Upload
phunghuong
View
263
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 5
AIR POLLUTION IN DURGAPUR - AN OVERVIEW
We have discussed in the previous chapter how the industrial scenario in
Durgapur region has skyrocketed in the last decade. The benefits of neo·
industrialisation, especially the post-2000 expansion, has also been
linked to increased pollution in the locality and it is argued that the
process have caused severe damages to the local environment. In this
chapter we briefly look at the air pollution situation in Durgapur.
However, we discuss various basic issues related to air pollution at the
beginning to provide a backdrop to the emerging pollution scenario in the
city.
INDUSTRIAL Am POLLUTION- SOME STYLISED FACTS
Why Study Air Pollution?
Clean air to breathe is just as important as safe water or food. Yet
millions of people, mostly in the newly industrialising regions of
developing countries, breathe heavily polluted air. In spite of that, though
industrialisation causes environmental damages in terms of both air and
water pollution, most of existing studies on environmental impact of
industrialisation has focussed on discharge of effluents and water
pollution. This is because of various factors - water is to be 'cleaned' and
'delivered' to the users in packaged (bottledftankedffiped) form; water
pollution is more readily visible (in the discharge channels of industries
55
and in the river, streams and other waterbodies; also in swarms of dead
fishes floating about); it is easier to fix accountability for pollution; and it
is also easier (though costly) for authorities to purify water before
supplying. In addition, it is easier to control hydrological flows through
check dams, sewer pits, effluent treatment plants etc. As a result
research and administrative focus have been more on water pollution. On
contrary, air is not 'delivered' to users in 'pipes' as water frequently is,
and as a result it is almost impossible to cleanse polluted air before it is
'consumed'. But air pollution is as deadly, if not more, because of this
very reason - it is not cleaned before consumption. In this regard the
position of humans with respect to polluted air is somewhat similar to
that for fishes with regard to polluted water- human beings live in a sea
of air with no control over the quality of air that they breathe - and
suffering from the polluted air as much as fishes do in polluted water,
moving towards death faster than they otherwise would have been.
Industrial air pollution has been responsible for a host of health
problems, some ofwhich are discussed later.
Impacts on Health & Livelihood
Direct impact of poo~ air quality on human health principally falls on the
body's respiratory system and cardiovascular system. Individual
reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is
exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and
also genetics. Visible and perceptible effects of air pollution on human
health include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions, and also lung
cancer. These effects result in loss of income due to increased visits to
doctors & medical institutions, economic burdens due to increased
56
medication & hospital admissions, and ultimately financial and
emotional loss due to premature death. Epidemiological studies suggest
that more than a million people die each year from cardiopulmonary
di~ease like aggravated asthma, emphysema, lung and heart diseases,
and respiratory allergies arising out of industrial air pollution. Across the
globe more people die each year from air pollution than due to road ,
accidents.
In addition, there are indirect effects of air pollution like acid rain,
polluted drinking water, global warming & associated climate change, sea
level rise, etc. that affect human health and livelihood.
What are the major (air) pollutants that can be attributed to
industrialisation? A brief summary of some of them are given in the next
section.
MAJOR POLLUTANTS
Suspended Particulo.te Matter & Respirable SuspendedParticulo.te Matter
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM, also called PMlO) is defined as a
particle floating in the air with a diameter below 10 micron (micrometre-
pm). SPM covers a wide range of mainly finely divided solid particles that
may be dispersed into the air from fuel combustion processes - mostly
from industrial activities including power plants, and also from vehicles.
Studies have shown that high SPM concentrations in the air can have a
detrimental impact on respiratory organs. The suspended particulates
ar~ important in relation to health not only because they persist in the
atmosphere longer than larger particles, but also because they are small
enough to be inhaled and to penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract.
Besides causing respiratory disorders and hypertension, pollution may be
damaging genes and changing human behaviour, revealed a study on
57
health of urban population in Delhi and rural population West Bengal
and Uttarakhand (Chandola, 2008).
In recent years it has been accepted that particulate matters that are less
than 2.5 pm in diameter are more deadly that the larger SPMs because of
their smaller size. These particulate matters are called Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM, also known as PM2.5). While the
larger particles are generally filtered in the nose and throat via cilia and
mucus, smaller particles settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause
health problems. Particles smaller than 2.5 micron tend to even
pehetrate into the gas exchange regions of the lung, and thereafter may
pass through the lungs, migrating into other organs, including the brain.
It has been suggested that very fine particulate matters can cause brain
damage similar to that found in patients suffering from Alzheimees
disease. In particular, a study published in the Journal of the American
Medical Association indicates that PM2.5 leads to high plaque deposits in
arteries, causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis - a
hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity, which can lead to heart
attacks and other cardiovascular problems (Pope et al, 2002). PM2.5 is
the most harmful component of air-borne particulate contamination and
cannot be blocked effectively by ordinary filters. They can only be trapped
by properly designed HEPA filters or Electrostatic Precipitators. Though
PM2.5 has been associated with premature mortality and other serious
health effects as indicated above, its threat has not received due
acknowledgement in India as yet.
Sulphur Oxides
Sulphur Oxides (SOx), especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound
with the formula S02 is produced by volcanoes. Since coal and petroleum
58
often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulphur
dioxide and so various industrial processes also emit SOx. Further
oxidation of S02, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as N02, forms
H2S04, commonly known as Sulphuric Acid, which comes back to earth
as Acid Rain. Current scientific evidence links short-term exposures to
S02, ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours, with a range of of adverse
respiratory effects, including broncho-constriction and increased asthma
symptoms. These effects are particularly important for asthmatics at
elevated ventilation rates (e.g., while exercising or playing outdoors). This
is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use
of these fuels in industrial units.
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), especially nitrogen dioxide, are emitted from high
temperature combustion. Nitrogen dioxide, the chemical compound with
th~ formula N02 is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a characteristic sharp,
biting odour. N02 is one of the most prominent air pollutants. NOx reacts
with ammonia, moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid
vapour and acid rain. NOx reacts with Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) in the presence of sunlight to form compounds that can cause
adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung
function mostly in susceptible populations like children, elderly, and
those already suffering from asthmatics. Though NOx from combustion
sources does not reach the stratosphere, photolysis of nitrous oxide
produces NOx in the stratosphere that destroys the ozone layer therein
ana causes ultraviolet rays to penetrate to earth. NOx also readily reacts
with common organic chemicals, and even ozone, to form a wide variety
of toxic products some of which may cause biological mutations.
59
Carbon Oxides
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very
poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. CO can cause harmful health effects by
reducing oxygen delivery to the body's organs like heart, brain and
tissues. Some of the ailments associated with higher intake of CO are
Myocardial Ischemia (reduced oxygen to the heart) and Angina (acute
chest pain). At extremely high concentration levels CO can cause death
due to carbon monoxide poisoning.
Carbon Dioxide (C02) is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic greenhouse gas
e~itted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and
respiration. As commonly known, C02 is associated with global warming
and ocean acidification. However, at more direct level, release of carbon
dioxide in a limited or unventilated area lowers the concentration of
oxygen in human bodies to a dangerously low level and causes
asphyxiation. When carbon dioxide concentration in human body
increases (or decrease) from the normal level due to abnormally high level
of it in the air breathed in, the equilibrium of pH of human bodies are
disturbed which may lead to life threatening situations like Kidney
damage or Coma.
Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile Oraanic Compounds (VOCs) are an important outdoor air
pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories
of methane (CH4) and Non-Methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely
efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming.
Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because
of their role in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although
60
the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the
aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, butadiene and xylene are
suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukaemia through prolonged
exposure.
Secondary Pollutants
SMOG - Several secondary pollutants may emerge from the primary
industrial air pollutants, the most common of which is Smog (a mix of
Smoke and Fog) - particulate matters formed from gaseous primary
pollutants and compounds. Smog in modem world results from mixture
of smoke and sulphur dioxide, resulting mainly from vehicular and
industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet
light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with
the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
GROUND LEVEL OZONE - Ozone (03) is a key constituent of the
stratosphere, and is commonly known as the Ozone layer. The Ozone
Layer acts as a protective cover around the globe, preventing harmful
ultraviolet rays and extreme heat of the sun from reaching the earth.
However, ozone formed from NOx and VOCs at the troposphere,
specifically close to the ground, is harmful. Abnormally high
concentrations of Ozone brought about by human activities like
combustion of fossil fuel is a pollutant and a constituent of smog,
affecting lung functions and lung tissues.
While some of the pollutants listed above work at the global level, some of
them like SPM, RSPM, SOx, and NOx have substantial local impacts on
health and livelihood of the people, and are more immediately related to
environmental concerns at the regional level.
61
0\
tv
1 sca•
r KM
1
0 1
2
ow
ard
s J!i
D
elh
i N ~
Map
5.0
1 D
UR
GA
PU
R -
Pro
pose
d L
and
Use
196
1
D
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral/
Fal
low
/C
ut
Fo
rest
D u
np
lan
ned
Resi
den
tial
& C
om
mer
cial
Ind
ust
ries
D
Pla
nn
ed
To
wn
ship
s
Bu
ffe
r G
reen
Zo
ne
----
PS
& M
C B
ou
nd
arv
-t
_,_.~
Rai
lway
Un
e
Ro
ads
Nati
on
al
Hig
hw
ay
~
Riv
er (
Dam
od
ar)
rds
Cal
ctif
fa
"" ...
To
ward
s C
alcu
tta
Sour
ce:
Dur
gapu
r D
evel
opm
ent
Aut
hori
ty,
1965
; L
and
Pla
n M
ap
0'1
w
1 sca
•r KM
1
0 l
2
owar
ds/!
14
Del
hi N
Map
5.0
2 D
UR
GA
PU
R-
Act
ual
Lan
d U
se 2
001
D
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral/
Fa
llo
w
/Cu
t F
ore
st
r::1
Un
pla
nn
ed R
esid
en
tia
l ~
& C
om
mer
cial
Ind
ust
ries
D P
lan
ned
To
wn
ship
s
su
ffe
r G
reen
Zo
ne
PS
& M
C B
ou
nd
ary
~ ..
.,~.
,..
Rall
way
un
e
Ro
ads
Na
tio
na
l H
igh
wa
y
Riv
er I O
am
od
ar)
~ io
-.(
....
._ T
ow
ard
s calc
utt
a
Sour
ce:
Asa
nsol
Dur
gapu
r D
evel
opm
ent
Aut
hori
ty,
2005
; Lan
d U
se M
ap
~
I S
ca'r
KM
I
0 1
2
N ~
Map
5.0
3 D
UR
GA
PU
R-
Act
ual L
and
Use
201
0
D
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral/
Fa
llo
w
/Cu
t F
ore
st
f::"
:l u
np
lan
ne
d R
esid
en
tia
l L.:
..:..J
& C
om
me
rcia
l
Ind
ustr
ies
D P
lan
ned
To
wn
ship
s
Bu
ffe
r G
ree
n Z
on
e
PS
& M
C B
ou
nd
ary
-t
....
... .
..,.
Ra
ilw
ay U
ne
R
oa
ds
Nat
ion
al H
igh
wa
y
--.;
;:::
;;;-
-R
ive
r (D
am
od
ar)
@ D
ost-
20
0lln
du
stri
es
® s
urv
ey L
oca
tio
ns
Sour
ce:
Asa
nso
l D
urg
apu
r D
evel
op
men
t A
uth
ori
ty,
20
10
; L
and
Use
Map
Against this backdrop we now would explore the trends in air pollution
level in Durgapur city over the last decade - the period matching with the
neo-industrialisation process as already described in the last chapter.
AIR POLLUTION IN DURGAPUR
Pollution and Land Use
To understand the air pollution level and its impact on the local
residents, one must first understand the landuse pattern in Durgapur.
As noted earlier, Durgapur developed from a nondescript sleepy town to
one of the industrial epicentres of independent India mostly through
establishment of public sector undertakings. As a result land use pattern
followed a zoning policy which clearly demarcated between residential,
commercial, and industrial areas in the initial stage of development.
However, in the older localities like Durgapur town, Durgapur Station,
Benachity, and Bhiringi, residential and commercial activities merged
with each other. The setting up of the modem industrial city under the
overall stewardship of Durgapur Development Authority (established in
1960, later merged with Asansol Development Authority to form Asansol
Durgapur Development Authority) followed a pattern where industries, by
and large, were located mostly south of the national highway, between
the highway and the railway line (Map 5.01). The planned townships were
located mostly to the north of highways, after leaving a green belt in
between as buffer. However, the first dent to this plan was observed
during the 1980s when the new government in West Bengal allowed
setting up of three new industrial units to the south of the railway line up
to the river Damodar along with their townships. Second, as land was
relatively cheaply acquired during the 1950s and 1960s, almost all the
PSUs had come to own much more land than was immediately necessary.
65
As a result, there were large tracts of vacant land between the individual
townships which later contributed to the development of unplanned
residential and commercial areas. Settlements, mostly of unorganised
workers engaged in services sector and casual workers of the industrial
se~tor, came up in the hitherto vacant land. Private residential colonies
were also set up around the City Centre area to fulfil the unmet demand
for housing and business. Therefore, in the beginning of this century, the
land use pattern was much different than what was planned frl'ty years
back (Map 5.02). In the last decade however, in a bid to attract
industries, land was· allotted to the new industries too close to the
residential areas, erasing the buffer zone between industrial and
residential areas to a large extent (Map 5.03). This has resulted in greater
impact of industrial pollutants on the day-to-day life of the residents.
This will be evident in the next section when we depict the trends in
levels of various pollutants in the air in Durgapur.
Levels of Pollutants
The earliest concern about pollution, especially air pollution in Durgapur
surfaced towards the last decade of the last century when environmental
impact assessment became the norm for any industrialization· I
urbanisation project. In addition, concerns about vehicular pollution,
especially those arising from heavy goods vehicles passing through the
city on the NH2, were also being raised. Against this background, West
Bengal Pollution Control Board sponsored a project undertaken by
Durgapur Science & Cultural Forum on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in
Selected Traffic Intersections and Industrial Areas of Durgapur during
1999-2000. The project monitored levels of four pollutants in the air
SPM, 802 , NOx and Lead - at four locations of the city, the chemical
66
analysis of the project being done at the Central Mechanical and
Engineering Research Institute. It was observed that by and large the SOx
and NOx levels in the air were within permissible standards in the four
selected locations, except in Bhiringi where NOx levels exceeded the
critical value in November and December (Table 5.01). SPM levels
however, were considerably higher than the permissible standard,
especially in Muchipara and Bhiringi. Location maps explain such high
levels as both these places are just beside the National Highway
(erstwhile Grand Trunk Road} connecting Delhi and Calcutta with very
heavy vehicular traffic, both passenger and goods. Also, in late 1999,
India had still not set in place the Euro-I equivalent India 2000 Emission
Standards for automobiles.
Table 5.01 Level of Pollutants in Selected Locations ofDumaJ!ur -1999 {in 1,!:2}
Pollutant Period Locations Cit!J. Centre Muchipara Karang_al!f!;ra Bhirlng_i
Sept '99 89.7 930.7 75.0 400.0 SPM Oct '99 144.1 584.9 135.5 463.9 (200) Nov '99 265.3 799.3 322.5 722.8
Dec '99 299.0 971.4 229.3 800.0 Sept '99 6.7 18.7 6.0 20.7
SOx Oct '99 9.5 13.1 4.6 19.0 (80) Nov '99 7.3 13.5 16.8 20.8
Dec '99 7.2 20.3 13.1 21.5 Sept '99 61.3 45.0 25.3 58.0
NOx Oct '99 66.7 71.4 65.2 104.6 (80) Nov '99 40.5 140.5 105.3 167.5
Dec '99 51.2 157.3 87.5 183.1 Source: CMERI (2001); Notes: Figures in parenthesis are Permissible Limit for Residential areas;
Another study was undertaken in 2006 by WBPCB itself that started
monitoring air quality at three stations in Durgapur in May 2004 under
the National Air Monitoring Project (Table 5.02). The air quality data
corresponding to its annual average concentration in Durgapur over the
2004-05 period are provided in Table 5.06.
67
Table5.02 Level of Pollutants in Selected Locations of Durga(!Ur- 2004-05 (in l:!;,)
Location Pollutant Period Bhiringi-
PCBLMore Benachiti Bidhanna9.ar May '04 296 240 172 Jun '04 193 184 100 Jul '04 136 120 65 Aug '04 140 113 58
SPM Sep '04 139 162 65
. (200) bet '04 263 230 113 Nov '04 572 431 227 Dec'04 584 473 231 Jan 'OS 559 387 215 Feb '05 434 288 153 Mar 'OS 434 346 159 May '04 116 89 63 Jun '04 86 75 44 Jul '04 69 52 29 Aug '04 71 48 26
RSPM Sep '04 56 65 29
(100) Oct '04 125 112 56 Nov '04 264 223 116 Dec '04 281 269 128 Jan '05 264 204 113 Feh'OS 188 147 79 Mar '05 165 146 70 May '04 20 11 7
Jun '04 10 7 6 Jul '04 12 6 6 Aug '04 20 5 5
SOx Sep '04 9 5 4 Oct '04 8 5 5
(80) Nov '04 12 5 5 Dec '04 16 6 5 Jan '05 20 5 5
Feb '05 10 6 5 Mar '05 11 7 6 May '04 44 46 33 Jun '04 42 43 38 Jul '04 45 42 40 Aug '04 42 34 31 Sep '04 35 35 31
NOx Oct '04 40 40 33 (80) Nov '04 53 53 48
Dec '04 64 52 46 Jan '05 71 62 52 Feb '05 60 61 51 Mar '05 56 60 49
Source: WBPCB (2006); Notes: Figures in parenthesis are Permissible Limit for Residential areas;
68
Table 5.03 Level ofSPM and RPM in Selected Locations ofDurgapur- 2009·10 (in lltz)
Pollutant Period Locations
PCBLMore BhirinfJ.i Bidhannag_ar Ang_adl!.ur Jul '09 332 160 82 218 Sep '09 283 172 87 118 Oct '09 545 338 299 249 Nov '09 780 448 337 375 Dec '09 985 647 418 567 Jan '10 963 631 376 699 Feb'10 1010 753 249 473
SPM Mar '10 803 539 278 353
(200) Apr '10 321 302 188 216 May'lO 252 201 159 140 Jun '10 193 140 85 83 Jul '10 193 125 77 164 Aug '10 194 176 130 108 Sep '10 222 137 112 146 Oct '10 391 227 196 351 Nov '10 412 289 257 426 Dec '10 785 396 244 476 Jul'09 160 67 31 102 Sep'09 135 77 37 51 Oct '09 270 163 154 114 Nov '09 377 212 159 173 Dec '09 486 311 199 270 Jan '10 469 312 174 340 Feb'lO 496 371 112 226
Mar '10 392 254 128 159 RSPM Apr '10 150 138 86 96 (100) May'lO 110 87 67 54
Jun '10 79 55 32 30 Jul '10 86 52 31 68
Aug '10 86 81 56 47 Sep '10 104 60 51 70 Oct '10 190 105 92 159 Nov '10 198 138 119 201 Dec '10 382 184 111 228
Source: www. wbpcb.gov.in Notes: Figures in parenthesis are Permissible Limit for Residential areas;
69
Table 5.04 Level of SOx and NOx in Selected Locations of Durgapur 2009-10 (in 1+g)
Pollutant Period Locations PCBL More Bhiringi Bidhannagar Angadpur
SOx (200)
NOx (200)
Jul'09 Sep '09 Oct '09 Nov '09 Dec '09 Jan '10 Feb '10 Mar '10 Apr '10 May'lO Jun '10 Jul '10 Aug '10 Sep '10 Oct '10 Nov '10 Dec '10 Jul '09 Sep'09 Oct '09 Nov '09 Dec '09 Jan '10 Feb '10 Mar'10 Apr '10 May'10 Jun '10 Jul'lO Aug '10 Sep '10 Oct '10 Nov '10 Dec '10
10 7 9 6
10 8 11 10 12 12 12 11 12 10 10 10 9 8
10 9 8 8 9 8 8 7 8 7 9 9 9 8
10 9 58 47 57 39 66 57 72 68 96 88 93 91 93 89 80. 78
74 73 75 72 70 64 66 62 65 60 59 55 65 68 78 72 72 70
6 5 8 8
10 9 8 8 7 8 7 7 6 5 7 7 7
40 36 48 55 76 84 77 68 66 63 57 54 52 47 51 58 59
Source: www. wbpcb.gov.in Notes: Figures in parenthesis are Pennissible Limit for Residential areas;
8 7 9 9
11 10 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 7 8 9 9
53 43 56 59 80 86 84 73 67 65 61 58 57 50 55 64 65
I \
Though strict comparison at point-to-point basis with the 1999 study is
not technically admissible among the locations, it is observed that the
average for the residential locations in 2004-05 is higher than that in
1999, indicating greater level of pollution in spite of technological
70
improvements like imposition of BS-II norms for vehicles. This was the
first indication that the industrialisation drive of post-2000 period was
also associated with rising environmental damages in the locality.
The impact of new industrial units on the air pollution level in Durgapur
will be more clear if we look at the level of pollutants in 2009-2010 period
as obtained from the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations of WBPCB
located at four locations of the city - Angadpur, Bhiringi-Benachiti,
Bidhannagar, and PCBL More (Table 5.03 and 5.04).
It is evident that for most of the pollutants, the peak levels were reached
in the winter months of 2009. The results, when averaged for the city as
a whole, also provide similar trends (Table 5.05 and Fig 5.01 - 5.06).
Central Pollution Control Board, in its Annual Report of 2008-09 had
co~mented that the ambient air quality of Durgapur city was Highly
Critical in terms of SPM, Moderately Critical in terms of NOx and
RSPM, and Low Critic:e&l (non-critical) for SOx (CPCB, 2009). It is thus
amply clear that the industrialisation process during the post-2000
period has been associated with increasing air pollution levels in the city
of Durgapur.
The situation appears to be starker if we look at the district average of
ambient air quality during the 2006-2011 period alongside those from
Durgapur (Table 5.06).
The marginally declining trend during late 2010 was perhaps a result of
increased resentment among local residents, and growing concern among
the authorities about pollution levels in the region leading to stricter
norms being imposed.
71
Table5.05 Trends in Pollution in Durga~ur -1999-2010 (in~} - B! Seasons
Season Year Pollutants
SPM RSPM SOx NOx 1999 na na na na
Summer 2004 197.5 78.8 10.3 41.2 2009 313.0 127.0 7.6 55.0 2010 265.7 119.8 8.2 69.1 1999 na na na na
Monsoon 2004 105.3 49.2 9.0 38.9 2009 198.0 90.0 7.8 49.5 2010 145.9 63.4 7.4 59.3 1999 249.9 na 9.4 75.2
Post Monsoon 2004 162.0 73.8 6.1 35.5 2009 261.4 125.1 7.8 50.3 2010 222.8 103.9 7.5 56.3 1999 397.4 na 20.5 52.1
Winter 2004 379.5 189.7 8.2 56.0
2009 606.9 292.9 10.2 80.7 2010 410.6 195.1 8.5 67.3
Source: Author's calculation based on earlier tables Notes: Figures are monthly averages of daily readings; maximum values reached
during the month are higher;
Table 5.06 Trends in Pollution in Durgapur -1999-2010 (in u..) -Annual Average
Year Durgapur Burdwan District
2005 2009 2010
SPM SOx NOx SPM SOx NOx 211.1 8.4 42.9 97.30 6.51 47.37 344.8 8.4 58.9 161.10 9.27 59.96 261.3 7.9 63.0 146.46 8.21 65.24
Source: www.wbpcb.gov.in Notes: Figures are annual averages of daily readings; maximum values reached
during the year are higher;
It can thus be inferred that the air pollution level in Durgapur has been
increasing in the past decade - the period matching with the growth of
new industrial units in the locality. This is expected as the nature of the
units coming up, their product mix, and technology involved all are
pollution intensive. It would therefore be prudent to estimate the costs of
such air pollution and compare that with the perceived benefits of the
industrialisation process. For that purpose we have undertaken a field
survey in selected locations of Durgapur with a structured questionnaire,
results of which are discussed in the next chapter.
72
500 +------------------------------------------------
400 +-------------------------------------------
300 +----
200
100
0
Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon
Source: Author's calculation based on earlier tables
Winter
90 .--------..--.-n~~--.. --~------------~--------------1
80 +------------------------------------------------70 +---------==~----------------
60 +-------
50 +----
40
30
20
10
0
Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon
Source: Author 's calculation based on earlier tables
Winter
73
25 .-------~~-.-..-~------~--------~~------------~ rgapur-• 1999 • 2004 • 2009 • 2010
20 +-----------------------------------------
15 +-----------------------------------------
10
5
0
Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Winter
Source: Author's calculation based on earlier tables
90 .--------..--.-n~~------~----------~~----------~
80 T----------------------------------------------70 +----------==----------------
60 +-------
50 +-----
40
30
20
10
0
Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon
Source: Author 's calculation based on earlier tables
Winter
74
J~lU!M
UOOSUOLAJ l'SOd 0 ~ 0
uoosuo LAJ N
J~lUUIIlS
---"' :::1. .5
J~lli!M
"-"
= UOOSUOLAJ l'SOd 0"1 ..... = 0 M 0 I
UOOSUOLAJ N 0\ 0\ 0\ ..... I J~lUUin$
'"' r 0 c. J~lli!M . =
V') 1:)1)
0 '"' u:~ UOOSUO LAJ lSOd III:T .5 0
~ 0 liOOSUOl/\,1 N
~
~ <Jl
J~lUWil$ c:: "0 .g c .!1 = f J~lli!/V\
::l u ~ u CI:J "' UOOSUOLAJ :JSOd 0"1 · ... 0
0"1 .<: 0"1 '5
UOOSUOLAJ ~ ~
"' J~UIUIIl$ ~ (5
V)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,_ 0..0 1.(") ~ ('(') N ~
75
\ • J~lli!M
-----,., ~ uoosuo"" l sod Q '1""'1 Q
I ~ ~ uoosuo"" ,......
K • JcHUlllllS
~ ... J<llllfM
r-... ~~ "
liOOSUOV\IlSOd cr. Q r - Q
1 ·~ ~ liOOSUO V\1 ,......
~I ~ JeHU lUllS
,.-. .. :::1. .5 '-'
~ ~~ J~lli!M s ~ r t- UOOSUOW lSOd
~ ~ C)
Q ~ I UOOSUOV\1 ,......
-
~~
K • J~lUUUl$
----~ .. J~.lllfM
1.: v ~
liOOSUO&t\I.}SOd 0'\ -r-~ 0'\ - ..._ cr. ~ uoosuow '1""'1
~- J~tuttms - --- --
Q Q OQ 0 Q 0 0 0 Q 0'\ 00 ...... ~ "" "'If" M ,...., M
76