Air Traffic Management

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace

• Generally the airspace is divided into controlled and uncontrolled.

• Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights an VFR flights with the airspace classification.

• Uncontrolled is those airspace that an aircraft is free to fly and need to watch out on its own for other aircrafts when flying

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Chapter 2 – Controlled AirspaceControl Zone (CTR)

• This is a dedicated airspace given to all airports. • It is normally 20 miles radius from the airport and up

to 9000 feet high.• All aircrafts must adhere strictly to the airport ATC

when flying into or within the CTR.• Example: Kuantan, Kuala Trengganu, Kota Bahru,

Alor Star, Johore Bahru, Melaka, Kerteh, Ipoh, Kuching, Sibu, Bintulu, Miri, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Lahat Datu, Labuan.

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Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace Terminal Control Areas (TMA)

• This is an airspace given to an airport when there are more than one airport clustered together Eg. Penang and Butteerworth; Subang, Sempang, and KLIA Sepang;

• The area is about 60 mile radius and 24,000 feet high.

• The call sign for the ATC is dedicated to an airport Eg KL; KL Director. Kuantan Approach etc

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Chapter 2 – Controlled Airspace Airways

• Designated airspace ‘corridors’ normally 10 to 30 miles apart, with the upper limits up to 46,000 ft, provided for the airline to fly to specific destinations.

• Normally connected between busy airports in the world.

• These airways are given code numbers like A 69 KLIA to

• Most of airways are connected by navigational aids such as NDB, VOR/DME

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Airspace Structures

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Chapter 2 Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information Regions

• ICAO carved out the world airspace into Flight Information Regions (FIRs)

• Sovereign Airspace – generally 12 Miles Of Coastline.

• Each FIR normally allocated to the States, within or nearest to airspace that provides the ATC services.

• Historically, Singapore FIR was established by RAF at Singapore in 1945 based at Kallang Airport.

• Singapore FIR airspace encompasses from Andaman Islands in Bay Of Bengal, over Peninsular Malaysia, South China Sea and half of Borneo island.

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Chapter 2 -Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information Regions

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• During Pan Malayan Time (Malaya + Singapore together) airspace under KL. Below 14,500 Feet And Sabah + Sarawak under 24,500 Feet. the rest under Singapore FIR, then centered at the new Paya Lebar International Airport.

• Malaysia - After independence requested ICAO to assume control of her airspace. In 1973 at the ICAO’s RAN (Regional Air Navigation) meeting FIR Kuala Lumpur (ATCC At Subang) and FIR Kota Kinabalu (ATCC At KK) were formed.

• With effect 1st Jan 1976 – ICAO agreed the fragmenting Singapore FIR into three - Singapore Gets To Control South China Seas.

• Controversial Issue - Johor airspace - delegated to Singapore.

Chapter 2 - Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information Regions

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Chapter 2- Formation Of FIRS – Flight Information Regions

Johor Airspace Delegated to Singapore ATC.