Air Quaality of Steel City

7/23/2019 Air Quaality of Steel City

1/105

AIR QUALITY STUDY OF A STEEL CITY

ROURKELA , ORISSA

Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech

In

C!"!l Eng!neer!ng

By

#ayan$ Sa%ena (&'CE'))

*+''+'&&-

Uner /he g0!ance of

1rof. K.K.1a0l


2/105

1 | P a g e


3/105

Cer/!f!ca/e of A22ro"al

This is to certify that the thesis entitled AIR QUALITY OF A STEEL

CITY, ROURKELA, ORISSA submitted by#r. #ayan$ Sa%ena has

been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Degree of Bachelor3 of Technology (B. Tech) in

C!"!l Eng!neer!ng at National Institute of Technology Rourkela, and

this ork has not been submitted elsehere before for any other

academic degree!diploma"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

#rof" $"$"#aul

%ssistant #rofessor

Department of &ivil 'ngineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela


4/105

2 | P a ge


5/105

Ac$no4leg5en/I as privileged to have orked under the supervision of #rof" $"$"#aul"

er invaluable advise , enthusiasm and support throughout my proect

provided me ith the motivation to stay on track and fulfill my potential"

I ould also like to thank department of &eramic 'ngineering forproviding *RD machine for my proect"

In the end I ould also like to e+tend my gratitude to the 'nvironmentallaboratory assistant, &ivil engineering department"

%-%N$ .%*'N%

(/01&'022)


6/105

3 | P a ge


7/105

CO6TE6TS

&ertificate

%cknoledgement

&ontents

3ist of figures

3ist of tables

%bstract

1. &%#T'R 4 /5INTR6D7&TI6N

1.1 Introduction

1.2 &lassification of air pollutants

1.3 6bective of the study

1.4 'ffect of air pollution

2. &%#T'R 4 85 3IT'R%T7R' R'9I':

2"&%#T'R425 .IT' D'.&RI#TI6N

3.1 .tudy %rea

4. &%#T'R 4 ;5 onitoring #rotocol

4.1 onitoring #rotocol

4 | P a g e


8/105

4.2 #R6 6#'R%TI6N.4

4.3 .%#3IN> %ND T'&NI?7'.

4.3.1 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of Nitrogen Dio+ide

4.3.2 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of .ulfur Dio+ide

4.3.3 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of #/0

4.3.4 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of &arbon ono+ide

4.3.5 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of %mmonia

4.3.6 .ampling and %nalysis Techniques of Total .uspended #articles

4.3.7 onitoring Instrument

5. &%#T'R 4 @ 5 R'.73T. A DI.&7..I6N

6. &%#T'R 4BC &6N&37.I6N

7. &%#T'R 4 1 C R'='R'N&'.

5 | P a g e


9/105

LIST OF FI7URES

=igure /4 ap of the study area

=igure 84 Respirable dust sampler

=igure 24 >aseous attachment

=igure;4 &oncentration of %mmonia in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at Industrial site

=igure @4 &oncentration of %mmonia in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at Residentialsite

=igure B 4 &oncentration of Nitrogen Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend !:eekday) atIndustrial site

=igure14 &oncentration of Nitrogen Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend !:eekday) atResidential site

=igure 4 &oncentration of .ulfur Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) atIndustrial site

=igure E4 &oncentration of .ulfur Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at

Residential site

=igure/04 &oncentration of &arbon ono+ide %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) atIndustrial site

=igure//4 &oncentration of &arbon ono+ide %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) atResidential site

=igure /84 &oncentration of Total .uspended #article (T.#) In %ir (:eekend !:eekday) at Industrial site

=igure/24 &oncentration of Total .uspended #article (T.#) In %ir (:eekend !:eekday) at Residential site

=igure/;4 &oncentration of #/0in %ir (:eekday !:eekend) at Industrial site

=igure/@4 &oncentration of #/0in %ir (:eekday !:eekend) at Residential site

6 | P a g


10/105

e


11/105

=igure /B4 *RD of sample /

=igure/14 *RD of sample 8

=igure/4 *RD of sample 2

=igure/E4 *RD of sample ;

=igure804 *RD of sample @

LIST OF TABLES

Table/4 %


12/105

7 | P a g e


13/105

AIR QUALITY STUDY OF A STEEL CITY

ROURKELA ( ORISSA

ABSTRACT

The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry because of high demand

of iron and steel utiliFation, and the production process necessarily produces a

significant volume of dust as ell as gaseous effluents" %n air quality monitoring

program has been designed to collect the gaseous and particulate air pollutants

from to sites (in front of Indira >andhi #ark A 7dit Nagar) of the steel city,

Rourkela" The #/0, T.# and gaseous air pollutants sulfur dio+ide (.68), nitrogen

dio+ide (N68),ammonia (N2) Acarbon mono+ide (&6) ill be measured by high

volume sampler "The average .68,N68,N2,&6,#/0and T.# concentration at

7ditnagar (Residential site) during eekdays are 0"0/@@ppm, 0"22EBppm,

0"@//Eppm, 0"10ppm, 8;"@0 Gg!m2

and /@"2Gg!m2

respectively" The average

.68, N68, N2, #/0A T.# concentration at 7ditnagar during eekends are

0"0/1Eppm, 0"8208ppm, 0"282ppm, 0"1@ppm, "@1Gg!m2 and /@E";EGg!m

2

respectively" The average .68, N68, N2, #/0A T.# concentration at Indira

>andhi #ark (Industrial site) during eekdays are 0"0/Epm, 0"810/ppm,

0"B1;;ppm, 0"@;ppm, /1"1BGg!m2 and /BE";/Gg!m

2 respectively" The average

.68, N68, N2, #/0A T.# concentration at Indra >andhi #ark eekends are

0"0/E2ppm, 0"801ppm, 0"1;1ppm, 0"8;ppm, 88"/Gg!m2 and /@B";BGg!m

2,

respectively"

Key4or3:air quality, steel city, particulate matter, gaseous pollutant


14/105

8 | P a ge


15/105

C8A1TER &

I6TRODUCTIO6

9 | P a g e


16/105

&.& I6TRODUCTIO6

Rapid industrialiFation A urbaniFation has resulted in the emergence of industrial

centers that results in increase in pollution level of the air "The air e breathe is a

mi+ture of gases and small solid A liquid particles" In India, pollution has become

a great topic of debate at all levels and especially the air pollution because of the

enhanced anthropogenic activities %mong the harmful chemical compounds, of

fossils fuels burning puts into the atmosphere, are carbon dio+ide (&68), &arbon

mono+ide (&6), Nitrogen o+ide (N6*), .ulfur Dio+ide (.68) and tiny solid

particles Cincluding lead from gasoline additive called particulate" .ome

substances come from natural sources hile others are caused by human activities"

%ir pollution occurs hen the air contains substances in quantities that could harm

the comfort or health of humans and animals, or could damage plants and

materials" These substances are called air pollutants and can be either particles,

liquids or gaseous in nature (%lias, " et"al", 8001)H;" #articulate matter and

gaseous emissions of pollutant emission from industries and auto e+hausts areresponsible for rising discomfort, increasing airay diseases and deterioration of

artistic and cultural patrimony in urban centers (Rao, " et"al", 8002)H8/" %s many

cities around the orld become more congested, concerns increase over the level

of urban air pollution being generated and in particular its impact on localiFed

human health effects such as asthma or bronchitis" The more this relationship is

understood, the better chance there is of controlling and ultimately minimiFing

such effects" In the maority of the developed orld, legislation has already been

introduced to the e+tent that local authorities are required by la to conduct regular

3ocal %ir ?uality Revies of key urban pollutants (>hanem, " et"al", unknon )

H//"

10 | P a g


17/105

e


18/105

Rourkela is one of the most important industrial cities in the state of 6rissa,

India" The entire Industrial &omple+ is divided by a hill range and the hill is

virtually a separation boundary beteen the localities of the steel tonship and the

J6ld RourkelaK" .teel Tonship contains various residential sectors and very ell

planned to protect the inhabitants from environmental pollution" 6n the other side

of the hill range lies iant .teel #lant,

several medium industries, like cement, refractories, sponge iron plant, e+plosive

and chemicals and many more small scale industries" =or the .teel plant, the ra

materials like coal, hematite, limestone, dolomite etc" are available ithin a short

radius of the plant itself"


19/105

11 | P a ge


20/105

vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight

to form secondary pollutants that also combine ith the primary emissions to form

photochemical smog" There are many types of air pollutants such as nitrogen

o+ides, carbon mono+ides, and organic compounds that can evaporate and

enter the atmosphere" The air pollutants selected in the present study are4

(1) .ulfur dio+ide (.68)

(2) Nitrogen dio+ide (N68)

(3) Total .uspended #article (T.#)

(4) #article 3ess Than /0 micron ( #/0)

(5) &arbon ono+ide (&6)

(6) %mmonia (N2)

(1) S0lf0r !o%!e (SO+9 It is a colourless gas ith a pungent and suffocating

odour" The gas is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels (Naik .", 800@)H/1"

.ources include industrial activities such as flaring at oil and gas facilities and

diesel poer generation, commercial and home heating and vehicle emissions" The

amount of .68emitted is directly related to the sulfur content of the fuel (%ir

?uality onitoring Netork, 800)H2"

(2) 6!/rogen D!o%!e3 (6O+9 The Nitrogen o+ide represents the sum of the

various nitrogen gases found in the air, of hich Nitric 6+ide (N6) and Nitrogen

Dio+ide (N68) are the dominant forms" The emission sources are varied but tend to

result from high temperature combustion of fuel for industrial activities,

commercial and residential heating, and vehicle use" =orest fires can be a large

natural source of N68(%ir ?uality onitoring Netork, 800)H2"

(!!!To/al 3032ene 2ar/!c0la/e (TS19 T.# refers to particles ranging in siFe

from the smallest to a generally accepted upper limit of @05/00 microns in

diameter" T.# is dominated by the larger siFed particles commonly referred to as


21/105

12 | P a ge


22/105

JdustK and is associated ith aesthetic and environmental impacts such as soiling

of materials or smothering of vegetation (%ir ?uality onitoring Netork, 800)

H2" The entire domain of particulate matter is knon as Total Suspended

Particulate, T.# (I#&&, 800/)" This includes all airborne solid and liquid particles,

e+cept pure ater, ranging in siFe from appro+imately 0"00@mm to /00mm in

diameter (


23/105

13 | P a ge


24/105

characteristic pungent odour" %mmonia contributes significantly to the nutritional

needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertiliFers"

%mmonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of

many pharmaceuticals" %lthough in ide use, ammonia is both caustic and

haFardous" In 800B, orldide production as estimated at /;B"@ million tonnes"

(a+ %ppl (800B)H;;" It is used in commercial cleaning products"

&.) OB;ECTI5#ark) A residential site

of Rourkela"

(ii) To study the eekend !eekday variations of particulate air pollutants such

as #/0and T.# at the industrial site A residential site of Rourkela"

&.= EFFECT OF AIR 1OLLUTIO6

%ir pollution is a basic problem in today s orld" '+posure to ambient air

pollution has been linked to a number of different health outcomes, starting from

modest transient changes in the respiratory tract and impaired pulmonary function,

continuing to restricted activity!reduced performance, emergency room visits and

hospital admissions and to mortality" There is also increasing evidence for adverse

effects of air pollution not only on the respiratory system, but also on the

cardiovascular system (:6, 800;)" #hysical damage functions relating health

(mortality and morbidity) to air pollution levels have been estimated over a number

of years in different countries) (#oe Neil %", et al, 8008)H/E" %lthough the net

effect of pollutants on health is unclear, the &ommittee of the edical 'ffects of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(substance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(substance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard


25/105

14 | P a ge


26/105

%ir #ollution (&6'%#), set up by the 7$ government has found the strongest

link beteen health and pollution to be for particulates (#/0), sulfur dio+ide

(.68) and oFone (62) (#oe Neil %", et al, 8008)H/E"

The maor air pollutants discussed in the present study are sulfur dio+ide, nitrogen

o+ides, ammonia, carbon mono+ide, T.# and #/0"The harmful effects of these

pollutants are discussed here in detail4

(! S0lf0r D!o%!e (SO+9 'levated concentrations of .68can be indicated by an

odor of Oburning matches and are associated ith human health impacts,

including respiratory (breathing) effects, especially asthma" 9egetation, especially

lichens, can be very sensitive to .68at relatively lo concentrations (%ir ?uality

onitoring Netork, 800)H2" The gas irritates airays and eyes and is knon to

cause longer5term heart diseases, other cardiovascular ailments, and bronchitis" It

also readily causes shortness of breath and coughing amongst asthma sufferers"

.68 is also a maor contributor to acid rain, hich damages the environment and

upsets ecosystems (&han :ai5.hin et al, 8001)H

(!! 6!/rogen D!o%!e3 (6O+9 It causes severe respiratory problems, especially inchildren" :hen combined ith ater, it forms nitric acid and other to+ic nitrates"

N68is also a main component in the formation of oFone at the surface level" The

gas irritates the lungs and has been knon to loer the immune system (&han :ai5

.hin et al, 8001)H" It may cause acidification and eutrophication harmful to

health (mainly the respiratory system), materials, cultural artifacts, vegetation and

crops (.ida, unknon)" 'levated concentrations of N68can also affect visibility

though creation ofOreddish bron haFes (%ir ?uality onitoring Netork, 800)

H2"

(!!! To/al 3032ene 2ar/!c0la/e (TS19 T.# is associated ith aesthetic and

environmental impacts such as soiling of materials or smothering of vegetation

(%ir ?uality onitoring Netork, 800)H2"It may pose the greatest threat to


27/105

15 | P a ge


28/105

human health because, for the same mass, they absorb more to+ic and carcinogenic

compounds than larger particles and penetrate more easily deep into the lungs

(asitah %lias et al, 8001)H;"

(!" 1#&' 9 The increases in particulate matter have been shon to cause small,

reversible decrements in lung function in normal asymptomatic children, and in

both adults and children ho have some form of pre5e+isting respiratory condition,

particularly asthma" These changes ere often accompanied, especially in adults,

by increases in symptoms such as chronic bronchitis or cough (National %mbient

%ir ?uality 6bectives =or #articulate matter, /EE)H/"

(


29/105

16 | P a ge


30/105

("! A55on!a (68)9 The human body has several ays to process the ammonia

it produces and is capable of clearing large levels of ammonia from its system"

%mmonia levels in the air as lo as @ parts per million (ppm) can be recogniFed by

odor" %n average person detects ammonia by odor at around /1 ppm" %ccording to

the :orld ealth 6rganiFation (:6), continuous e+posure to 8@ ppm of

ammonia in the air does not result in a significant increase in blood levels of

ammonia in the body" %ccording to the 6ccupational .afety and ealth

%dministration (6.%), the least amount of ammonia hich is found to be

irritating to the eyes, nose and throat of the most sensitive individuals is @0 ppm"

There is no evidence that ammonia causes cancer" There is no evidence that

e+posure to the levels of ammonia found in the environment causes birth defects or

other developmental effects" ro)H;@

17 | P a g


31/105

e


32/105

C8A1TER +

LITERATURE RE


33/105

18 | P a g e


34/105

The rapid industrialiFation leading to urbaniFation, unplanned and e+cessive

e+ploitation of natural resources have been causing pollution problems in cities and

tons of developing countries" an made and natural sources of emissions have

polluted the air ith to+ic substances" The national average per capita .68

emission as ;"8 kg per person in /EE0, hich rose to @ kg in /EE@, an increase of

almost 80Q in @ yr" In /EE0, coal consumption contributed B;Q of total .68

emissions in India, oil products 8EQ, biomass ;"@Q and non5energy consumption

8"@Q (>arg, %", et"al, 800/)H/0" Total .68and N6+emissions from India ere

2@;8 and 8B2B >g respectively (/EE0) and ;B2 and 2;B8 >g (/EE@) groing at

annual rate of around @"@Q" The sectoral composition of .68 emissions indicates a

predominance of electric poer generation sector (;BQ)" #oer and transport

sector emissions equally dominate N6*emissions contributing nearly 20Q each

(>arg, %", et"al, 800/)H/0" The ambient air quality in adurai &ity of .outh India

as studied and it as found that the T# concentration varied from 800 to @00

g ! cu5m, N6+from @0 to /10 g ! cu5m and .68from /0 to 8@ g ! cu5m" The

%mbient %ir ?uality of Pyotivihar, 6rissa in terms of T.#, .68 and N6+ asstudied during DecemberC/EE; to NovemberC/EE@" The minimum and ma+imum

values ere 8"EE@ g!cu5m and /8"1 g!cu5m for T.#, ;"B8 g!cu5m and 8@"1;

g!cu5m for .68 and ;"2E g!cu5m and /B"E g!cu5m for N6 +(Naik .", 800@)

H/1" % report shoed that .# concentrations in .hanghai, Ne Delhi, umbai,

>uangFhou, &hongquin, &alcutta,


35/105

19 | P a ge


36/105

and N6+(%ir #ollution &ontrol in the Transportation .ector, 8001)H8" The &entral

#ollution &ontrol


37/105

e


38/105

varies from @@2"; to 81"B g!cu5m" The ma+imum T.# concentration in .atna,

B1"0 g!cu5m, as on December E, 8000" a+imum T.# concentration in Delhi,

81"B g!cu5m, occurred on 6ctober 82, 8000" 3evels of T.# in %shok 9ihar, a

residential area in Delhi, reached /0 times the permissible limit in 6ctober 8000

(.handilya $aushik" $" et al, 8001)H8;"

The atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia has been measured by

#errino et al" (8008)H;0 during spring of 800/ to spring of 8008 in an urban area

of Rome, at many traffic sites and at an urban background sites" The results

indicated that emissions from petrolCengine vehicles equipped ith catalytic

converters could be an important source of ammonia in urban areas" :hereas, in

another study in south coast air basin, mobile sources ere estimated to represent

/Q of the N2inventory (&hitian et al", 8000)H;/"


39/105

e


40/105

C8A1TER )

SITE DESCRI1TIO6

22 | P a g e


41/105

).& STUDYAREA

% steel city, Rourkela, is selected as a study area in the present research ork" It is

one of the most important industrial cities in the .undargarh district of the .tate of

6rissa in India" It has a population of more than four hundred thousand people,

many of them %divasis belonging to different indigenous communities"

Ta:le &9 %


42/105

e


43/105

The population density in the industrial comple+ is 2,8 persons per square

kilometer" The Industrial comple+ is situated appro+imately 8/@5820 m above the

mean sea level (msl)" The city is spread over an area of /8/"15km8 in close

pro+imity of iron ore, dolomite, limestone and coal belts"

The region is surrounded by the Durgapur hill range" The perennial $oel River

flos through this valley and meets another perennial river .ankh at 9edavyas on

the outskirts of Rourkela"


44/105

24 | P a ge


45/105

C8A1TER =

#on!/or!ng 1ro/ocol

25 | P a g


46/105

e


47/105

=. & #on!/or!ng 1ro/ocol

To .tudy the eekend ! eekday variations of maor air quality parameters, %n air

sampling netork has been performed, during Panuary 80// to %pril 80// to

collect ambient .6 8, N68, &6, N2, #/0A T.# concentrations"

The main concern of the proect is to measure the concentration of sulfur dio+ide,

nitrogen dio+ide, ammonia, carbon mono+ide, #/0and total suspended particles

taking readings at different stations ith the help of respirable dust sampler" These

critical gaseous pollutants and the particulate pollutants are in abundance in

Rourkela environment since it is an industrial area and a little change in their

concentration in ambient air can make a strong effect on the e+isting living stock

causing many adverse effects on health and skin" %s e are primarily concerned

about the environment of the Rourkela, so e decided to choose the sampling

stations in the densely populated area" The stations ere so chosen that there can

be adequate safety measures e+periment" :e investigated the decided sampling

stations and found out the possible problems and the possible precautions to be

taken hile handling and use of the device for the proect"The monitoring stations chosen are4

/" .tation5/4 In front of I> park 8" .tation584 %t 7dit Nagar

=.+ 1ROBLE#S FACED DURI67 O1ERATIO6S

The implementation of the sampling devices at the aforesaid stations as quite

difficult to deal ith" The folloing problems ere faced during our operation4

S/a/!on I9 In station5/,that is In front of I> park ,everything seemed to be fine

about the setting up of the device and connection for electricity e+cept e had to

be aare of the students ho found it curious enough to touch and handle it"

26 | P a g


48/105

e


49/105

S/a/!on II9 %t 7dit Nagar, It has been found the same difficulties as in the station5

/"along ith that there as also another problem that as to be taken care of , like

many people ere coming near the apparatus "

S!/e #a2

Site 1

Rourkela Steel Plant

Sit.2

FI7URE&9 %# 6= .T7D- %R'%

=.) SA#1LI67 A6D TEC86IQUES

=.).& Sa52l!ng an Analy3!3 Techn!?0e3 of 6!/rogen D!o%!e

%ssemble in order as shon in, a sampling probe (optional), fritted5tip absorber,

mist eliminator or trap, flo meter, and pump" easure temperature and pressure

difference from atmospheric so that corrections for gas volume may be applied"

$eep the flo meter free from spray or dust" 7se ground5glass connections"


50/105

27 | P a ge


51/105

to5butt glass connections ith vinyl tubing also may be used for connections

ithout losses if lengths are kept minimal" #ipet /0"0 ml of absorbing reagent into

a dry fritted bubbler" Dra an air sample through it at the rate of 0"; 3!min, long

enough to develop sufficient final color (about /0 to B0min)" Note the total air

volume sampled" easure and record air temperature and pressure" %fter using the

bubbler, rinse ell ith ater and dry" If fritted tip is visibly discolored, clean in

accordance ith the procedure" %fter sampling, development of the red5violet color

is complete ithin /@ min at room temperatures" Transfer to a stoppered cuvette

and read in a spectrophotometer at @@0 nm, using distilled ater as a reference"

Deduct the absorbance of the reagent blank from that of the sample" &olors too

dark to read may be quantitatively diluted ith une+posed absorbing reagent" Then

multiply the measured absorbance by the dilution factor"

=.).+ Sa52l!ng an Analy3!3 Techn!?0e3 of S0lf0r D!o%!e

#lace /0 m3 of T& absorbing reagent in a midget impinger and seal the impinger

ith a thin film of silicon stopcock grease (around the ground glass oint)" Insert

the sealed impinges into the sampling train as shon, making sure that allconnections beteen the various components are leak tight" >reaseless ball oint

fittings, heat shrinkable T='5fluorocarbon tubing, or T='5fluorocarbon tube

fittings may be used to attain leak free conditions for portions of the sampling train

that come into contact ith air containing .68" .hield the absorbing reagent from

direct sunlight by covering the impinger ith aluminum foil or by enclosing the

sampling train in a light5proof bo+" Determine the flo rate" &ollect the sample at

/0"/0 3!min for 20 min sampling or 0"@00 0"0@ 3!min for / h sampling" Record

the e+act sampling time in min, as the sample volume ill later be determined

using the sampling flo rate and the sampling time" Record the atmospheric

pressure and temperature"


52/105

28 | P a ge


53/105

=.).) Sa52l!ng an Analy3!3 Techn!?0e3 of 1#&'

%ir is dran through a siFe5selective inlet and through a 80"2 cm + 8@"; cm filter

(quartF microfiber)"#articles ith aerodynamic diameter less than the cut5point of

the inlet are collected by the filter" The mass of these particles is determined by the

difference in filter eights prior to and after sampling" The concentration of # /0

in the designated siFe range is calculated by dividing the eight gain of the filter

by the volume of air sampled"

=.).= Sa52l!ng an Analy3!3 Techn!?0e3 of Car:on #ono%!e

&arbon mono+ide4 The level of carbon mono+ide present in the air is found ith

the help of an instrument called T5/000 &%R


54/105

e


55/105

calibration unit can be used to calibrate the flo meter, the orifice calibration unit

itself must be calibrated against the positive displacement primary standard" %ttach

the orifice calibration unit to the intake end of the positive displacement primary

standard and attach a high volume bloer unit to the e+haust end of the primary

standard" &onnect one end of a differential manometer to the differential pressure

tap of the orifice calibration unit and leave the other end open to the atmosphere"

6perate the high volume motor5bloer unit so that a series of different, but

constant airflos, usually si+, are obtained for definite time periods" Record the

reading of the different constant airflos, hich are obtained by placing series of

loads, one at a time, beteen the calibration unit and the primary standard" #lace

the orifice, before the inlet reduces the pressure, at the inlet of the primary standard

belo atmosphere" % correction must be made, therefore, for the increase in

volume caused by this decreased inlet pressure" %ttach one end of a second

differential manometer5 to the inlet pressure tap of the primary standard and leave

the other end of the manometer open to the atmosphere" During each of the

constant airflo measurements made above, measure the true inlet pressure of theprimary standard ith this second differential manometer" easure the

atmospheric pressure and temperature" I. @/8(part;)4 /EEE)

=.). #on!/or!ng In3/r05en/

%ir is dran into a covered housing and through a filter by a high flo rate bloer

at /"/ to /"@ cu5m!min that allos suspended particulate matter ith diameters

V/0m (.tokes equivalent diameter) to collect on the filter surface" #articles ith

diameters of 0"/ to /0 m are collected on glass fiber filters"

The mass concentration of #/0g!cu5m in ambient air is computed by measuring

the mass of #/0collected and the volume of air sampled" The siFe of the sample

collected is usually adequate for further analysis of trace elements"


56/105

30 | P a ge


57/105

The sample of air is first dran into a cyclone separator, hich passes only the

smaller particles ith diameter less than /0 m" These are then collected on the

filter, as before, hile the larger Jnon5respirableK particulates are collected in a

removable dust collector cup" #/0 is calculated by measuring the mass collected

on the filter and the volume of air sampled, hile NR# is calculated by

measuring the mass collected on the dust collector cup and the volume of air

sampled"

.ampling at an average of /"/cu5m!min for 8; hours, given an adequate sample,

even in an atmosphere having concentrations of particulates as lo as /g!cum" If

particulates levels are unusually high, a satisfactory sample may be obtained in B to

hours or less" =or determination of average concentrations of suspended

particulates in ambient air, a standard sampling period of 8; hours is

recommended" :eights are determined to the nearest milligram, air flo rate are

determined to the nearest 0"0@ cu5m!min, times are determined to the nearest /

minute, and mass concentrations are reported to the nearest microgram per cubic

meter (g!cu5m)"

#articulate matter that is oily, such as photochemical smog or ood smoke, may

block the filter and cause a rapid drop in airflo at a non uniform rate" Dense fog

or high humidity can cause the filter to become too et and severely reduce the air

flo through the filter" >lass5fiber filters are comparatively insensitive to changes

in relative humidity, but collected particulates can be hygroscopic"

Nettle s Respirable dust sampler, model N#59.!R consist main part5 the

control module" The control module houses all the functional parts required for the

collection of particulates and gaseous samples" The gaseous sampling

arrangements detailed specifications are given belo4

eavy duty bloer4 /"@ cu5m!min free flo (ithout resistance)


58/105

31 | P a ge


59/105


60/105

32 | P a ge


61/105

Filter holder: The filter holder assembly consist hopper assembly made up of =R#

to hold 8@ cm U 80 cm filter paper" '#D gasket helps to make the assembly tight"

The effective siFe of the filter paper for suction is 82 cm U / cm knobs are

provided for easy replacement of filter paper"

lower assem!l": % heavy duty bloer ith continuous rating 8; hrs" a+ ith

proper carbon brush maintenance and operating on 820 9 %&" @0 F is fitted ith

the hopper assembly" The carbon brushes of the bloer can be easily replaced by

unscreing them"

rushless motor: 0"@ #, 2000 R#, %& single phase motor /"B cu5m!min"

#$tu!e manometer: The flo rate is monitored by means of 75 tube manometer

and a pilot tube at the bloer e+haust" % factory calibration curve of flo rate, in

units of 3# of 8@0& air, verses manometer X# at 200&" In units of ater cm, is

fi+ed on the sampler" The horiFontal a+is of the graph is linear X#"

%oltage sta!ili&er: %n automatic voltage stabiliFer is provided to keep the voltage

output at 820 W /0 9"

'uto shut off timer: The sampler has a on5off timer here sampling time can be setfrom 0 to 8; hours ith auto shut off facility"

Time totaliser: % time totaliser has been provided to indicate the total time of

sampling in minutes" It has a ma+imum range of EEEE minutes" Total time of

sampling is calculated by difference of final and initial time in minutes"

Flow controller: To set and adust the bloer flo rate at the time of sampling, a

continuously variable type flo is provided"

(mpinger tu!es with restrictors: =or gaseous sampling ; nos" of graduated

impninger tubes" (idget impingers) having capacity of 2@ ml each are supplied"

The flo of sampling air through each impinge tubes can be controlled by

individual, connected to the manifold"


62/105

33 | P a ge


63/105

(nlet ) separator unit: %mbient air is dran into the sampler through a cyclone

separator to create a cyclonic flo, 3arge dust particles impact on the inner all of

the tube and drop don to be collected in the cup" .mall dust particles filter ith

less than /0 microns (.tokes) diameter are assessed along ith the air dran

through the filter and collected on it"

F!g0re+9 Respirable dust sampler

F!g0re)9 >aseous attachment of dust sampler


64/105

34 | P a ge


65/105

C8A1TER @

RESULTS DISCUSSIO6


66/105

35 | P a g e


67/105

@.& Re30l/3

In the present study , eekend !eekday variations of selected gaseous andparticulate matters are shon in figure ; to figure 80 "

@. &.& A55on!a (68)

F!g0re=9 &oncentration of %mmonia in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at Industrial site

F!g0re @9 &oncentration of %mmonia in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at Residential site


68/105

36 | P a ge


69/105

Ta:le + 9 &oncentration of %mmonia in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling Days &onc of N2(ppm)

Industrial 80!0/!80// 0"B0B0

Industrial 82!0/!80// 0"201@

Industrial 20!0/!80// 0";;

Industrial 80!08!80// 0"@B0

Industrial 82!08!80// 0"1B0

Industrial 81!08!80// /"8E/

Industrial 0;!02!80// /"/B1

Industrial /!02!80// /"00/0

Industrial /E!02!80// 0"182B

Industrial 82!02!80// 0"2;21

Residential 8B!02!80// 0"/B8

Residential 2/!02!80// 0"800

Residential 0@!0;!80// 0"210

Residential 0E!0;!80// 0"@B0

Residential /B!0;!80// 0"B1;

Residential /!0;!80// 0"28@B

Residential 8/!0;!80// 0"2@81

Residential 82!0;!80// 0"B;88

Residential 8!0;!80// 0"2B/

Residential 20!0;!80// 0"@0B@

37 | P a ge


70/105

@.&.+ 6!/rogen D!o%!e9

F!g0re 9 &oncentration of Nitrogen Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend !:eekday) at

Industrial site

F!g0re 9 &oncentration of Nitrogen Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend !:eekday) at

Residential site


71/105

38 | P a g e


72/105

Ta:le )9 &oncentration of Nitrogen Dio+ide in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling Days &onc of N68(ppm)

Industrial 80!0/!80// 0"8@;1

Industrial 82!0/!80// 0"82/E

Industrial 20!0/!80// 0"81/B

Industrial 80!08!80// 0"8;2E

Industrial 82!08!80// 0"201B

Industrial 81!08!80// 0"8@1/

Industrial 0;!02!80// 0"81

Industrial /!02!80// 0"2/

Industrial /E!02!80// 0"2;B/

Industrial 82!02!80// 0"/1;8

Residential 8B!02!80// 0"2BE

Residential 2/!02!80// 0"/@/

Residential 0@!0;!80// 0"82/E

Residential 0E!0;!80// 0"2;;E

Residential /B!0;!80// 0"21B/

Residential /!0;!80// 0"8@EB

Residential 8/!0;!80// 0"80E/

Residential 82!0;!80// 0"8E;;

Residential 8!0;!80// 0"8B@B

Residential 20!0;!80// 0"2/2B

39 | P a ge


73/105

@.&.) S0lf0r D!o%!e (SO+ 9

F!g0re 9 &oncentration of .ulfur Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at

Industrial site

F!g0re 9 &oncentration of .ulfur Dio+ide in %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at

Residential site


74/105

40 | P a ge


75/105

Ta:le =9 &oncentration of .ulfur Dio+ide in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling Days &onc of .68(ppm)

Industrial 80!0/!80// 0"0/E1

Industrial 82!0/!80// 0"080@

Industrial 20!0/!80// 0"082/

Industrial 80!08!80// 0"08;

Industrial 82!08!80// 0"0/E1

Industrial 81!08!80// 0"0/0

Industrial 0;!02!80// 0"08@1

Industrial /!02!80// 0"080@

Industrial /E!02!80// 0"0/8

Industrial 82!02!80// 0"0///

Residential 8B!02!80// 0"0/21

Residential 2/!02!80// 0"0/@;

Residential 0@!0;!80// 0"0/0

Residential 0E!0;!80// 0"0/;@

Residential /B!0;!80// 0"0/1/

Residential /!0;!80// 0"0/@

Residential 8/!0;!80// 0"0/E

Residential 82!0;!80// 0"0/@1

Residential 8!0;!80// 0"0/1

Residential 20!0;!80// 0"0/B1

41 | P a ge


76/105

@.&.= Car:on #ono%!e (CO 9

F!g0re&'9 &oncentration of &arbon ono+ide %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at

Industrial site

F!g0re &&9 &oncentration of &arbon ono+ide %ir (:eekend ! :eekday) at

Residential site


77/105

42 | P a g e


78/105

Ta:le @9 &oncentration of &arbon ono+ide in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling Days &6 in ppm

Industrial 80!0/!80// 0"B/

Industrial 82!0/!80// 0"EB

Industrial 20!0/!80// 0";0

Industrial 80!08!80// 0"2/

Industrial 82!08!80// 0"//

Industrial 81!08!80// 0"E

Industrial 0;!02!80// 0"/E

Industrial /!02!80// 0"8B

Industrial /E!02!80// 0"/1

Industrial 82!02!80// 0"08

Residential 8B!02!80// 0";B

Residential 2/!02!80// 0"@B

Residential 0@!0;!80// 0"2

Residential 0E!0;!80// 0"EB

Residential /B!0;!80// 0"1/

Residential /!0;!80// 0"B;

Residential 8/!0;!80// 0";

Residential 82!0;!80// 0"E2

Residential 8!0;!80// 0"B

Residential 20!0;!80// 0";;

43 | P a ge


79/105

@.&.@ To/al S032ene 1ar/!cle (TS1 an 1#&'9

F!g0re &+9 &oncentration of Total .uspended #article (T.#) In %ir (:eekend !

:eekday) at Industrial site

F!g0re&)9 &oncentration of Total .uspended #article (T.#) In %ir (:eekend !

:eekday) at Residential site


80/105

44 | P a g e


81/105

F!g0re&=9 &oncentration of #/0in %ir (:eekday !:eekend) at Industrial site

F!g0re&@9 &oncentration of #/0in %ir (:eekday !:eekend) at Residential site


82/105

45 | P a g e


83/105

Ta:le 9 #/0in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling Days #,/0(Gg!m2)

Industrial 8050/580// /"1

Industrial 8250/580// 8@"80

Industrial 2050/580// /B"20

Industrial 80508580// /2"/E

Industrial 82508580// 8;"8@

Industrial

81508580// 8/"0@Industrial 0;502580// /B"0

Industrial /502580// /8"8

Industrial /E502580// /2"0B

Industrial 82502580// ;8"0/

Residential 8B502580// 8@"1;

Residential 2/502580// 80"1B

Residential 0@50;580// 20"1;

Residential 0E50;580// 88"2;

Residential /B!0;!80// 8B"1

Residential /!0;!80// 2B"80

Residential 8/!0;!80// 2B"//

Residential 82!0;!80// 82"B@

Residential 8!0;!80// /E"0@

Residential 20!0;!80// 82"E/

46 | P a g


84/105

e


85/105

Ta:le 9 Total .uspended #article (T.#) in %ir at Different onitoring .ites

.ampling .ite .ampling days T.# (Gg!m2)

Industrial 8050/580// /2;"@B

Industrial8250/580// /@E"2/

Industrial2050/580// /@;"/1

Industrial80508580// /2B"

Industrial82508580// /B@";8

Industrial

81508580// 800"Industrial

0;502580// /;"1@

Industrial/502580// /2/"B

Industrial/E502580// /E@"2

Industrial 82502580// 80/"18

Residential 8B502580// /B8"@0

Residential2/502580// E"/8

Residential 0@50;580// /@1";/

Residential0E50;580// /@8"@@

Residential/B!0;!80// /22"@B

Residential/!0;!80// /E2"0B

Residential8/!0;!80// 88@"E2

Residential82!0;!80// /;B"1B

Residential 8!0;!80// /2/";

Residential20!0;!80// /EB"@2

47 | P a g


86/105

e


87/105

@.+ RD Re30l/3

Table 4


88/105

48 | P a ge


89/105

.%#3' /4 >raphics

=igure /B4 *RD of sample /

Table E4 *RD result of sample /

9isible.core &ompound Name

=ac"=ormula

Ref"&ode &hem"

8B5/01E 8 >raphite52YITRYR>,"" 0"@@/ &


90/105

49 | P a ge


91/105

.%#3' 84>raphics

=igure /1 4 *RD of sample 8

Table /04 *RD result of sample 8

#attern 3ist

9isible.core &ompound Name .cale =ac"

&hem"

Ref"&ode =ormula

8B5/01E 8 >raphite52YITRYR>,"" 0"@@/ &

;15011 ;/ buckminsterfullerene 0"E;1 &B0

1@5/@; // &arbon 6+ide 0"0@ &68

1850/@1 8E Nitrogen 0"8;E N8

0@50;8 1 .ulfur 6+ide /"/8@ .68

15/ ; .ulfur 0"12E .

825/20/ /0 #hosphorus 6+ide 0"08 #86@

125/E 1 #hosphorus 6+ide /"/1 #;6B

1E50B02 1 Zeolite '75/ 5 art"" 0"B1E .i68


92/105

50 | P a ge


93/105

.%#3' 24 >raphics

=igure / 4 *RD of sample 2

Table // 4 *RD result of sample 2

#attern 3ist

9isible.core &ompound Name .cale =ac" &hem" =ormula

Ref"&ode

1@5801 ;0 >raphite 0"E81 &

;;50@@ 8B buckminsterfullerene 0"802 &B0

;5/;;E // &arbon 0"/@2 &10

125088E /E 6+ygen 0"/8@ 68

1@5/@;0 /; &arbon 6+ide 0"0@@ &681B5821 0 &arbon 6+ide 0 &6

1;5/1 /; #hosphorus 0"/1 #

125/E #hosphorus 6+ide 0"2@; #;6B

0@502/ / #hosphorus 6+ide 0"02B #86@

18500 B #hosphorus 6+ide 0"/@; #;61

258;BE /; ?uartF 0"0BB .i68

;501E/ 0 Zeolite theta5/ 0"01; .i68

;050@;; 0 Nitrogen 0"00@ N8


94/105

51 | P a ge

1;5/E0/ 0 Nitrogen 6+ide 0"0/8 N868

1@5/// 0 Nitrogen 6+ide 0"082 N86@

12580@1 @ Nitrogen 6+ide 0"0;8 N86

.%#3' ;4 >raphics

=igure /E4 *RD of sample ;

Table /84 *RD result of sample ;

#attern 3ist


Ref"&ode

1;50/0 8B Nitrogen 0"081 N8

;502;B /2 Nitrogen 6+ide 0"082 N86;

1@5/// 0 Nitrogen 6+ide 0"022 N86@

;15/21; @ Nitrogen 6+ide 0"0;/ N86

050;/@ 81 >raphite 0"/81 &

;15011 28 buckminsterfullerene 0"82/ &B0


95/105

18580E/ /E &arbon 0"/// &

1250@E 8; &arbon 6+ide 0"88; &68

52 | P a g e;@50E/8 2 6+ygen @"BE 68

1B5821 @ &arbon 6+ide 0"0E2 &6

1E5/E0B @8 ?uartF 0"8E .i68

;B50@10 1 .ilicon 6+ide 0"/E .i8;6;

1850E; B #hosphorus 6+ide 0"@;; #;61

1B5/E@E 0 #hosphorus 0"08 #

.%#3' @4 >raphics

=igure 804 *RD of sample @

Table /2 4 *RD result of sample @

#attern 3ist


Ref"&ode

8B5/01E ;; >raphite52YITRYR>,"" / &

;15011 81 buckminsterfullerene 0"0E &B0


96/105

125088E 8 6+ygen 0"/8@ 68

0250;1@ 1 &arbon 6+ide 0"0;; &68

0/508/2 B #hosphorus 6+ide 0"01 #86@

53 | P a g e

250@2E @8 ?uartF 0"E@ .i68

185/;8B E .ilicon 0"0BE .i

105/2BB 0 ydraFine ydride 0"02@ N8@

1250@ E Nitrogen 6+ide 0"02; N86

;050@;; ; Nitrogen 0"02E N8

1@5/// B Nitrogen 6+ide 0"/0; N86@

@.) D!3c033!on

There is a large variation in the concentration of ammonia" The average emission

of ammonia on eekday at industrial site is more hen compared ith eekend

and average emission of ammonia on eekend at residential site is more hen

compared ith eekday" In nitrogen dio+ide, the concentration is alays more in

eekends, hether it is a residential site or industrial site" 6n average bases, the

concentration of sulfur dio+ide is more on eekday, but the values of residential

site and industrial site doesn t have a large difference in these values" In carbon

mono+ide the eekend concentration is alays more, hether it is a residential site

or industrial site" In Total suspended particles, there is not much difference in the

concentration of residential site and industrial site" =or #/0, eekday

concentration is more for residential site but for industrial site eekend

concentration is more than eekday"


97/105

54 | P a ge


98/105

C8A1TER

CO6CLUSIO6

55 | P a g e


99/105

%mbient air quality of the selected industrial and residential sites have been

assessed in Rourkela (6rissa)" The study has clearly revealed the levels of air

pollutants for T.#, #/0, N68, N2 , &6 and .68"The study concludes that an

average eekday concentration of maor gaseous A particulate pollutants are

higher than eekend" #articulate matters have high level of pollution, so it needs to

be controlled for the safe survival "


100/105

56 | P a ge


101/105

REFERE6CES

[1]. %hmed aytham %" %ir ?uality in 'gypt %ugust /EEE, %ir ?uality onthlyReport, onthly report, %ugust /EEE"

[2]. %ir #ollution &ontrol in the Transportation .ector" Third #hase Research Reportof the 7rban 'nvironmental anagement #roect, 8001"

[3]. %ir pollutants and air quality terms, %ir quality monitoring netork, 800"

[4]. %lias asitah, amFah Zaini and $enn 3ee .ee" #/0 and Total suspendedparticulates (T.#) measurements in various poer stations, The alayasianPournal 6f %nalytical .ciences, 9ol //, No /, (8001)4 8@@58B/"

[5]. %mbient air quality assessment, &< (8008)"

[6]. oyal #", .idhartha" #resent scenario of air quality in Delhi4 a case study of&N> implementation, %tmospheric 'nvironment, 9ol 21, (8002)4 @;825@;2/"

[13]. >upta 7sha" 9aluation of 7rban %ir #ollution4 % &ase .tudy of $anpur &ity inIndia 'nviron Resource" 'con", (800)"

[14]. $umar Rakesh, Poseph %bba 'liFabeth" %ir #ollution concentrations of #8"@,

#/0 and N68at ambient and kerbsite and their &orrelation in metro city Cumbai, 'nvironmental onitoring and %ssessment, 9ol //E, (800B)4 /E/5/EE"

57 | P a ge


102/105

[15]. 3ima 3ing 3", ughesb .usan P", ellaellb 'mma '" Integrated decisionsupport system for urban air quality assessment, 'nvironmental odelling Asoftare, 9ol 80, (800@)4 E;15E@;"

[16]. #rof" D"9"." urthy and #rof" T" .aminathan"Improving air quality in &hennai

city, India, %sian Regional Research #rogram on 'nvironmental Technology(%RR#'T), (800/5800;)"

[17]. Naik .hrikanta" .tudies on pollution status of " ortality and morbidity benefits of airpollution absorption by :oodland, .ocial A 'nvironmental ", Payakumar Indracanti,%naneyulu -" %ssessment of ambient air quality in the rapidly industriallygroing yderabad urban environment, (8002)"

[22]. Revie of air quality management system in India" &


103/105

[29]. :ro , "tfi"org

59 | P a ge
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/co/coh.htmhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/co/coh.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0137015445http://books.google.com/?id=KQqLicqcTM8C&pg=PA36http://books.google.com/?id=KQqLicqcTM8C&pg=PA36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0137015445http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2http://www.tfi.org/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/co/coh.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0137015445http://books.google.com/?id=KQqLicqcTM8C&pg=PA36http://books.google.com/?id=KQqLicqcTM8C&pg=PA36http://books.google.com/?id=KQqLicqcTM8C&pg=PA36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0137015445http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2http://www.tfi.org/


104/105

[46]. (ethods for measurement of air pollution" #art ;, suspended particle I.@/8(part;)4 /EEE)

[47]. $, .tokes


105/105

60 | P a ge

Documents

Air Quaality of Steel City