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Aim: How do enzymes work?
HW #16
Read pages 49-53
Take notes by writing two summary sentences for each page you read.
Enzymes are a particular kind of protein that have
the ability to catalyze reactions in living organisms.
Proteins are very long chain molecules made up of amino acid building blocks.
The protein chain is folded in a complex three dimensional shape known as its tertiary
structure.
What do you know about amino acids?
There are 20 amino acids.
They differ by what is on the central carbon.
All amino acids contain a N atom in the chemical formula.
Amino acids come into our body as food that we eat.
Proteins are made up of amino acids. Twenty amino acids arranged in an endless array yields an infinite number of proteins.
Proteins are made up of amino acids
Proteins have many functions….
• structural support (collagen)
Proteins have many functions….
• parts of cell membranes transport molecules
Protein channel
proteins
Lipid bilayer
CarbohydrateLipid bilayer
Proteins have many functions….
• Hormones• Protein molecules
bind to receptors on the surface of "target" cells
Somatropin (GH)
Proteins have many functions….
• regulate body metabolism
• antibodies of immune system
• toxins in some microorganisms
• catalyze chemical reactions as ENZYMES
Proteins have many functions….
• actin and myosin – muscle contraction
Proteins have many functions….
• regulate the cell cycle
Groups
List the four proteins that regulate the cell cycle
• There are more than 3,000 known enzymes in the human body. The body’s ability to function and repair itself is directly related to the strength and number of enzymes that are present. Every second, they are changing and renewing, sometimes at unbelievable rates.
The enzyme shape fits the shape of the substance it will break down.
Enzymes work in specific ways
Substrate is what will be digested (broken down) by the specific enzyme
Enzyme action
The enzyme and substrate come together at the active site.
The shape of the enzyme fits the shape of the substrate
Digestive enzymes
..break down larger molecules into smaller ones
Products are …
..different from what we started with
Real life application of enzymes
• Many biological washing powders contain enzymes to help with the removal of stains. The enzyme may be a protease to break down protein stains or a lipase to break down fat and oil (lipids) stains.
Digestion of starch
Salivary Amylase
This enzyme breaks the bonds that hold the polymer together
Digestion of starch produces simple sugars
Techniques scientists use to visualize molecular structures include:
• Spectroscopy (UV-Vis).
• Fluorescence.
• Circular dichroism (CD).
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
• Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
• Analytical ultra centrifugation (AUC).
• Small angle x-ray spectroscopy.
Enzymes are proteins
Enzymes are needed for synthesis also.
Protease digests proteins
• All enzymes have a particular shape that fits the molecules they act on.
The Digestive EnzymesSite
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
Site
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
EnzymeEnzyme Role in DigestionRole in Digestion
Section 38-2
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Peptidase
Breaks down starches into disaccharides
Breaks down proteins into large peptides
Continues the breakdown of starch
Continues the breakdown of protein
Breaks down fat
Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides
Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.