Airport Planning Lecture

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AIRPORT IN SPATIAL PLANNING

STRATEGIES & INTRODUCTION TOAIRPORT PLANNING

Spatial planning goes beyond traditional land use planning to bring together and

integrate policies for the development and use of land with other policies and

programmes which influence the nature of places and how they function.


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Aerodrome:Any area of land, water (including the frozen surface

thereof) or other supporting surface used, designed, prepared,equipped or set apart for use either in whole or in part for the

arrival, departure or surface movement of aircraft.

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Aerodrome or airport?

whats the difference?

Certified aerodromes are referred to as airports.


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Types of Aerodromes

Aerodromes are grouped into number of groups depending on

number of factors

Use : Civil Aerodromes/ Military Aerodromes/ Joint User

Aerodromes

Landing Surface : Land Aerodromes/ Water Aerodromes/

Heliports,

Infrastructure: Airports/ Aerodromes/ Landing Pads/Strips,

Helipads,/Helidecks

Nature of Traffic : Domestic / International,(passenger/cargo)

Nature of Surface : Paved runway / unpaved runway

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Aerodrome Planning

Factors to be considered for site:


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Standard aerodrome layout

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Topography

Area's features: the features on the surface of an area of land


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Ground space- Airport property

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Justification of acquiring land

Indicate how various tracts of land within the airport

boundaries are acquired

Justify use of land for aeronautical purposes


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Eg: Airport dimensions

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Obstacle Limiting Areas/Surfaces - ICAO

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An airport/aerodrome reference point(ARP) is the notional centrepoint

of an airport, located at the geometric centre of all the usable runways


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Declared distances TORA - take-off run available

TODA - take-off distance available

ASDA - accelerate-stop distance available LDA - landing distance available.

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Obstacle Limiting Areas/Surfaces

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Sample measurements for Obstacle

Limiting Areas/Surfaces for CATIII

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Surface / Area Instrument RunwayCAT III ( 4-F)

Conical

Slope

Height

5 % (for Instrument RWY)

100 m/328

Inner Horizontal

HeightRadius 45 m/1474000 m/13123

Inner Approach

Width

Distance from Threshold

Length

Slope

155 m/508

60 m/196

900 m/2952

2 %

Approach

Length of Inner edge

Distance from threshold

Divergence

300 m/984

60 m/196

15 %


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Aerodrome reference point

Aerodrome Reference Point: (ARP) is the notional centre point of an airport, located at the

geometric centre of all the usable runways, and its height is determined by the aeronautical

authorities of the country. Its height is usually one of the most elevated point of the runways

in use or one of the lowest points. The ARP is used as the reference to the altitude for the

airport obstacle limitation surfaces.

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Aerodrome

Reference Point,N056 22.36 W002 52.11


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Runway elevationAerodrome and Runway Elevation is the highest point of the landing area. Usually aerodrome elevation is reported in meters to anaccuracy of meter

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http://en.mimi.hu/aviation/landing_area.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/landing_area.html


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Types of Aerodromes ...

Aerodrome Reference CodeThe Code Consists to two elements viz. Number and a Letter

Code Element - 1 Code Element - 2

CodeNumber Aeroplane Referencefield Length (m) Code Letter Wing Span (m) Out main gear span (m)

1 < 800 A < 15 < 4.5

2 800 - 1200 B 15- 22 4.5 -6

3 1200 - 1800 C 22-36 6- 94 > 1800 D 36-52 9 -14

E 52-65 9-14

F 65-80 14-16

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Runway Requirements

Dimensional Criteria Based on the ICAO

Coding system known as the Airport

Reference Code (ARC).

Orientation RWY orientation is primarily

a function of wind coverage requirements for

the existing and projected aircraft fleet. This

analysis is used to determine if additional

runways are needed to provide the necessary

wind coverage. Existence of

obstructions and Physical features, in

approach and departure routes should also

be considered in determining runway

orientation.

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A wind rose is a diagram that shows the distribution of

wind directions and speeds at a specific location over a

specified time period.

Usability factor. The percentage oftime during which the use of a

runway or system of runways is not

restricted because of the cross-

wind component


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Runway requirementsLength the selection of an appropriate designaircraft and the longest nonstop distance tobe flown by the design aircraft from theairport. Aircraft-specific runway lengthrequirements are a function of aircraft

physical characteristics at time of flight,weather conditions, and runway conditions.

Width The required width of a runway is afunction of the approach minimums,airplane approach category, and airplanedesign using the runway

Airport Capacity

Single runway - 200,000movements per year

Single runway (under VFR)

99 operations per hour for smalleraircraft

60 operations per hour for largeraircraft

Under IFR (42 -53) operations

Dual parallel double the capacity

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Runway under construction


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Airfield-AirspaceThe functional use & geometry of:

runwaystaxiways

Lighting

Marking of runways

navigational aids

visual approach aidsinstrument approach procedures.

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Instrument runway. One of the

following types of runways intended

for the operation of aircraft usinginstrument approach procedures

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Runway visual range (RVR). The range

over which the pilot of an aircraft on the

centre line of a runway can see the

runway surface markings or the lights

delineating the runway or identifying its

centre line.


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Clearway. A defined rectangular area on the ground or water selectedas a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of itsinitial climb to a specified height.

Stopway. A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end oftake-off run available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraftcan be stopped in the case of an abandoned take off.

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Runway. A definedrectangular area on aland aerodromeprepared for thelanding and take-off ofaircraft.

Apron. A defined area,

on a land aerodrome,intended toaccommodate aircraftfor purposes of loading or unloading

passengers, mail orcargo, fuelling, parkingor maintenance.


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In some countries, the manoeuvring area or movement area is the part used by

aircraft only for landing and takeoffand does not include the airport ramp. The

terms are used differently in the United States and Canada.

Movement area in an aerodrome is to be used for the take-off, landing and

taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

Movement area and related facilities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_ramphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/aerodrome.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/take-off.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/landing.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/taxiing.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/aircraft.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/apron.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/apron.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/aircraft.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/taxiing.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/landing.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/take-off.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/take-off.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/take-off.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/aviation/aerodrome.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_ramphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing


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Taxiway. A defined path on a

land aerodrome established for

the taxiing of aircraft and

intended to provide a linkbetween one part of the

aerodrome and another,

including Aircraft Stand Taxi

lanes, Apron Taxiways, Rapid

Exit Taxiways Touchdown zone. The portion of

a runway, beyond the threshold,

where it is intended landing

aeroplanes first contact the

runway.

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Taxiways

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Non-instrument runway

Intended for the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures.

Runway strip. A defined area including the RWY and stopway intended to

reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a RWY and to protect

aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations.

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Air spaceUse of the airspace and how air traffic is managed, including operational

limitations resulting from traffic interaction with other airports or reservedairspace, obstructions to air navigation, noise abatement procedures, and airfield

or navigational aid shortcomings.

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Airspace capacity

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Runways should be the

limiting factor in an efficient ATC system.

Airport acceptance rate (AAR)Used by airport radar traffic control centers to calculate the desired

interval between successive arriving aircraft

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Airport Master Plan

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Airside and LandsideLandside: prior to clearing security where the general public other than the travellingpax have access

Airside: (sterile side) after clearing security and immigration. Only travelling pax haveaccess


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Airside Land Uses

Flight Operations Runway

Taxiways

Apron

Parking Space Obstacle Free Areas

Navigational Services

Control Tower VOR/DME

Light and Signals

Supporting Services Hangers

Catering service

Fueling

Maintenance Fire Brigade

Cargo Handing Area

Service Vehicle Parking

Waste Disposal


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Design of aircraft parking

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Overnight parking

Remain-Overnight-Parking (RON) should also be determined.


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Facility Requirement

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Assessment of the ability of existing facilities to meet current and future demand.If not, planners must determine what additional facilities will be needed to

accommodate the unmet demandSometimes, it is in the communitys best interest for the airport not to continue to

grow or to accommodate forecast activity only up to a point, in which case, themaster plan should document this decision and indicate the probable

consequences of the decision : Sometimes the demand will be diverted to anotherairport


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General aviation facilitiesThe quantity and type of hangars; transient aircraft parking apron areas, tie-down

positions; general aviation terminal facilities; aircraft parking aprons; fixed base

operators; flight schools; pilot shops; and the number and mix of based aircraft.

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Cargo facilitiesThe quantity and area of air cargo buildings and aircraft parking aprons. At airports with

significant air cargo activity, freight forwarders and other support functions are often located

in areas adjacent to the airport. These should be identified on the airport layout plan.

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Space for support facilities

Support facilities at an

airport that encompass abroad set of functions that

ensure smooth and efficient

airport operation, include

Aircraft Rescue and Fire

Fighting stations, airportadministrative areas, airport

maintenance facilities,

airline maintenance

hangars, flight kitchens,

aircraft fuel storage, heating

and cooling systems,

determine hours of

operation for airport towers.

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Land Side Uses

Terminal Operations

Check in

Waiting area

Custom, Immigration andEmigrations

Duty free shops

Baggage handling

Flight Operation-SupportingServices

Approach Control Centre

Flight control centre

Met office

Connectivity Support

Car Parks Shuttle Service

Bus/Train Stations


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Access, circulation and parking Ground access systems

and commercial areas On-airport access roads,

circulation and service

roads

Parking and curb space Highway and transit

plans

Traffic density statistics

leading to and from theairport

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Commercial Passenger Terminal Facilities

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Terminal building space by functional use and size: ticket counters, number of gates, lineal feet of

gate frontage, aircraft parking apron area, restaurants and other concession space, and passenger

security screening procedures.


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Utilities Major elements of the

infrastructure that service theairports utility demands for

water, sanitary sewer,

communications, heating and

cooling, and power. Historical

consumption data may be

necessary to quantify futureutility loads. Storm-water

drainage, deicing and industrial

waste disposal systems should

also be included.

Other Non-aeronautical uses

such as recreational facilitiesand parks, industrial parks,

agricultural or grazing leases,

and retail businesses

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Utility space


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Security Considerations

Planning for security early in the

development process canproduce designs that

accommodate security

requirements in a more efficient,

less costly, and less intrusive

manner.

However, specific measures for

implementing security

requirements will vary in

response to shifting threats,

evolving technology, and the

physical and operationalcircumstances of individual

airports

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Terminal space - Facility Requirement

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COMMERCIAL SERVICE PASSENGER TERMINAL


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COMMERCIAL SERVICE PASSENGER TERMINAL

COMPLEX

Gates and Apron Frontage : Passenger Terminal Building : Curb-fronts

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GROUND ACCESS, CIRCULATION, AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS


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GROUND ACCESS, CIRCULATION, AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS

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Regional Transportation Network

On-Airport Circulation Roadways/parking

Originating and terminating air travelers

Employees travel /parking Delivery vehicles

Taxi/Limo/Courtesy Van Staging Areas

Rental Car Facilities

Courtesy and Charter Bus Operations


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l i i C id i


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Pre-Planning site - Considerations

Climatic Conditions

(Temperature, Wind speed

and pattern, humidity,

elevation, usability factors)

Soil Conditions

Site value (archaeological

importance)Vulnerability for natural disasters

Adequate Space for immediate,

mid term and long term

expansion

Accessibility by other modes oftravel

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P bli I l t


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Public Involvement Information sharing and

collaboration among the airport

sponsor, users and tenants,resource agencies, elected andappointed public officials,residents, travellers, and thegeneral public

Involve stakeholders beforemajor decisions are made toreach a consensus oncontroversial matters

Consider special needs andsensitivities of low income and

minority populations Committee members must have

technical competency in aviationor airport operations

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i f i


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Aircraft Noise Cumulative aircraft noise

differ for each country

ICAO recommends total

noise exposure levels (TNEL)

Amount of aircraft noise :

loudness: How loud

overflying a/c are

Frequency : how often

they occur

Timing : the times at

which overflying occur

Flight Paths

Aircraft Heights

Hourly variation of flight

patterns


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Sydney Airport Noise contours

Sydney is one of the oldest continually

operating airports in the world. The city

of Sydney has slowly grown around the

airport over the years, with many

people now living directly under the

flight path. During the week you mightbe able to feel the windows rattle as a

747 thunders in to land. The curfew

from 11pm until 6am does help,

however airlines are allowed to break

the curfew (for a fee) and of course a

curfew is not guaranteed to stand

forever - a Sydney resident

Th E i t l I t f


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The Environmental Impact of

Airports

The main environmentalimpact categories:

Noise

EmissionsWater pollution and use

Waste and energy

managementWildlife, heritage, and

landscape

The Greener skies program is being tested atsome airports. It is estimated that the new

technology will be able to cut down on

carbon emissions by 22,000 metric

tons/year = taking 4,100 cars off the road.

It will also downgrade noise pollution.


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1928 Originalland donation1928 Originalland donation

Evaluate Existing conditions


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1934 Airport

officially opened1937 First commercialairline flight

1960 VORTAC installed

1970 Passenger

terminal expanded

1941 Additional40 acres donated

1953 Dedication of newterminal building and ATCT

1975 New ATCT

constructed

1987 AirportAuthority established

1990 Airport master

plan updated

1998 Terminalexpansion began

1998

1975

1934

1934 Airport

officially opened1937 First commercialairline flight

1960 VORTAC installed

1970 Passenger

terminal expanded

1941 Additional40 acres donated

1953 Dedication of newterminal building and ATCT

1975 New ATCT

constructed

1987 AirportAuthority established

1990 Airport master

plan updated

1998 Terminalexpansion began

1998

1975

1934

Evaluate Existing conditions

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The history of the airport;

Timeline

Physical facilities on the

airport; basic utilities

Regional setting of the

airport and surrounding land

uses;

Environmental setting ofthe airport;

Socioeconomic and

demographic data for the

airport service area;

Historical aviation activity; Airport business affairs.

Existing data of previous

Master Plans

REGIONAL SETTING AND LAND USE


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REGIONAL SETTING AND LAND USE Examine the regional setting of an airport and the land use patterns around

it. Airport planning can extend well beyond the airport property line.

Check the boundaries of the airport and jurisdiction over the operation ofthe airport and adjacent land uses.

Collect documents such as official maps, the latest land use and

transportation plan, applicable municipal zoning controls, height zoning

ordinances, noise overlay zones

Identify land that will be exposed to airport operations. Land use is acontinuously changing process, particularly in urban environments. Collect

information on planned and proposed land uses, as well as on existing uses.

Identify land that may affect the safe operation of the airport or influence its

expansion. Structures that could obstruct air navigation is of safety concern.

Identify areas near the airport that may represent a potential hazard toaircraft, such as flood control areas, stockyards, and sanitary landfills.

Use geographic maps, aerial photographs, topographical maps, obstruction

charts, aeronautical charts, approach plates and other mapping tools to

examine and display land use details.

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Alt ti


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Alternatives

Analysis

The alternatives analysis processshould start with a broad group ofalternatives for the primaryelements and progressively screenthem to produce reasonable

alternatives that meet the planningneed

The alternatives should addressthose airport elements that are thefocus of the particular master plan(airside, airline passenger terminal,or ground access) and de-

emphasize functional elements thatare less important to the airportsoverall function.

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B.Sc (Hons) Transport & Logistics Management Course - U of M 72

Check list:

- Site Selection- Wind analysis

- Airspace analysis

- Surrounding Obstruction analysis

- Sitting of the runway- Availability of expansion

- Design and operation of airfield and airspace

- Design and operation of terminal and ground access

- Convenience to pax: short distance to the city

- Noise

- Cost comparison of alternative sites

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Atlanta: A Maximum Capacity Fortress Hub Airport


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Atlanta: A Maximum Capacity Fortress Hub Airport

2 Runways Arrivals

2 Runways Departures 50 Arrivals/Hr/RW Max

72 Seconds Between Arrivals

8.5 minutes Average Delay

36 Delays/1000 Operations

38 min./delay

50 Arr /Hr/RW

@ 72 sec separation -

safety limitation!

Wake Vortex (W turbulence) Factor in Safety-Capacity


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Wake Vortex (W turbulence) Factor in Safety-Capacity

Single RWY hazards Forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the

air

Wingtip vortices are gases expelled from a jet

engine

Wingtip vortices can remain in the air for up to

three minutes after the passage of an aircraft

Especially hazardous during LDG and T/O:

(1) During T/O & LDG, a/c operate at low speeds

and high angle of attack . (This attitude maximizes

the formation of dangerous wingtip vortices)

(2) T/O & LDG are the times when a plane is

operating closest to its stall speed and to the

ground (little margin for recovery in the event of

encountering another aircraft's wake turbulence)

(3) A/c close together and along the same

flightpath, maximizing the chance of encountering

the phenomenon.

Land Use Around Airport


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Land Use Around Airport

Can be utilized for

Hotels Hospitals

Tourist Attraction Places

Transport Facilities

And banned for

High Structure Buildings

Power Lines

Telecommunicationtowers

Your main goal of spatial planning is tocreate space for the different functions

that demand it, on the limited surface

area that we have available to us in Sri

Lankan airfields.
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The level of environmental concern varies from country to country orindeed from one airport to another, depending on views about aviationand other social and political attitudes.

(


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Compensating diminution in property values attributableto noise impacts

Standards on noise levels and emissions levels, imposedand enforced

Explore methods by which the airport can improve wasteand energy management

Methods to create a habitat more conducive for wildlifeby reducing water pollution

Establishing buffer zones around the airport Waste water management systems establishment

Airport night curfews

Mitigation Measures

Approach Protection


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Approach Protection

The airport sponsor mustprotect terminal airspace,

and prevent growth or

establishment of

obstructions in the aerial

approaches to the airport.

Obstruction must be

cleared, removed, lower,relocated, marked, or

lighted

Prima factory built on the approach of China Bay airfield


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Puttalam RWY


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Puttalam RWY

Puttalam was under DCA in 1946.

It had a gravel runway and RAF replaced

it by a tar macadam strip duringoccupation. It was used as an emergency

runway and for cross-country flights by

trainee pilots. CAA lost Puttalam RWY

owing to the construction of the Holcim

Cement factory on it

Wildlif h d


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Wildlife hazards

Wildlife Hazards pose a serious

for aviation safety

Wildlife attractant:

Poorly drained locations

Detention/retention ponds

Roosting habitats on buildings

Landscaping, Agriculture, Wetlands

Example:

FAA Recommends: Airports Serving Piston Powered

a/c 5,000 between AOA andHazardous wildlife attractant

Airports Serving Turbine-Powered a/c 10,000 betweenAOA and Hazardous wildlifeattractant

Protection of Approach,Departure, and Circling Airspace5 SM between AOA andHazardous wildlife attractant


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Environmental Impacts

Air and water quality

Ambient noise level

Ecological processes

Natural environment values

An airport is a stimulus to a society in terms of

economic growth and service it offers to the public.

These benefits may be negated if compatibility

between an airport and its environs is not achieved

Lost opportunities


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Lost opportunities

Loss of one runway in Katukurunda owing to ignorant and

ill-advised political decision

Aerodromes


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AerodromesRatmalana was opened in1938 with a grass landing

area 600 yards square.Three story terminalbuilding with hangars andworkshop facilities providedin 1939

During war time RMA wasprovided with a 1,700 by 56yards RWY

In 1948 RWY was extendedto 2000 yards and couldaccommodate aircraft of75,000 lbs

Mr. Francis J. Rhody in 1948

recommended developmentof RMA to be aninternational airport with3000 by 100 yards runway.

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Katunayakewasconstructedwith2000 X 100 d RWY i 1946


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Aerodromes2000X100yardsRWYsin1946.Coconutlandof2,300acreswererequisitionedforairfieldconstruction

AircraftdestinedtoRMAweredivertedtoKIAduringbadWxbutOperating2majorairportswithincloseproximityofeachotherweresubjectedtodiscussions.

DevelopmentofKATasan

InternationalAirportin1959 KIAmajorexpansionin1964with

Canadianassistance

ConstructionofRWYof11,050ft.atKATinAugust1965

KIAnewterminalbuildingwas

openedon05th August1968.

FurtherextensionofRWY3350X

150ftatKIAin1986.

BIAPhaseIIDevelopmentProject

commencedin2003

Sri lanka has two main ports: KIA & RML .These cover the actual airport areas and the
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surrounding regions. But the areas are not used for major urban and international

aviation businesses. The economic importance and the limited space around both

these airfields require national co-ordination. Eg: KIA can be developed further at its

current location while RML is restricted. Not many aviation related businesses andoffices are located in the immediate vicinity of KIA or RML.

With the perception that new urban areas should not be built under frequently used

flight paths, if KIA is to be further developed, no new housing locations should be

allowed under the flight path and the Katunayake Katana areas. Consideration of noise

contours within and beside the runway system is another factor.

MinneriyawasconstructedbyRAFoncrownland
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y y

duringthewar.


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Ampara airfield Amparawasopenedforciviltrafficin1949butwascloseddownin

1950duetoseriousdamagecausedbyfloods.

AmparawasrepairedbyGalOyaDevelopmentBoardandre-openedforregularflightsin1957.

Proper use of a legend


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Proper use of a legend

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Documents

Airport Planning Lecture