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• Air contains 78% __________, 20% ________, and less than 1% ______________ (and very small amounts of various other elements). These gases are essential to life on earth.
• We can breath oxygen _________ from the air, but NOT ___________. Bacteria convert nitrogen into the soil so plants can __________ it. We ______ the plants and get the nitrogen. What would happen if there were no bacteria??? _______________________________
Only _______ of all water on earth if freshwater (97% saltwater) – and of that freshwater, 68% is trapped in glaciers!!!!
Are we running out of freshwater????
abiotic
abiotic
Nitrogen Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
directly
nitrogenuse eat
No nitrogen cycling through the food chain!!
3%
No. Water cycles through the ecosystem. Plants and animals “breath” water into the air where it cools and forms clouds – then returned via rain.
Roots of plants and grass ________ the soil from _________.
Unprotected topsoil can by worn away by ______, ______, and ____________. This loose topsoil contains ______ and essential __________ for plant growth. Without it, the land can become ______________.
_______, ________, and ____________. We use these for industrial purposes, such as running our ________ and heating our __________.
Fossil fuels are found in huge underground _______, and are _______ replaceable!! What are we going to do when all these wells dry up???
abiotic
abiotic
protect erosion
wind rainwater oxygen
nutrientsbarren
Oil coal Natural gas
cars homes
wellsNOT
• Using the sun’s energy, plants begin ______ food chains. Plants also make _________ which all animals need.
• Primary source of ______________ used by humans.
• Plants make up forests – which are ___________ for most life on earth.
• Plants reproduce, and therefore are a _____________________. A field can re-grow in a few years…a forest may take_____________ years.
• Unfortunately, plants can’s “migrate”, so when the land is developed by humans for home-building, those plants die and _____________________.biotic
• Animals reproduce, and are a ____________ resource. However, if they die quicker than they can reproduce, animal species may become endangered and possibly _______________.
• “Endangered” animals are close to becoming extinct…tiger, panda, blue whale, albatross, orangutan are endangered.
• South China Tiger is “___________________”. Survive now only in captivity.
• “Threatened” animals are _________ __ endangered.
• Illegal hunting and deforestation are huge causes of animal ______________. biotic
alloxygen
habitatsmedicine
Renewable resource25-100
Can become extinct
renewable
extinct
Extinct in the wild
almostendangerment
Resources that can be __________ or re-used.
Examples are ________, and ______________.
Water, plants, and animals are considered renewable if they are ___________ quicker than they’re __________.
Could water, plants, and animals be considered NON-renewable?
______ and ______ take millions of years to form. They are being used much ____________ than they are being replaced.
It is estimated that the earth will exhaust these resources in a few _____________!!!
77 million barrels of oil per DAY!!!
recycled
wind sunlight
replaced used up
coal oil
quicker
decades
Section Review 1. Give three examples of how technology has influenced human population growth.
2. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
3. Describe how a population can use resources in a sustainable way.
4. What factors can limit the growth of the human population?
5. Read pages 486-487 in the text, how could the Easter Islanders have prevented their population crash?
Advances in medicine: reduce infant mortality, increase life spansAdvances in industrial technologies: transportation and agriculture have increase food production and distributionPlumbing and seqage treatment: improved sanitation, reducing water-borne disease and illness.
Renewable: can be replenished by Earth’s natural processesNonrenewable: difficult to replenish in a time span meaningful to humans
Use recyclable goodsUse renewable energy sources: wind and solar powerSupport ONLY sustainable fisheries and agriculture: minimize their use of products that contain toxins
DISEASEDROUGHTOVEREXPLOITATION OF LIMITED RESOURCES
CROP PESTSWAR
They could have limited their use of the island’s forests.
EARTH’S ATOMOSPHEREI.A dynamic mixture of __________that envelop the Earth. II.It is important for MAINTAINING __________and driving a number of ______________near the surface of the Earth. III.The gases of the atmosphere have a significant impact on the _______________budget and the availability of ______________across the Earth.
The atmosphere is made up of several gases:
I. Constant GasesI. Nitrogen, (N2) __________II. Oxygen, (O2) __________III. Argon (Ar)
__________
II. Variable GasesI. Carbon Dioxide _________II. Other particles of Neon,
Helium, Methane, Krypton, Hydrogen
78%21%
.93%
3.6%
GASES
LIFEPROCESSES
HEATMOISTURE
HOW DOES THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORK?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Radiation either enters the Earth’s atmosphere or is reflected back to space
Some of the radiation will warm the Earth
Some of the radiation will escape the atmosphere
Some of the radiation will be trapped by the atmosphere and continue to warm the Earth
HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORKS.1.Visible light from the Sun arrives at the top of Earth's atmosphere. 2.As the light enters the atmosphere, some of it is
a. Scattered by air molecules b. Reflected from white clouds back into space.
3.Since air is mostly transparent to visible light, much of the light that isn't reflected back into space goes through the atmosphere to Earth's surface. 4.Some of the light that makes it to the surface is also reflected back into space (especially if the surface is bright, as is the case when snow or ice covers the ground). 5.However, since the average albedo of Earth's surface is around 15%, most of the light that makes it to the surfaces is absorbed, warming our planet6.Overall, slightly less than half of the the sunlight at the top of our atmosphere is absorbed by Earth's surface.
IN A NUT SHELL:
SOME IS _______________SOME IS _______________HALF IS ________________
SCATTERED
REFLECTEDABSORBED
The BUILDUP of Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases are emitted in a variety of ways including:
1.___________________________-This is the disappearance of trees, which allows more greenhouse gases to become trapped within the environment. 2._________________-When trash, brush, wood, and fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is also released into the atmosphere. 3.__________________________-Many electrical appliances in your home emit gases referred to as Chloroflourocarbons or CFCs. These gases are found in refrigerators, some cleaners, and aerosol cans. 4._________________________________Simply the increase in the population of the world can cause the greenhouse effect. Industries and
manmade machines contribute to the greenhouse theory.
DEFORESTATION
BURNING
ELECTRICAL APPLICANCES
HUMAN POPULATION
THE BIG PICTURE
Humans contribute to greenhouse gases which
leads to _______________________
BOTTOM LINEThe more ____________________ released in the atmosphere,The greater the _______________________,The less ____________out of atmosphere, which meansTHE __________________THE ______________________.
HIGHER TEMPERATURES
CARBON DIOXIDE
TEMPERATUREHEAT
GREATERTEMPERATURE
Section Review 6. Name and describe two ways in which pollution affects ecosystems.
7.How does the greenhouse effect keep Earth warm?
8.Explain how a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could increase Earth’s global temperature.
9.Describe how acid rain falling in a forest could disrupt the trophic structure of the ecosystem.
10. Name two important functions of greenhouse gases at the Earth’s surface.
Results in smog and acid rain: Smog is caused by the interaction of sunlight with pollutants produced by fossil fuel emissions.Acid rain results from the mixture of these emissions with water vapor.
Infrared energy radiating from Earth’s surface is absorbed by greenhouse molecules such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane.This energy, (heat), is released and absorbed by other molecules of the Earth’s surface or the atmosphere.
Destruction of leaves in general– less food altogether??With the destruction of ‘canopy’ leaves, more sunlight hits forest floor, plants that aren’t adapted to high light, may be overtaken. Herbivores that feed off of low light plants, and the second consumers may starve.
MORE GREENHOUSE MOLECULES = less heat escapes = HIGHER TEMPERATURES
Water vapor condenses to form precipitation that is part of hydrologic cycleCarbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
• The burning of _____________ adds harmful gases into the air. These _________ are given off in toxic amounts!
• Smog is a combination of _______ and _________. It creates a blanket over our cities and _________ harmful chemicals.
• _______________ (CO2) is given off when fossil fuels are burned. This excess CO2 does not allow heat to _____________ and causes “______________________” (what is it like in a greenhouse??)…can you imagine earth as a greenhouse?
• The _____________ layer protects the sun’s harmful radiation from reaching earth. As it is broken down by pollutants, this _______________ gets through.
Fossil fuels chemicals
smoke fogtraps
Carbon dioxideescape Greenhouse effect
Ozone layerradiation
Most of the earth’s drinking water comes from _________, _________, and huge underground ___________. __________________ are chemicals used to control insects- but they drain into our drinking water and are ____________. Most pesticides, such as DDT are illegal in the USA (but still used in some other countries)
Many insect-killing chemicals are not _________________ – they can not be recycled or broken down into a usable form.
PCB’s are toxins found in __________ and (like DDT) is illegal to produce and dump in the USA since _______. But because it is not biodegradable, it still remains in our __________________________!
rivers streamsreservoirs Pesticides
poisonous
biodegradable
water1973
ecosystems
• pH is a measurement of how _________ or _______ something is. The scale ranges from _________. 7 is considered _________. Anything below 7 is acidic and anything above 7 is basic.
• __________ and lemon juice have pH’s lower than 7, and are considered acidic.
• Baking powder and __________ have pH’s above 7 and are considered basic.
• __________ is neutral, and has a ph of 7. It is neither acidic or basic.
• Sulfur dioxide is given off when fossil fuels are __________. This gas reacts with water in the atmosphere and consequently creates “___________”. When this rain falls, its high acidity damages _______________ _____________ ____________ ___________.
acidic basic0-14 neutral
vinegarbleach
water
burnedAcid rain
forests crops soil buildings
Section Review 11. What does an indicator species tell us about the health of an ecosystem?
12.How do PCB’s affect bird populations through bio magnification?
13.How are the concepts of carry capacity and indicator species related?
14.Would a buffalo or a mountain lion be more affected by biomagnification? Why?
15. How does the biomagnification pyramid compare to with the energy pyramid?
Types of pollutants in the ecosystem.A decrease in an indicator species population is probably the result of high levels of pollutants into the environment.
PCB’s travel up through the trophic structure of an ecosystem and accumulate in large amounts in the eggs of large birds. PCBs can negatively impact growth and development within the egg, causing genetic mutations, deformities, and death. The population of birds may crash as a result..
A mountain lion would be more affected because it is higher on the food chain and would ingest more contaminants from its food supply.
If the population of an indicator species is far below an ecosystem’s carrying capacity for that species, it may indicate the presence of toxins or another pollutant that is causing a decline in the species population.
The are oppositeEnergy decreases as you move up the food chain, but pollutants increase.
Plastic is not __________________. Consequently, it is not broken down. When we plastic in our trash, it must be ______________. We are running out of places to dump these items (_______________). Each person in America produces about _____________ of trash per year!!!
How can we address this issue??
Recycling!!
biodegradabledumped
landfillONE TON
A species that can _________ the natural flow of ______ and the overall ___________ of an ecosystem.
These are considered _____________ SPECIES.
Burmese python was introduced to the US as a pet. Irresponsible owners released them into the wild. In the Florida Everglades, they have disrupted populations of rats, birds, racoons, and compromised the overall stability of that ecosystem.
Kudzu plants were introduced to the US from Japan as an ornamental flowering plant. It grows up to 2 inches per DAY and has blanketed trees and shrubs, and depriving them of necessary sunlight. Bamboo is also a fast growing invasive species of plant.
Imported Red Fire Ant were accidentally introduced from Brazil on a cargo ship to Alabama. This stinging ant is now found in most southern states and are highly aggressive and dangerous to small animals. Efforts are currently underway to eliminate this species.
disrupt energy
stabilityINVASIVE
“The organic remains of ________________”.
After you are dead, the ___________ that makes up all organic matter will recycle through the ___________________ for future generations to _________________. What kind of “footprint” do you want to leave behind?
_______________ is clean and efficient. It does not involve burning of _______________.
Support _________________ of wildlife. It protects and shelters animals in the wild.
Conserve water, recycle, and don’t unnecessarily waste power which burns fossil fuels.
Gov’t initiatives:
• Clean Air Act
• Clean Water Act
• Endangered Species Act
DEAD THINGS
carbonecosystem
deal with
Nuclear energy
Fossil fuels
conservation
1. What’s the difference between extinct, endangered, and threatened?
2. Why must new sources of energy be found?
3. It is estimated that 100 species of plants become extinct per DAY!! How many species of plants become extinct per year? _____
4. What is the major sources of air pollution?
5. What is acid rain? Why does it exist?
6. Bald eagles almost became extinct because of the chemical DDT. The eagles got the DDT from the fish they ate. Where did the fish get it?
7. What problem arises from the use of plastics?
8. What is a carbon footprint?
9. Sulfur dioxide is an air pollutant. Where does this chemical come from?
10. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource?
11. Look up an invasive species NOT mentioned in your notes. Describe the impact it has made in its ecosystem.
12. Define Biodegradable.
