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Air pollution & ClimateReactive Gases and Greenhouse Gases
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental TechnologyBrigitte Buchmann, Stefan Reimann
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
© R
. Lor
enzo
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Overview
Measurement Programme @ Jungfraujoch
Laboratory Air Pollution / Environmental Technology
Examples of results- Detection of Trends / success of reduction measures- Emission Estimations- Analysis of Global Change impacts / Early warning
Future Activities
Measurements & Models
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
- Trace gas detection(low concentrations:ppq = 10-15)
- Satellite data(OMI column;
24 x 13 km2)
- Flux measurements(spectra @ kHz)
Lab’s Approach - Goals
MEDUSA
- Interspecies correlation(known emission inventory)
- Inverse modelling(Lagrangian ParticleDispersion model)
=EU-Emission CO
CO over background
Emission HCFC-141b
HCFC-141b over background=
EU-Emission CO
CO over background
EU-Emission CO
CO over background
Emission HCFC-141b
HCFC-141b over background
Emission HCFC-141b
HCFC-141b over background
Quantum Cascade Laser
- Statisticlal Approaches(receptor moels)
ijqp'
ip'pjp
ipij efgfgx ++= ∑∑ ~~~
ijqp'
ip'pjp
ipij efgfgx ++= ∑∑ ~~~
Emission EstimationLong-range Transport
Trend Analysis
Jungfraujoch – NETWORKS: CH, EU, world
40
0
South Pole
Point Barrow
Mauna Loa
Alert
Pallas-Sodankylä
MinamitorishimaKenya
Assekrem -Tamanrasset
Arembepe
Ushuaia
Izana
Amsterdam IslandCape Grim
Cape Point
Samoa
Ny Ålesund
Lauder
Mace Head
40
80
40
0
40
80
160 80 0 80 160
Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg
Mt Waliguan
Neumayer Station
Bukit Koto Tabang
Jungfraujoch
40
0
South Pole
Point Barrow
Mauna Loa
Alert
Pallas-Sodankylä
MinamitorishimaKenya
Assekrem -Tamanrasset
Arembepe
Ushuaia
Izana
Amsterdam IslandCape Grim
Cape Point
Samoa
Ny Ålesund
Lauder
Mace Head
40
80
40
0
40
80
160 80 0 80 160
Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg
Mt Waliguan
Neumayer Station
Bukit Koto Tabang
Jungfraujoch
Basel
Bern
Chaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
PayerneRigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Basel
Bern
Chaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Jungfraujoch
Global Atmosphere Watch, GAW, WMO
EMEP, EU
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Swiss Air Pollution monitoringnetwork, NABEL
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Empa, ETH ZurichNABEL (FOEN, Empa)Empa
campaignscampaigns
,
PAN, HNO3OVOCs
H2
NABEL (FOEN, Empa), , , , NO, NO2, NOy
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)SO2
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)CO
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)O3Reactive gases
University of BerneCO2
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)SF6
SOGE (Empa, FOEN), , HCFCs, HFCs
SOGE (Empa, FOEN)CFCs
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)N2O
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)CH4Greenhouse gases
fundingJungfraujochRecommendedfor GAW
NABEL (FOEN, Empa)VOCs
Jungfraujoch: Greenhouse Gases & Reactive Gases
Non - CO2- Greenhouse Gases
Montreal Protocol
• CFCs: Fluorochlorocarbons:CFC-11, CFC-12CFC-113
• HCFCs: HydrofluorochlorocarbonsHCFC-141b, HCFC-124, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b,
• Halones: (containing bromo-atoms):H-1301, H-1211
• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Kyoto Protocol
• HFCs: Hydrofluorocarbons:HFC-125, HFC-134aHFC-152a, HFC-23HFC-365mfc, HFC-245faHFC-227ea
• PFCs: perfluorocarbonsCF4, C2F6
• SF6: sulfur hexafluoride:
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Laboratory
SEARCH: Individual Station report http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/
Trend Detection for Protocol Verification
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ppt
HFC 134a1,1,1-Trichlorethan
+ 0.6 mW/m2/y
- 0.3 mW/m2/y
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
01
23
45
6SO
2(µ
g/m
3 )
Materials Science & Technology
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
01
23
45
6SO
2(µ
g/m
3 )
Materials Science & Technology
„OECD –Program” Montreal - ProtocolKyoto - Protocol
Sulfur dioxide SO2Acid Rain
CFCs Greenhouse GasesOzone Depletion Global Warming
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Sulp
hate
[ g/
m3 ]
Jungfraujoch
05
1015
2025
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
TSP
[g/
m3 ]
Jungfraujoch
Longest records at JFJ
JFJ CO time series (one hourly data) from 1996 to 2007 -The light blue curve represents a fitted baseline and the orange line the trend(after Thoning, et al., 1989, Novelli, et al., 1998; Novelli, et al., 2003)
21.3% carbon monoxide decrease from 1996 to 2007 at JFJ
Corresponds to an annual decrease of 1.78% - or 2.66 ppb/year
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Carbon Monoxide Trend at Jungfraujoch
Trend Detection for Emission Reduction Control
CO – Emissions Inventories vs. Measurements
CO decrease mainly because of reduction of emissions
Traffic influenced sites in Switzerland (BER, LAU)show strongest CO decrease
Decrease at JFJ less pronounced, most likely due to influence of long-range transport
Global scale events, e.g. enhanced biomass burning in 1998, is visible in JFJ data
Emission data from http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1013
1990 1995 2000 2005
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
YearYear
ly C
O m
ixin
g ra
tios
rel.
to 1
997
(Sta
tions
) / re
l. C
O e
mis
sion
s (C
ount
ries)
BERHAELAULUGSIOZUEJFJHPB
ATCHDEFRIT
JFJ is well situated to study both large-scale changes and regional air quality
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryM t i l S i & T h l
Contributions of European countries
Carbonmonoxide @ Jungfraujoch (Jun 02 – Dez 04)
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Advection from “Low Northern Latitudes” @ JFJ
An advection of clean maritime air masses from low northern latitudes led to low CH4, CO, and CHCl3 and elevated H2 mixing ratios on October 1st.
68
1012
14
Date [mm/dd]09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04
CH
Cl3
[ppt
]
460
500
540
Date [mm/dd]09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04
H2
[ppb
]
Spatial Representativeness17
8018
2018
60
09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04
CH
4 [p
pb]
7080
9011
0
time09/28 09/30 10/02 10/04
CO
[ppb
]
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Jungfraujoch only
Measurements+
Trajectories
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
CH4 at JFJ - Influence of Air Mass Origin
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
WMO WDCGG data summary, WDCGG report #30 (2006)Jungfraujoch only
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Measurements+
Trajectories
CH4 at JFJ - Influence of Air Mass Origin
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
CH4 and N2O at JFJ and AGAGE sites17
0017
5018
0018
50
time (yyyy/mm)
CH
4 [p
pb]
2005/01 2006/01 2007/01 2008/0
MCJFJTHRPCMCG
a)
318
319
320
321
time (yyyy/mm)
N2O
[ppb
]
2005/01 2006/01 2007/01 2008/
MCJFJTHRPCMCG
b)
MC: Mace Head (53°N); JFJ (46°N), TH: Trinidad Head (41°N); RP: Ragged Point, Barbados (13°N); CM: Cape Matatula, American Samoa (14°S);
CG: Cape Grim (40°S).
Non - CO2- Greenhouse Gases
Montreal Protocol• CFCs: Fluorochlorocarbons:
CFC-11, CFC-12CFC-113
• HCFCs: HydrofluorochlorocarbonsHCFC-141b, HCFC-124, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b,
• Halones: (containing bromo-atoms):H-1301, H-1211
• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Kyoto Protocol• HFCs: Hydrofluorocarbons:
HFC-125, HFC-134aHFC-152a, HFC-23HFC-365mfc, HFC-245faHFC-227ea
• PFCs: perfluorocarbonsCF4, C2F6
• SF6: sulfur hexafluoride:
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
MEDUSA
0
50
100
150
200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
ppt
JungfraujochMace HeadNy-Alesund
F134a (refrigerant)
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Emission Estimation
NWP modelsSource regions
0
10
20
30
40
50
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
ppt
Jungfraujoch (CH)Mace Head (IRE)Ny-Alesund (N)
HCFC 141b banned in Europe since 2003
Renewed European emissions of HCFC-141b?
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
2004 2005 2006 2007
2004 2005 2006 2007
F-152a
2003 520 t330 t
1880 t460 t
- t- t
National Communications to UNFCCC
AustriaBelgiumGermanyFranceItalySpain
2004 529 t288 t
1333 t297 t
- t- t
Foam blowing agent HFC-152a: Emissions from Europe
2006
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
2003 520 t330 t
1880 t460 t
- t
National Communications to UNFCCC
AustriaBelgiumGermanyFranceItalySpain
2004 529 t288 t
1333 t297 t
- t
2005 574 t204 t781 t313 t
- t170 t177 t 187 t
F-152a
2007
Foam blowing agent HFC-152a: Emissions from Europe
2004 2005 2006 2007
2006 416 t208 t669 t318 t
- t113 t
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
2000 2001 2002
Benefit of long-term series compared to short-term campaigns
Air-planeCampaignW-Europe Air-plane
CampaignCreta
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Ozone-destroying trichloroethane
0.3 -3.4 Gg/Jahr4 years continuous measurements Jungfraujoch / Mace Head
> 20 Gg/year 4 days aircraft observations above Europe
Krol et al., Nature (2003)Reimann et al., Nature (2005)
according to campaigns and long-term
measurements
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
0
10
20
30
HFC-134a HFC-125 HFC-152a HCFC-141b
kt/J
ahr
2000200120022003200420052006
EU inventories
European H(C)FCs emissions: Jungfraujoch vs. inventories
kt/y
ear
Independent verification of Emissions
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
New foam blowing HFCs at Jungfraujoch
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
ppt
HFC-365mfc (pentafluorobutane)
HFC-245fa (pentafluoropropane)
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Instrument development(fast and high-precision (QCL) laser spectroscopy )
CH4, N2O, CO2, H2O, NO213C16O16O, 12C18O16O, 14N15N16O, 15N14N16O
Simulated ν3 ro-vibrational bands of the CO2
12C16O16
O
12C16O18O
13C16O16
O
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
JFJ future Atmospheric ICOS site ?
CH Funding for Long-term EU infrastructure Programme (ESFRI): ?
Testphase of an 13 C
ICOS: Integrated Carbon Observation System: Ecosystem & Atmospheric Sites: ESFRIAtmospheric Site: CO2, 13CO2, 18CO2, CH4, N2O, H2, O2/N2, SF6, 222Radon,
First time continuous time series of CO2 Isotopes
12CO2
13CO2
C18O2
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology LaboratoryMaterials Sci ence & Technolog y
Current Cooperations
University of Bern
MeteoSwiss
PSI
ETHZ(Lohmann)
Greenhouse Gases& Reactive Gase
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
AGAGEMIT, CSIRO,SCRIPPS,
University of BristolETHZ
(Peter, Stählein)
University of Basel
GIRPAS
BIRA
222Radon
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Papers Jungfraujoch 2007-2008
• Legreid, G., Folini, D., Staehelin, J., Balzani Lööv, J., Steinbacher, M. and Reimann, S. (2008). Measurements of organic trace gases including oxygenated volatile organic compounds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 113(D05307, doi:10.1029/2007JD008653.).
• Maione, M., Giostra, U., Arduini, J., Belfiore, L., Furlani, F., Geniali, A., Mangani, G., Vollmer, M. K. and Reimann, S. (2008). Localization of source regions of selected hydrofluorocarbons combining data collected at two European mountain stations. Science of The Total Environment 391(2-3): 232-240.
• Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Steinbacher, M., Hill, M., Buchmann, B., Zander, R. and Mahieu, E. (2008). Observations of long-lived anthropogenic halocarbons at the high-Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) for assessment of trends and Europeansources. Science of The Total Environment 391(2-3): 224-31.
• Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Buchmann, B. and Reimann, S. (2008). An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Science of The Total Environment 391(2-3): 217-223.
• Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Roland, G., Servais, C., Maziere, M. D., Reimann, S. and Rinsland, C. P. (2008). Our changing atmosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared solar observations at the Jungfraujoch since 1950. Science of The Total Environment 391(2-3): 184-195..
• Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Crosier, J., Bower, K. N., Flynn, M., Coe, H., Henning, S., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Collaud Coen, M., Petzold, A. and Baltensperger, U. (2008). Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8(2): 407-423
• Stemmler, K., Folini, D., Ubl, S., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Doherty, S. O., Greally, B. R., Simmonds, P. G. and Manning, A. J. (2007). European emissions of HFC-365mfc, a chlorine-free substitute for the foam blowing agents HCFC-141b and CFC-11. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(4): 1145-1151.
• Kaiser, A., Scheifinger, H., Spangl, W., Weiss, A., Gilge, S., Fricke, W., Ries, L., Cemas, D. and Jesenovec, B. (2007). Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia). Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9273-9287.
• Derwent, R. G., Simmonds, P. G., Greally, B. R., O'Doherty, S., McCulloch, A., Manning, A., Reimann, S., Folini, D. and Vollmer, M. K. (2007). The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under the Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland from 1994 to 2004. Atmospheric Environment 41(4): 757-767.
• Greally, B. R., et al. (2007). Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994-2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 112(D6).
• Maione, M., Giostra, U., Arduini, J., Belfiore, L., Furlani, F., Geniali, A., Mangani, G., Vollmer, M. K. and Reimann, S. (2008). Localization of source regions of selected hydrofluorocarbons combining data collected at two European mountain stations. Science of The Total Environment 391(2-3): 232-240.
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
Thanks to: S. Reimann, M.K. Vollmer, M. Hill D. Brunner, S. Henne C. Hüglin, M. Steinbacher, B. Schwarzenbach L. Emmenegger, B. Tuzson
and International Foundation High Altitude
Research Stations Jungfraujoch andGornergrat
MeteoSwiss, BAFU, SNF
all research partner AGAGE/NOAA team