Prof. Jiakuan Yang

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Air Pollution Control Air Pollution Control EngineeringEngineering

Questions for the Last Lecture

1 Please explain how global warming

generates.

2 How Ozone Holes are formed?

Answer

Greenhouse gases are transparent for sunlight, but absorb

longer wavelength radiation. When the amount of greenhouse

gases, such as CO2, CH4 etc, increase to a high value, the

global temperature increases.

Green house effect

Sunlight in

the day

Outgoing radiation in the day

Outgoing ra

diation in

the night

How Ozone Holes are formed?

Lecture Lecture 33 Air Pollution Control Laws and regulation, Control Philosophies

Ⅰ U.S. Air Pollution Control Laws and

Regulations

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

Ⅲ Air Pollution Control Philosophies

Ⅰ U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulations

Most air pollution control activities in the United States take place in

response to or in anticipation of air pollution laws and regulations.

Impacts of Laws and regulations

First laws and regulations, then control activities

The flow of legal authority leading

to

Air Pollution Control

Basic legal structure, Common laws

Clean air act

Local regulations

federal regulationsstate regulations

U.S EPA regulations

Air Pollution Control

Common Abbreviations of Air Laws and Regulations

EPA : Environmental Protection Agency

SIP : State Implementation Plan ( 州执行计划）NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

( 美国室内空气质量标准）PSD : Prevention Of Significant Deterioration

NSPS: New Source Performance Standards

NESHAP: National Emission Standard For Hazard And Air pollutions

ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

NAAQS and ACGIH ( Page 28)

Table 2.3 Air Quality standards and industrial exposure

standards

SubstancePermitted ambient C

(NAAQS)Permitted industrial C(TWA and STEL)

SO2 80 μg/m3 (0.03ppm)

2ppm, 8-h average

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

1. Many EPA regulations are based on a standard

temperature of 25°C.

2. Throughout this book, air and process gases are

assumed to be at 1 standard atmosphere and 20°C.

3. In chemistry, standard atmosphere conditions, 0°C,

1atm.

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

ppma concentration expressed in parts per million

(ppm )

For a concentration in a gas, by volume or by mol.

For a concentration in a liquid or solid, by mass or weight .

ppb parts per billion, μ g/kg

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

• When expressing the concentration of SO2 in

the air ,

1ppm SO2 means 1m3 SO2 in 106 m3 air .

• When expressing the concentration of Hg in the

polluted water , 1ppm Hg means 1mg Hg in 1L

waste water .

1ppm = 10-6

For example:

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

Conversion between ppm and µg/m3

At 1 atm and 25°C , 1 m3 of any perfect gas contains 40.87 moles .

C (μg/m3 )= ppm×40.87 ×(molecular weight, g/mol)

For example:

SO2 0.03ppm

C = 0.03×40.87 ×64 =78.5 µg/m3

Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants

For perfect gases at 1 atm and 25°C, 1 m3

mass mol

volume volume

51.013 10 1

273.5 25 8.31

40.87

PV

TR

mol

Number of mol

(molecular weight)

Ⅲ Air Pollution Control Philosophies

A perfect air pollution philosophy and implementing regulations are cost-effective, simple, enforceable,

flexible, and evolutionary.

Emission standards philosophy

Air quality standards philosophy

Emission taxes philosophy

Cost-benefit standards philosophy

1) Emission standards philosophy

The basic idea of the emission standard philosophy is that

there is some maximum possible (or practical) degree of

emission control .

Cost is very bad.

Cleanest possible air philosophy

Best practical means philosophy

2) The Air Quality Standard Philosophy

The air quality standard philosophy is logically a“zero-

damage” philosophy.

The air quality standard philosophy is based on the

assumption that the true situation for most major air

pollutants is the threshold value situation.

Suitable Air pollution control means (or techniques) will

be used in order to decrease the pollutant concentration

values under the threshold value.

3) Emission Tax Philosophy

Laws based on emission tax philosophy would tax each

emission of major pollutants according to its emission

rate .

X cents per pound of pollutant Y for all emitters.

For example:

4) Cost-benefit Philosophy

The cost-benefit approach accepts some amount of air

pollution damage to human health .This philosophy

suggests that we attempt to decide, in as rational a

manner as possible , how much damage we should

accept and corresponding how much we should be

willing to spend to reduce damages to this level.

Pollution control cost (or pollution control expenditure )

Pollution damage

Total

Concentration of air pollutants

cost

4) Cost-benefit Philosophy

Higher concentration , higher damage cost.

Higher concentration , lower control cost.

Total = damage + controlMinimization of the sum of two costs

d (sum of two costs )

d c= 0

环境空气质量控制标准的种类和作用

环境空气质量控制标准按用途分：

• 大气环境质量标准• 大气污染物排放标准• 大气污染控制技术标

准• 大气污染预警预报标

准

按其适用范围分按其适用范围分• 国家标准国家标准• 地方标准地方标准• 行业标准 行业标准

环境空气质量标准 环境空气质量标准

环境空气（环境空气（ Ambient airAmbient air ）质量标准）质量标准是以保障是以保障人体健康人体健康和一定的和一定的生态环境生态环境为目标，而对大气环境中各种污染物为目标，而对大气环境中各种污染物的允许含量所作的限制规定，是最基的允许含量所作的限制规定，是最基本的大气环境标准，是进行大气环境本的大气环境标准，是进行大气环境科学管理，制定大气污染防治规划和科学管理，制定大气污染防治规划和大气污染物排放标准的依据，是环境大气污染物排放标准的依据，是环境管理部门的执法依据。管理部门的执法依据。

大气环境污染物排放标准 大气环境污染物排放标准

大气污染物排放标准是为实现大气大气污染物排放标准是为实现大气环境质量标准，对环境质量标准，对污染源污染源排入大气排入大气的污染物允许含量的限制规定。的污染物允许含量的限制规定。

是控制大气污染源的污染物排放量是控制大气污染源的污染物排放量和选择设计净化装置的重要依据，和选择设计净化装置的重要依据，也是环境管理部门的执法依据。大也是环境管理部门的执法依据。大气污染物排放标准可分为国家标准、气污染物排放标准可分为国家标准、地方标准和行业标准。地方标准和行业标准。

大气污染控制技术标准 大气污染控制技术标准

是根据污染物排放标准引申出来的是根据污染物排放标准引申出来的辅助标准辅助标准，如燃料、原料使用标准，，如燃料、原料使用标准，净化装置选用标准，排气囱高度标准净化装置选用标准，排气囱高度标准及卫生防护距离标准等。及卫生防护距离标准等。

是为保证达到污染物排放标准而从是为保证达到污染物排放标准而从某一方面做出的具体技术规定，目的某一方面做出的具体技术规定，目的是使生产、设计和管理人员容易掌握是使生产、设计和管理人员容易掌握和执行。和执行。

警报标准 警报标准

大气污染警报标准是为保护大大气污染警报标准是为保护大气环境不致恶化，或根据大气污气环境不致恶化，或根据大气污染发展趋势预防发生污染事故而染发展趋势预防发生污染事故而规定的空气中污染物含量的规定的空气中污染物含量的极限极限值值。超过这一限值就应。超过这一限值就应警报警报，以，以便采取必要的预防措施，尽量减便采取必要的预防措施，尽量减少对人们的危害。少对人们的危害。

中华人民共和国国家标准 环境空气质量标准

Ambient air quality standard GB3095 － 1996

( 代替 GB3095 － 82)国家环境保护局 1996-01-18 批准 1996-10-01 实施

• 主题内容与适用范围• 本标准规定了环境空气质量功能区划分、标

准分级、污染物项目、取值时间及浓度限值，采样与分析方法及数据统计的有效性规定。

• 本标准适用于全国范围的环境空气质量评价。

环境空气质量功能区的分类和标准分级

环境空气质量功能区分类一类区为自然保护区、风景名胜区和其它需要特殊保护

的地区。二类区为城镇规划中确定的居住区、商业交通居民混合

区、文化区、一般工业区和农村地区。三类区为特定工业区。

环境空气质量标准分级（环境空气质量标准分为三级）一类区执行一级标准二类区执行二级标准三类区执行三级标准

各项污染物的浓度限值

注：① 适 用 于城 市 地 区；② 适用于牧业区和以牧业为主的半农半牧区，蚕桑区；③ 适用于农业和林业区。

This Lecture and the Next Lecture

This Lecture: Chapter 3 Page 40~62 Chapter 1 Page 9~10 Conversion factors Page 587~540

The Next Lecture: Chapter 4 Page 63~82

Homework

1 、 The concentration of the three air pollutants are shown

as the following:

SO2: 0.03 ppm ， O3: 157 µg/m3,

CO: 9 ppm

Please finish the units conversion between ppm and µg/m3?

2 、查阅最新的环境空气质量标准，与 GB3095 － 1996比较有何区别？

DISCUSSION

Topics about Air Pollution:

Introducing yourself

Interesting news or information about air pollution your

having read or heard

Your opinions on this Air Pollution course

Your suggestions for Chinese Air Pollution

Other familiar issues about Air Pollution