Aüi +L*i Lu çL?tý4T|ðL? 5ýMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ð?|üi W?|ih?@|ðL?@* Ah@?t4ðttðL? Lu 5üLU!tëú

ç�i_hðU Að**i |

�@hUü ec �bbb

Devwudfw

Wklv sdshu ghyhorsv d jhqhudo iudphzrun wr dqdo|}h wkh zhoiduhfrqvhtxhqfhv ri prqhwdu| dqg ñvfdo vkrfnv lq dq rshq hfrqrp|/ ir0fxvlqj rq wkh uroh ri wkh ghjuhh ri vxevwlwxwdelolw| ehwzhhq jrrgvsurgxfhg lq glòhuhqw frxqwulhv1 Zh ñqg wkdw dq h{sdqvlrqdu| vkrfnwkdw zrxog eh ehqhñfldo lq d forvhg hfrqrp| fdq kdyh dq dgyhuvh*ehjjdu0wk|vhoi* hòhfw lq wkh frxqwu| zkhuh lw wdnhv sodfh/ ru dq dg0yhuvh *ehjjdu0wk|0qhljkeru* hòhfw rq lwv qhljkeru1 Vxfk hòhfwv ghshqgvljqlñfdqwo| rq wkh ghjuhh ri vxevwlwxwdelolw| ehwzhhq jrrgv surgxfhglq glòhuhqw frxqwulhv/ dv zhoo dv wkh h{dfw qdwxuh ri wkh vkrfnv1 Lqdgglwlrq/ d forvhg hfrqrp| fdq eh dq lpshuihfw dssur{lpdwlrq ri dodujh rshq hfrqrp| zkhq wkhuh lv olwwoh vxevwlwxwdelolw| ehwzhhq jrrgvsurgxfhg lq glòhuhqw frxqwulhv1

a,w U*@ttð�U@|ðL?G 6e�c 6e2ki)êLh_tG �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL?c îi}}@hí|ü) ûið}üMLh

úWklv sdshu lv d uhylvhg yhuvlrq ri wkh wklug fkdswhu ri p| Sk1G1 glvvhuwdwlrq1 L dpjudwhixo wr Ehq Ehuqdqnh/ Jldqfduor Fruvhwwl/ Sdror Shvhqwl/ Nhqqhwk Urjrò dqg PlfkdhoZrrgirug iru khosixo jxlgdqfh dqg frpphqwv1 L dovr wkdqn wkh sduwlflsdqwv ri IhghudoUhvhuyh Idoo Lqwhuqdwlrqdo V|vwhp Frpplwwhh Phhwlqj/ dv zhoo dv vhplqdu dxglhqfhv dwwkh Ihghudo Uhvhuyh Edqn ri Qhz \run/ \doh Xqlyhuvlw|/ dqg wkh Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqhwdu|Ixqg iru ydoxdeoh ihhgedfn1 Doo uhpdlqlqj huuruv dqg rplvvlrqv duh ri frxuvh plqh1 Wklvsdshu uhðhfwv wkh ylhzv ri wkh dxwkru dqg qrw qhfhvvdulo| wkh ylhzv ri wkh Ihghudo UhvhuyhEdqn ri Qhz \run ru wkh Ihghudo Uhvhuyh1

|Ihghudo Uhvhuyh Edqn ri Qhz \run1 +545, :5308977/ Fhgulf1WloohCq|1iue1ruj

�

� W?|hL_ýU|ðL?

ú Ui?|h@* ðttýi ð? LTi? 4@UhLiUL?L4ðUt ðt |üi |h@?t4ðttðL? Lu tüLU!tuhL4 @ ULý?|h) |L ð|t ?ið}üMLhtë W? T@h|ðUý*@hc |üi TLttðMð*ð|) Lu @? @_ñihti<Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh < ThLM*i4c êüihi @? i T@?tðL? ð? @ ULý?|h) UL4it @| |üii Ti?ti Lu |üi L|üihtc ü@t *L?} Mii? UL?tð_ihi_ |L Mi @ êLhhðtL4i TLttðMð*ð|)c@t �ht| _ðtUýtti_ M) ûýh!ti E�beeäë�

#itTð|i |üi Ui?|h@* T*@Ui Lu |üi Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh UL?UiT| ð? |üi _iíM@|ic Lýh ý?_iht|@?_ð?} Lu ð| ðt hi4@h!@M*) *ð4ð|i_c @?_ Lu|i? ð?ñL*ñit 4LhiLu @? ð?|ýð|ðñi i TLtð|ðL? |ü@? @ |üLhLý}ü @?@*)tðtë ,ñi? |üi?c |üi @?@*)tðtðt M@ti_ L? |üi t|@?_@h_ �ý?_i**í6*i4ð?}í#Lh?MýtUü ti|ýT êüðUü *@U!t @?i T*ðUð| êi*u@hi 4i|hðU @?_ |üihiuLhi ðt?<| êi** i^ýðTTi_ |L @__hitt @ êi*u@hiUL?UiT| týUü @t |üi Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4ë

Aüi *ð4ð|@|ðL?t Lu @? @?@*)tðt M@ti_ L? @? @_íüLU êi*u@hi Uhð|ihðL? U@?Mi @ñLð_i_ M) ýtð?} @ ti|ýT Mýð*| L? 4ðUhL uLý?_@|ðL?t êüðUü Lgiht @ U*i@hêi*u@hi Uhð|ihðL?c týUü @t |üi ý|ð*ð|) Lu |üi hiThiti?|@|ðñi UL?tý4ihë Aüi<?iê LTi? iUL?L4) 4@UhLiUL?L4ðUt< uh@4iêLh! M@ti_ L? |üi UL?|hðMý|ðL?tM) ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDä Lgiht týUü @ ti|ýTc êüðUü UL4Mð?it 4ðíUhL uLý?_@|ðL?t @?_ 4@h!i| ð4TihuiU|ðL?t ð? |üi uLh4 Lu 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4íTi|ð|ðL? @?_ hð}ð_ ThðUitë W? týUü @ 4L_i*c @ 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? ðt êi*íu@hi ð4ThLñð?}c @t ð| 4Lñit |üi iUL?L4) @ê@) uhL4 |üi týMLT|ð4@* 4@h!i|i^ýð*ðMhðý4 |Lê@h_t |üi UL4Ti|ð|ðñi �ht| Mit|ë ï?i Lu |üi 4Lt| ð?|ihit|ð?}�?_ð?}t ðt |ü@| |üihi ðt ?L Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4 @t |üi i T@?tðL? ðti^ý@**) Mi?i�Uð@* |L @** ULý?|hðitë2

Aüi @?@*)tðt M) ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg üLêiñih @ttý4it |ü@| |üi i*@t|ðUíð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? |êL }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? |üi t@4i ULý?|h) ðt |üit@4i @t |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? |êL }LL_ ThL_ýUi_ ð? _ðgihi?|ULý?|hðitë 5ýUü @? @ttý4T|ðL? Tð?t _Lê? |üi ti?tð|ðñð|) Lu |üi UL?tý4Tí|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU| |ühLý}ü êüðUü Uü@?}it ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i }i?ih@|i@ hi@**LU@|ðL? Lu UL?tý4T|ðL? Mi|êii? üL4i @?_ uLhið}? }LL_të Aüðt @TíTi@ht |L hit|hðU| |üi êi*u@hi @?@*)tðtc @t |üðt ti?tð|ðñð|) T*@)t @ Ui?|h@* hL*i

4D vlplodu frqfhuq fdq eh irxqg lq dqdo|vhv ri wkh uhfhqw Dvldq fulvlv/ vxfk dv Ihuqdog/Dglvrq dqg Orxjdql +4<<;,1

5Wkh prgho kdv ehhq h{whqghg lq vhyhudo gluhfwlrqv/ wr dvvhvv wkh uroh ri sulflqj0wr0pdunhw +Ehwwv dqg Ghyhuhx{ +4<<:,0+4<<9d,/ Wlooh +4<<;d,,/ krph eldv +Zduqrfn +4<<;,,/qrq0wudghg jrrgv +Kdx +4<<;,,/ wudqvsruwdwlrq frvwv +]kx +4<<;,,/ dv zhoo dv xqghuwdnh dqdqdo|vlv lq d vwrfkdvwlf vhwxs +Ghyhuhx{ dqg Hqjho +4<<;,/ Revwihog dqg Urjrò +4<<;,,1D uhfhqw vxuyh| lv surylghg e| Odqh +4<<;,1

2

M) _i|ih4ð?ð?} |üi i |i?| |L êüðUü @ Uü@?}i ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i @giU|t |üit@*it hiñi?ýi Lu |üi @}i?|tc üi?Ui UL?tý4T|ðL?c |ühLý}ü |üi ýtý@* �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? @h}ý4i?|ë

Wu ULý?|hðit tTiUð@*ð3i ð? |üi ThL_ýU|ðL? Lu Uih|@ð? U@|i}Lhðit Lu }LL_tc|üihi ðt *ð!i*) |L Mi *itt týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) Mi|êii? }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? _ðgihi?|ULý?|hðit |ü@? Mi|êii? }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? @ }ðñi? ULý?|h)ë ú*|üLý}ü |üiuLh4ih ðt _ðæUý*| |L it|ð4@|ic î@U!ýtc kiüLi @?_ k)_*@?_ E�bbe@cMä @h}ýi|ü@| ð| ðt ð? |üi h@?}i Lu �ý 2c êüðUü ðt @ 4ýUü t4@**ih ñ@*ýi |ü@? |üi ýtý@*it|ð4@|it uLh |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? |üit@4i ULý?|h)c êüðUü ðt @MLý| S @t ð? +L|i4Mih} @?_ LL_uLh_ E�bb2äëô

Aüi 4@ð? UL?|hðMý|ðL? Lu |üðt T@Tih ðt |L i |i?_ |üi M@ti*ð?i ïMt|ui*_í+L}Lg 4L_i* |L @**Lê |üi _i}hii Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt ULý?|hðit |L _ðgihuhL4 |üi _i}hii Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) êð|üð? ULý?|hðitc @?_ @ttitt |üi UL?tií^ýi?Uit L? |üi 4L_i* hitý*|tc êð|ü @ uLUýt L? |üi êi*u@hi _ð4i?tðL?ë i _L?L| |@!i @ t|@?_ L? |üi ñ@*ýi Lu |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? @UhLtt ULý?í|hðitc @?_ |üi hitý*|t @hi Thiti?|i_ uLh @ êð_i h@?}i Lu ñ@*ýitë Aüi T@Tih @*tLThiti?|t |üi @?@*)tðt ð? @ tð4T*i }h@TüðU@* ti|ýTc ð**ýt|h@|ð?} |üi Uü@??i*t @|êLh!ë

Aüi 4@éLh hitý*| Lu |üi @?@*)tðt ðt |ü@| @ 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? _Lit ?L|Mi?i�| @** ULý?|hðit |L |üi t@4i i |i?|ë Wu |üihi ðt *itt týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLttULý?|hðit |ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðitc êüðUü ðt |üi 4Lt| *ð!i*) U@tic @ 4L?i|@h) i íT@?tðL? ð? @ ULý?|h) U@? ü@ñi @? @_ñihti <Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u < igiU| L? |ü@| ULý?í|h)c êüð*i Mi?i�|ð?} ð|t ?ið}üMLhë W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi *Lê ñ@*ýi Lu |üi i*@t|ðUð|) LutýMt|ð|ý|ðL? @UhLtt ULý?|hðit *ð4ð|t |üi i |i?| Lu |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?}igiU| ð?_ýUi_ M) |üi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ië ï? |üi L|üih ü@?_chitð_i?|t U@??L| i@tð*) týMt|ð|ý|i @ê@) uhL4 ð4TLh|t êüðUü @hi ?Lê 4ýUü4Lhi i Ti?tðñië Aüi @_ñihti Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u igiU| ðt 4Lhi @Uý|i |üi t4@**ih|üi ULý?|h)c |üi *Lêih |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? @UhLtt ULý?|hðit @?_ |üit4@**ih |üi 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU _ðt|Lh|ðL?ë î) UL?|h@t|c @ �tU@* i T@?tðL? @*ê@)tü@t @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh igiU|c itTiUð@**) ðu |üihi ðt *ð||*i týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)@UhLtt ULý?|hðitë W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi üð}üih _i4@?_ u@Ui_ M) |üi ThL_ýUiht ð?|üi i T@?_ð?} ULý?|h) ð?_ýUit |üi4 |L h@ðti |üiðh ThðUitc |üihiM) êLhti?ð?}|üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i uLh |üi hitð_i?|t Lu |üi L|üih ULý?|h)ë

6Wkh rqo| h{whqvlrqv ri wkh Revwihog0Urjrò prgho wkdw frqvlghuv d glòhuhqw vxevwl0wxwdelolw| ehwzhhq jrrgv surgxfhg lq glòhuhqw frxqwulhv duh Fruvhwwl dqg Shvhqwl +4<<:,/Ghyhuhx{ dqg Hqjho +4<<;, dqg Revwihog dqg Urjrò +4<<;,1 Wkh| krzhyhu irfxv rq wkhhòhfwv ri odujh vkrfnv/ dqg gr qrw h{soruh wkh frqvhtxhqfhv ri d glòhuhqw vxevwlwxwdelolw|lq ghwdlov1

ô

Aüi T@Tih ðt Lh}@?ð3i_ @t uL**LêtG |üi 4L_i* ýti_ ðt Thiti?|i_ ð? 5iU|ðL?2c @?_ |üi igiU|t Lu ý?i TiU|i_ tüLU!t @hi @?@*)3i_ ð? 5iU|ðL? ôë út |üiuh@4iêLh! ðt ñih) tð4ð*@h |L |üi L?i ð? ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäc |üi|iUü?ðU@* @tTiU|t @hi Thiti?|i_ ð? |üi úTTi?_ð ë 5iU|ðL? e @ttittit êüi|üihtüLU!t U@? @_ñihti*) @giU| |üi ULý?|h) êüihi |üi) |@!i T*@Uic Lh ð|t ?ið}üMLhëAüi �?_ð?}t @hi ð**ýt|h@|i_ ð? @ ?ý4ihðU@* i @4T*i ð? 5iU|ðL? Dc @?_ 5iU|ðL?S UL?U*ý_itë

2 ú �L_i* êð|ü #ðgihi?| ,*@t|ðUð|ðit Lu 5ýMí

t|ð|ý|ðL?

Aüðt tiU|ðL? Thiti?|t |üi uh@4iêLh! ýti_ ð? |üi @?@*)tðtc êüðUü ðt @?i |i?tðL? Lu ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg<t E�bbSc �bbDäë 6Lh Mhiñð|)c |üi i TLtð|ðL?uLUýtit L? |üi 4@ð? @tTiU|t Lu |üi 4L_i*c @t êi** @t |üi ð??Lñ@|ðL? hi*@|ðñi |L|üiðh UL?|hðMý|ðL?c |L êüðUü êi hiuih |üi hi@_ih uLh @ 4Lhi _i|@ð*i_ i TLtð|ðL?Lu |üi ti|ýTë

2ë� Aüi 5i|ýT

Aüi êLh*_ ðt 4@_i Lu |êL ULý?|hðitc üL4i @?_ uLhið}?c @?_ ðt TLTý*@|i_M) @ UL?|ð?ýý4 Lu UL?tý4ihtë i ?Lh4@*ð3i |üi êLh*_ tð3i |L �c @?_ UL?tð_ih|üi �ht| ? UL?tý4iht |L Mi hitð_i?|t Lu |üi üL4i ULý?|h)ë ú** UL?tý4iht ð?|üi êLh*_ ü@ñi ð_i?|ðU@* Thiuihi?Uit Lñih UL?tý4T|ðL?c hi@* M@*@?Uitc _L4ití|ðU }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} @?_ igLh|ë Aüi ð?|ih|i4TLh@* LMéiU|ðñi Lu @ üL4iUL?tý4ihc ð?_i i_ M) &c @| |ð4i | ðt }ðñi? M)G

L&c| '"[r'f

qr

;A?A=ä�3 �

j&c|nr

�ý �j

n ò *?

#�&c|nr

å|nr

$n 8 EC|nräý V

� n�t �n�&c|nr

<A@A> E�ä

êüihi ä& ðt @ UL?tý4T|ðL? M@t!i| _i�?i_ Mi*Lêc �& |üi ?L4ð?@* M@*í@?Uitc å |üi UL?tý4ih ThðUi ð?_i c @?_ C |üi üL4i }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?}Tih U@Tð|@ëe Aüi UL?tý4ih ðt @*tL |üi tL*i ThL_ýUih Lu |üi T@h|ðUý*@h Mh@?_& ð?U*ý_i_ ð? @** UL?tý4iht< M@t!i|të èhL_ýUð?} @? @4Lý?| t& Lu |üðt Mh@?_

7Wkh lqfoxvlrq ri jryhuqphqw vshqglqj lq wkh frqvxphu*v xwlolw| lv grqh rqo| wr foduli|wkh zhoiduh lpsolfdwlrqv ri ñvfdo vkrfnv/ dv glvfxvvhg ehorz1 Wkh fdvh zkhuh jryhuqphqwvshqglqj lv zdvwhixo lv vlpso| jlyhq e| vhwwlqj I +J, @ 31

e

ð?ñL*ñit @ ULt|*) igLh| U@T|ýhi_ M) |üi *@t| |ih4 ð? E�äë i @ttý4i |ü@| |üiULt| Lu igLh| ðt UL?ñi E� : fäë Aüi Lñih@** UL?tý4T|ðL? M@t!i|c ä&c ðt @ç,5 @}}hi}@|i Lu @ M@t!i| Lu }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c äû& c @?_@ M@t!i| Lu }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)c äs& G

ä& '

%?�4

íäû&ì43�

4 n E�ý ?ä �4íäs&ì 43�

4

& 443�

êüihi 4 : f ðt |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? üL4i @?_ uLhið}?}LL_tc êüðUü êi hiuih |L @t |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)ë ,@Uü ULý?|h)tTiUð�U M@t!i|c äû& @?_ äs& c ðt ð? |ýh? @ ç,5 @}}hi}@|i @UhLtt |üi Mh@?_tThL_ýUi_ ð? |üi üL4i @?_ uLhið}? ULý?|h) hitTiU|ðñi*)G

äû& '

%?3

�w

] ?

f

íäû& E5ä

ì w3�w _5

& ww3�

c äs& '

%E�ý ?ä3 �

w

] �

?

íäs& E5ä

ì w3�w _5

& ww3�

êüihi w : � ðt |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? |êL }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ð? |üi t@4i ULý?|h)c êüðUü êi hiuih |L @t |üi êð|üð?íULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)ëäû& E5ä @?_ ä

s& E5ä _i?L|i |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? Lu @ T@h|ðUý*@h Mh@?_ 5 ThL_ýUi_

ð? |üi üL4i @?_ |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) hitTiU|ðñi*)ë Aüi @ttý4T|ðL? |ü@| w ðt*@h}ih |ü@? � i?týhit |ü@| |üi i^ýð*ðMhðý4 tL*ý|ðL? ðt êi** _i�?i_ë

Aüi Ui?|h@* ui@|ýhi Lu |üðt T@Tih ðt |L @**Lê |üi UhLttíULý?|h) @?_ êð|üð?íULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) |L _ðgihë Wu 4 é wc |üihi ðt *itt týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLttULý?|hðit |ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðitc MiU@ýti Lu tTiUð@*ð3@|ðL? uLh i @4T*iëD AüiUL?|hðMý|ðL?t M) îi||t @?_ #iñihiý E�bb.c �bbS@cMäc ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}LgE�bbSc �bbDäc @?_ Að**i E�bbH@ä uLUýt L? |üi U@ti êüihi 4 ' wc êüihi@tçLhti||ð @?_ èiti?|ð E�bb.ä UL?tð_ih |üi U@ti êüihi 4 ' �ë

Aüi @**LU@|ðL? Lu UL?tý4T|ðL? @UhLtt |üi @ñ@ð*@M*i Mh@?_t ðt _ihðñi_ ð?|üi ýtý@* ê@) @?_ |üi hitý*|t @hi ð?_U@|i_ ð? A@M*i �ëS Aüi ThðUit u@Ui_ M)@ üL4i UL?tý4ih @hi _i�?i_ @t uL**LêtG å û E5ä @?_ å s E5ä @hi |üi ThðUit Lu@ üL4i @?_ uLhið}? Mh@?_ 5c hitTiU|ðñi*)c å û @?_ å s @hi |üi ThðUi ð?_i itLu üL4i @?_ uLhið}? }LL_tc hitTiU|ðñi*)c @?_ å ðt |üi UL?tý4ih ThðUi ð?í_i ë Aüi _i�?ð|ðL?t uLh |üi ThðUit ð? |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) @hi tð4ð*@hc uLhið}?

8Frqvxphuv ñuvw doorfdwh wkhlu frqvxpswlrq dfurvv eurdg fdwhjrulhv ri jrrgv/ vxfk dvfduv dqg wh{wlohv/ dqg wkhq dfurvv wkh ydulrxv eudqgv zlwklq hdfk fdwhjru|1 Lq rxu prgho/zh dvvxph wkdw frxqwulhv vshfldol}h/ pdwfklqj hdfk frxqwu| zlwk d sduwlfxodu fdwhjru|1Wkh dqdo|vlv ri d ulfkhu vhwxs zkhuh hdfk frxqwu| surgxfhv erwk fdwhjrulhv/ doehlw wr dglòhuhqw h{whqw/ dorqj wkh olqhv ri Iduxthh +4<<9,/ lv ohiw iru ixwxuh zrun1

9Wklv glphqvlrq ri wkh sureohp ehlqj vwdwlf/ zh rplw wkh wlph vxevfulswv iru fryhqlhqfh1

D

ñ@hð@M*it Mið?} _i?L|i_ M) @? @t|ihðt!ë Aüi ThðUi ð?_i it @hi Lu |üi ýtý@*ULt|í4ð?ð4ð3ð?} uLh4ë

A@M*i �G çL?tý4T|ðL? _i4@?_t

äû& E5 5 dfc ?oä 'kåûE5äåû

l3w kåû

å

l34ä&

äs& E5 5 E?c �oä 'kås E5äå s

l3w kås

å

l34ä&

äWû& E5 5 dfc ?oä 'kåWûE5äåWû

l3w kåWûåW

l34äW&

äWs& E5 5 E?c �oä 'kå Ws E5äå Ws

l3w kåWså W

l34äW&

ïýh uLUýt Mið?} |üi hL*i T*@)i_ M) |üi UhLttíULý?|h) i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ýí|ðL? 4c êi @ttý4i |ü@| |üi *@ê Lu L?i ThðUi üL*_t uLh tð4T*ðUð|)ë #i?L|ð?} |üi?L4ð?@* i Uü@?}i h@|i Eý?ð|t Lu üL4i Uýhhi?U) Tih uLhið}? Uýhhi?U)ä @t 7c|üðt ð4T*ðit |ü@| å û E5ä ' 7å Wû E5äc å s E5ä ' 7å Ws E5äë W| ðt |üi? t|h@ð}ü|íuLhê@h_ |L tüLê |ü@| |üi TýhUü@tð?} TLêih T@hð|) @*tL üL*_tG å ' 7å Wëú 4Lhi UL4T*i @?@*)tðt @**Lêð?} uLh _iñð@|ðL?t uhL4 |üi *@ê Lu L?i ThðUiU@? Mi ý?_ih|@!i?c uL**Lêð?} îi||t @?_ #iñihiý E�bb.c �bbS@cMäë 5ýUü @?@?@*)tðt ðt Thiti?|i_ ð? @ UL4T@?ðL? T@Tih EAð**ic �bbHMäë

i UL?tð_ih |ü@| i@Uü UL?tý4ih U@? üL*_ |êL @tti|tG @ ?L4ð?@* ML?__i?L4ð?@|i_ ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) Uýhhi?U)c. @?_ |üi Uýhhi?U) Lu üih ULý?|h)Lu hitð_i?Uië Aüi ð?|ih|i4TLh@* tL*ý|ðL? Lu |üi UL?tý4ih ThLM*i4 ðt t|@?_@h_@?_ ðt }ðñi? M)G

ä3 �j

&c| ' q E� n ð|n�äå|å|n�

ä3 �j

&c|n� E2ä

�&c|

å|' òä

�j&c|

� n ð|n�ð|n�

Eôä

E2ä ðt |üi ,ý*ih UL?_ð|ðL? uLh |üi ð?|ih|i4TLh@* @**LU@|ðL? Lu UL?tý4T|ðL?@?_ Eôä ðt |üi 4L?i) _i4@?_ë

6L**Lêð?} çLhti||ð @?_ èiti?|ð E�bb.äc @?_ ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbHäc}Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} U@T|ýhit @ tLýhUi Lu _i4@?_ |ü@| ðt *ð4ð|i_ |L _L4ití|ðU@**) ThL_ýUi_ }LL_të 6ðtU@* tüLU!t U@? |üi? Mi ð?|ihThi|i_ @t tüðu|ð?}|üi _i4@?_ Uýhñi u@Ui_ M) ThL_ýUiht ð? @ ULý?|h)c êüð*i *i@ñð?} |üi _i4@?_Uýhñi u@Ui_ M) ThL_ýUiht ð? |üi L|üih ULý?|h) ý?Uü@?}i_ë i _i?L|i |üi Tih

:Wkh uhvxowv zrxog eh lghqwlfdo li zh zhuh wr frqvlghu d uhdo erqg/ dv lq Revwihog dqgUrjrò +4<<9/ 4<<8,/ ru d qrplqdo erqg ghqrplqdwhg lq wkh iruhljq fxuuhqf|1

S

U@Tð|@ hi@* TýhUü@tit Lu |üi }Lñih?4i?| ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) M) Cc @?_ @títý4i |ü@| |üi) @hi @**LU@|i_ @UhLtt |üi ñ@hðLýt _L4it|ðU Mh@?_t ð? |üi t@4iê@) @t Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL?c @t _itUhðMi_ ð? |@M*i �ë út +ðU@h_ð@? i^ýðñ@í*i?Ui üL*_t ð? Lýh ti|ýTc êi @ttý4i |ü@| |üi }Lñih?4i?| M@*@?Uit ð|t Mý_}i|i@Uü TihðL_c �?@?Uð?} ð|t TýhUü@tit |ühLý}ü *ý4Títý4 |@ it @?_ tið}?Lh@}ië

i ?Lê @?@*)3i |üi LT|ð4@* ThðUi ti||ð?} M) @ ThL_ýUih uLh |üi Mh@?_tüi ti**të ú üL4i duLhið}?o ThL_ýUih & UüLLtit @ ThðUi å û E&ä då Ws E&äo _ií?L4ð?@|i_ ð? üih Lê? Uýhhi?U)ë út Mh@?_t @hi ð4TihuiU| týMt|ð|ý|itc |üiThL_ýUih ü@t tL4i 4L?LTL*) TLêihc êüðUü tüi |@!it ð?|L @UULý?| ð? üih LTí|ð4@* UüLðUië Aüi _i4@?_ uLh üih Mh@?_ ðt LM|@ð?i_ M) @}}hi}@|ð?} Thðñ@|iTýhUü@tit @UhLtt @** UL?tý4iht ð? |üi êLh*_ @?_ }Lñih?4i?| TýhUü@titc @?_ðt }ðñi? M)G

t& '

%å û E&ä

å û

&3w;?=%å û

å

&34äç nC

<@> Eeä

t W& '

%å Ws E&äå Ws

&3w ;?=%å Ws

å W

&34äç nCW

<@> EDä

êüihi äç ' ?ä n E�ý ?ääW ðt |üi êLh*_êð_i UL?tý4T|ðL?c @?_ ä '�?

U ?f ä&_&c ä

W ' ��3?

U �? ä

W&_& @hi |üi Tih U@Tð|@ UL?tý4T|ðL?t ð? |üi üL4i

@?_ uLhið}? ULý?|h) hitTiU|ðñi*)ë EeäíEDä tüLê |ü@| |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu |üi _ií4@?_ u@Ui_ M) @ ThL_ýUih êð|ü hitTiU| |L üih Lê? ThðUi ðt |üi êð|üð?íULý?|h)i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? wc @?_ ?L| |üi UhLttíULý?|h) i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ýí|ðL? 4ë Aüi LT|ð4@* ThðUit U@? Mi UL4Tý|i_ @tG

å û E&ä

å'

wV

w ý �t �& ä

�j& cå Ws E&äå W

'wV

w ý �t W�& ä

W �j

& ESä

ESä tüLêt |ü@| |üi 4@h}ð?@* ý|ð*ð|) Lu L?i _L**@h tTi?| L? UL?tý4T|ðL?c

ä3 �j

& å3�c i Uii_t |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu }i?ih@|ð?} ð| |ühLý}ü ThL_ýUð?} @?_

ti**ð?} Lý|Tý|c Vt �&

íå û E&ä

ì3�c M) @ 4@h!ýT i^ý@* |L w Ew ý �ä3� : �c @t

?L|i_ M) î@Uüi||@ @?_ ñ@? `ð?ULLT E�bbHäë Aüi 4@h!ýT ðt _i|ih4ð?i_ M)w @t ð| ðt |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu _i4@?_ êð|ü hitTiU| |L |üi ThL_ýUih<t Lê? ThðUië

ú Ui?|h@* ui@|ýhi Lu Lýh ti|ýT ðt |ü@| ESä _Lit ?L| ?iUitt@hð*) üL*_ë 6L*í*Lêð?} ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäc êi @ttý4i |ü@| ThðUit @hi ti| L?iTihðL_ ð? @_ñ@?Uië 6L**Lêð?} @ tüLU!c ThðUit U@??L| Mi @_éýt|i_ ð? |üi tüLh|

.

hý? @?_ Lý|Tý| ðt _i|ih4ð?i_ M) |üi _i4@?_t EeäíEDäëH W? |üi *L?} hý?cThL_ýUiht @_éýt| |üiðh ThðUitc @?_ ESä üL*_të

ú** UL?tý4iht êð|üð? @ ULý?|h) Mið?} ð_i?|ðU@*c ð?_ðñð_ý@* ñ@hð@M*it @hii^ý@* |L Tih U@Tð|@ ñ@hð@M*itë i _i?L|i |üi hiThiti?|@|ðñi üL4i UL?tý4ih<tML?_ üL*_ð?}t @| |üi Mi}ð?ð?} Lu TihðL_ | M) î|c @?_ |üi ?L4ð?@* ð?|ihit|h@|i L? |üiti üL*_ð?}t M) ð|ë út |üi ML?_ ðt ð? 3ihL ?i| týTT*) êLh*_êð_icêi U@? êhð|i |üi Uýhhi?|í@UULý?| i^ý@|ðL?t @tG

î|n�å|

n ä| nå û|å|C| ' E� n ð|ä

î|å|

nå û|å|t| E.ä

ý ?

�ý ?î|n�7|å W|

n äW| nå Ws|å W|CW| ' ý E� n ð|ä

?

�ý ?î|7|å W|

nå Ws|å W|t W| EHä

Aüi 4L_i* Mið?} ?L? *ð?i@hc êi �ht| _ihðñi |üi tL*ý|ðL? uLh @ t)44i|hðUt|i@_) t|@|ic @?_ |üi? @?@*)3i |üi 4L_i* ð? |ih4t Lu TihUi?|@}i _iñð@|ðL?tuhL4 |üðt t|i@_) t|@|ië

2ë2 5)44i|hðU 5|i@_) 5|@|i @?_ èihUi?|@}i #iñð@í|ðL?t

i uLUýt L? @ t)44i|hðU t|i@_) t|@|i êüihi ?L ULý?|h) ü@t @?) ?i|U*@ð4t L? |üi L|üihG î ' îW ' fc @?_ }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} Tih U@Tð|@ @hii^ý@* ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðitG C ' CW ' Cfë út ð? @?) t|i@_) t|@|ic |üi ð?|ihíit| h@|i hiãiU|t |üi _ðtULý?| u@U|Lhc @?_ ðt i^ý@* |L q3� ý �ë ú** hitð_i?|t ð?ML|ü ULý?|hðit @hi ð_i?|ðU@*c UL?tý4i @? @4Lý?| äfc @?_ ThL_ýUi @? @4Lý?|äfnCfë Aüi t|i@_) t|@|i UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt ý?ð^ýi*) }ðñi? M) |üi LT|ð4@* ThðUiti||ð?} ESä @?_ ðt týMLT|ð4@**) *Lê @t |üi 4@h}ð?@* ý|ð*ð|) Lu UL?tý4T|ðL?i Uii_t |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu ThL_ýU|ðL?c MiU@ýti Lu 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4Ti|ðí|ðL?ë

W? Lýh @?@*)tðtc êi UL?tð_ih |üi igiU| Lu ý?i TiU|i_ tüLU!tc @?_ hiêhð|i@** ñ@hð@M*it @t *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t @hLý?_ |üi t)44i|hðU t|i@_) t|@|ië6Lh 4Lt| ñ@hð@M*itc @ *Lêih U@ti _i?L|it |üi TihUi?|@}i _iñð@|ðL? uhL4 |üit)44i|hðU t|i@_) t|@|iG

% 'f ýffff

;Dv zh frqvlghu vpdoo vkrfnv/ surgxfhuv dozd|v dffrpprgdwh dq dgglwlrqdo ghpdqg/ehfdxvh wkhlu sulfh lv deryh wkhlu pdujlqdo frvw1

H

Aüi i UiT|ðL?t @hi Tih U@Tð|@ UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?}cêüðUü @hi tU@*i_ M) |üi t)44i|hðU t|i@_) t|@|i Lý|Tý| tf ' äf n Cfc @?_ML?_ üL*_ð?}tc êüðUü @hi tU@*i_ M) ?L4ð?@* Lý|Tý|G

S 'ä ý äftf

c } 'CýCftf

c SW 'äW ý äftf

c }W 'CW ýCftf

c K 'î

åftf

êüihi Sf ' äf*tf ðt |üi UL?tý4T|ðL?íLý|Tý| h@|ðL ð? |üi t)44i|hðUt|i@_) t|@|ië

ô ú Bh@TüðU@* 5L*ý|ðL? Lu |üi W4T@U| Lu N?í

i TiU|i_ 5üLU!t

Aüðt tiU|ðL? _ihðñit |üi UL?ti^ýi?Uit Lu ý?i TiU|i_ 4L?i|@h) @?_ �tU@*tüLU!t ð? |üi 4L_i*c ð**ýt|h@|ð?} |üi? êð|ü @ tð4T*i }h@TüðU@* @TT@h@|ýtë6L**Lêð?} ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäc êi UL?tð_ih |ü@| |üi iUL?L4)ðt ð?ð|ð@**) @| |üi t)44i|hðU t|i@_) t|@|i Uü@h@U|ihð3i_ @MLñi @?_ @}i?|t _L?L| i TiU| @?) !ð?_ Lu tüLU!të `üi? @? ý?i TiU|i_ tüLU! LUUýhtc ThðUit @hiThiti| @?_ U@??L| Mi @_éýt|i_ ð? |üi tüLh| hý?ë W? |üi *L?} hý?c |üi) @hi@_éýt|i_ @?_ |üi iUL?L4) hi@Uüit @ ?iê t|i@_) t|@|ië Aüi tüLh| @?_ *L?}hý? tL*ý|ðL?t @hi êhð||i? ð? |ih4t Lu TihUi?|@}i _iñð@|ðL?t uhL4 |üi ð?ð|ð@*t|i@_) t|@|ic @?_ *L?} hý? ñ@*ýit @hi _i?L|i_ M) @? ýTTih M@h EuLh i @4T*ic|üi igiU| L? UL?tý4T|ðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ðt _i?L|i_ M) S ð? |üi tüLh|hý? @?_ 7S ð? |üi *L?} hý?äë

Aüi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) 4 T*@)t @ Ui?|h@* hL*i ð? |üi @?@*)tðtëW?|ýð|ðñi*)c ð| U@T|ýhit |üi ti?tð|ðñð|) Lu |üi @**LU@|ðL? Mi|êii? üL4i @?_uLhið}? }LL_t êð|ü hitTiU| |L |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ic _i�?i_ @t |üi hi*@|ðñiThðUi Lu üL4i @?_ uLhið}? }LL_të út tüLê? ð? |üi úTTi?_ð c |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @giU|t |üi _ðt|hðMý|ðL? Lu @ tüLU!<t ð4T@U| @UhLttULý?|hðitc Mý| ?L| |üi êLh*_êð_i ð4T@U|ë Aüi hitý*|t ð? |üðt tiU|ðL? @hi|üihiuLhi Thiti?|i_ @?_ _ðtUýtti_ ð? |ih4t Lu UhLtt ULý?|h) _ðgihi?Uit uLhtð4T*ðUð|)ë Aüðt @tTiU| tüLý*_ Mi !iT| ð? 4ð?_ ð? ð?|ihThi|ð?} Lýh hitý*|tëb

Aüi hL*i Lu |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) hiãiU|t |üi ýtý@* �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL?c @?_ _i|ih4ð?it êüi|üih |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüíð?} |Lê@h_t E@ê@) uhL4ä üL4i }LL_t uL**Lêð?} @ êLhti?ð?} Eð4ThLñi4i?|ä

<Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh phqwlrq ri dq lqfuhdvh lq rxwsxw lq wkh krph frxqwu| vkrxog ehlqwhusuhwhg dv dq lqfuhdvh uhodwlyh wr rxwsxw lq wkh iruhljq frxqwu|/ dqg qrw qhfhvvdulo| dqlqfuhdvh lq devroxwh whupv1

b

Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i ðt *@h}i i?Lý}ü |L ð?Uhi@ti E_iUhi@tiä |üi t@*ithiñi?ýi Lu üL4i ThL_ýUihtc hi*@|ðñi |L uLhið}? ThL_ýUihtë AL üð}ü*ð}ü| |üðtTLð?|c êi _ðñð_i |üi h@?}i Lu TLttðM*i ñ@*ýit Lu 4 ð? |êL ð?|ihñ@*tG

î 4 : �G }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? _ðgihi?| ULý?|hðit @hi U*Lti týMt|ð|ý|it @?_|üi �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL? üL*_tc @ U@ti |ü@| êi hiuih |L @t�w+ë ú êLhti?ð?} ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i }i?ih@|it @ *@h}i UL?tý4T|ðL?têð|Uüð?} |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_t @?_ |üi t@*it hiñi?ýi Lu üL4i ThL_ýUihtð?Uhi@titë

î 4 ÷ �G }LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? _ðgihi?| ULý?|hðit @hi TLLh týMt|ð|ý|it @?_|üi �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL? _Lit ?L| üL*_c @ U@ti hiuihhi_|L @t ûïûí�w+ë ú êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i hitý*|t ð? @ ?i}*ðí}ðM*i têð|Uüð?} |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_tc @?_ |üi t@*it hiñi?ýi _iUhi@titë�f

i UL?tð_ih Tih4@?i?| 4L?i|@h) E6 ' 76c 6W ' 76Wä @?_ �tU@* E} '7}c }W ' 7}Wä tüLU!të�� �L?i|@h) tüLU!t @hi @?@*)3i_c @t |üi) T*@) @ ?L?í?i}*ð}ðM*i hL*i ð? |üi tüLh| hý? ñL*@|ð*ð|) Lu |üi i Uü@?}i h@|ic @UULh_ð?} |L+L}iht E�bb.äë 6ðtU@* tüLU!t @hi ð?|hL_ýUi_ |L U@T|ýhi @ tLýhUi Lu _i4@?_|ü@| u@**t L?*) L? |üi }LL_t Lu L?i ULý?|h)ë

ôë� AêL +i*@|ðL?t Mi|êii? ïý|Tý| @?_ çL?tý4T|ðL?

i t|@h| M) iñ@*ý@|ð?} |üi ð4T@U| Lu 4L?i|@h) @?_ �tU@* tüLU!t L? Lý|íTý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?ë 6Lh Mhiñð|)c |üi hitý*|t @hi Thiti?|i_ ð? |ih4t LuLñih@** igiU|tc êüðUü @hi _i�?i_ @t |üi ?i| Thiti?| ñ@*ýit Lñih |üi tüLh| @?_*L?} hý?G

%?Rñ ' %nq

�ý q 7%

ú? @?@*)tðt ð? |ih4t Lu Lñih@** igiU|t @**Lêt ýt |L ð**ýt|h@|i |üi tL*ý|ðL?ýtð?} @ tð4T*i }h@TüðU@* @TT@h@|ýtc t|hittð?} |üi ð?|ýð|ðL? Miüð?_ |üi ð4T@U|Lu tüLU!të ú 4Lhi _i|@ð*i_ @?@*)tðt ðt Thiti?|i_ ð? |üi úTTi?_ð ë

43Iru euhylw|/ wkh glvfxvvlrq irfxvhv rq wkh POU dqg QRQ0POU fdvhv1 Ri frxuvh/wkhuh lv dq lqwhuphgldu| fdvh zkhuh ã @ 4/ lq zklfk d zruvhqlqj ri wkh whupv ri wudgh lvh{dfwo| ròvhw e| wkh vzlwfklqj wrzdugv krph jrrgv144Zh fdq vkrz wkdw d whpsrudu| ñvfdo vkrfn vlpso| dòhfwv wkh rxwsxw ri wkh frxqwu|

zkhuh lw wdnhv sodfh rqh0iru0rqh/ ohdylqj doo rwkhu yduldeohv xqfkdqjhg1

�f

ïñih@** UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ Lý|Tý| @hi }ðñi? M) |üi ð?|ih@U|ðL? Lu |êL hií*@|ðL?tc êüðUü @hi tüðu|i_ M) 4L?i|@h) @?_ % Lh �tU@* tüLU!të Aüi �ht| ðt @?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lñih@** UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ Lý|Tý|G

+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ ' ý4j

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$íS?Rñ ý SW?Rñ

ìn4Sf E 76ý 76Wä n

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$7} ý 7}W

�ý q Ebä

Ebä hiãiU|t |üi ?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ic|üi igiU| Lu hi@* M@*@?Uit ð? |üi tüLh| hý?c @?_ |üi |h@_iíLg Mi|êii? UL?ítý4T|ðL? @?_ igLh| ð? |üi *L?} hý?ë

ú| @?) üLhð3L?tc Eeä @?_ EDä ð4T*) |ü@| Lý|Tý| ðt ?i}@|ðñi*) hi*@|i_ |L|üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ic @ ui@|ýhi |ü@| êi hiuih |L @t |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?}igiU|G

+ ý +W ' ý4SfíRû ý Rs

ìn E7} ý 7}Wä c 7+ ý 7+W ' ý4Sf

í7Rû ý 7Rs

ìn E7} ý 7}Wä

W?|ýð|ðñi*)c @? ð4ThLñi4i?| ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i M) _i�?ð|ðL? h@ðtit|üi ThðUi Lu üL4i }LL_t hi*@|ðñi |L uLhið}? }LL_t ð? @** ULý?|hðitc ð?_ýUð?}UL?tý4iht |L týMt|ð|ý|i uLhið}? }LL_t uLh üL4i }LL_të Aüi ti?tð|ðñð|) Lu |üðtUL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU| ðt }ðñi? M) |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) 4G@ }ðñi? Uü@?}i ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i ü@t @ *@h}ih UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU||üi 4Lhi týMt|ð|ý|@M*i üL4i @?_ uLhið}? }LL_t @hië

Aüi ?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? Ebä hiãiU|t |êL4iUü@?ðt4të Aüi �ht|c êüðUü LTih@|it ð? |üi tüLh| hý?c ðt |üi hi@* M@*@?UitigiU| |ühLý}ü |üi 4L?i) _i4@?_ Eôä @?_ ð|t uLhið}? ULý?|ihT@h|G

E 76ý 76Wäý r ' �

jSfESý SWä

W?|ýð|ðñi*)c UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt TLtð|ðñi*) hi*@|i_ |L hi@* M@*@?Uitë OL*_ð?}?L4ð?@* M@*@?Uit UL?t|@?|c @ hðti ð? UL?tý4T|ðL? hi^ýðhit @ u@** ð? |üi ThðUi*iñi* êüðUü LUUýht |ühLý}ü @? @TThiUð@|ðL? Lu |üi üL4i Uýhhi?U) E@t R 'E�ý ?ä r @?_ RW ' ý?räë Aüðt @TThiUð@|ðL? ð? |ýh?t ð4ThLñit |üi |ih4t Lu|h@_i E@t Rû ý Rs ' räc |üihiM) hi_ýUð?} Lý|Tý| |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL?têð|Uüð?} igiU|ë

Aüi L|üih 4iUü@?ðt4 ý?_ih*)ð?} Ebä ðt }ðñi? M) |üi LT|ð4@* ThðUi ti||ð?}}ðñi? M) ESäë W| hiãiU|t |üi UL?tý4T|ðL?íigLh| |h@_i Lgc @?_ LTih@|it L?*)

��

ð? |üi *L?} hý?G

ý �

jSfE7Sý 7SWä n

í7Rû ý 7Rs

ì' � E7+ ý 7+Wä

Aüðt hi*@|ðL? ?i}@|ðñi*) hi*@|it Lý|Tý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? |ühLý}ü |êLUL4T*i4i?|@h) *ð?!të 6ðht|c @ hðti ð? Lý|Tý| ð?ñL*ñit @ hðti ð? igLh|c üi?Ui@ üð}üih 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu igLh| _ýi |L |üi UL?ñi ð|) Lu |üi igLh| ULt| ð?E�äë�2 OL*_ð?} |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i UL?t|@?|c UL?tý4T|ðL? 4ýt| u@** ð? Lh_ih|L 4@ð?|@ð? |üi h@|ðL Mi|êii? |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu igLh| @?_ |üi 4@h}ð?@*ý|ð*ð|) Lu UL?tý4T|ðL?ë 5iUL?_c @ hðti ð? Lý|Tý| hi^ýðhit @ êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi|ih4t Lu |h@_i |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU|ë ESä tüLêt |ü@| |üðtêLhti?ð?} 4ýt| Mi 4@|Uüi_ M) @ üð}üih h@|ðL Mi|êii? |üi 4@h}ð?@* ý|ð*ð|) LuUL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu igLh|c hitý*|ð?} ð? @ u@** ð? UL?tý4Tí|ðL?ë

Aüi hi*@|ðL? Ebä ðt tüðu|i_ M) 4L?i|@h) @?_ �tU@* tüLU!të Aüi _ðhiU| ð4íT@U| Lu 4L?i|@h) tüLU!t UL4it |ühLý}ü |üi tüLh| hý? hi@* M@*@?Uit igiU|ëOL*_ð?} UL?tý4T|ðL? UL?t|@?|c @ hðti ð? ?L4ð?@* M@*@?Uit 4ýt| Mi Lgti|M) @ hðti ð? |üi ThðUi *iñi* |ühLý}ü @ _iThiUð@|ðL? ð? |üi üL4i Uýhhi?U)ëAüi hitý*|ð?} êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i h@ðtit Lý|Tý| |ühLý}ü |üi UL?ítý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU|c *i@_ð?} |L |üi TLtð|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? ?L4ð?@*M@*@?Uit @?_ Lý|Tý| ð? Ebäë

6ðtU@* tüLU!t ü@ñi @ hðUüih ð4T@U|ë Eeä @?_ EDä tüLê |ü@|c üL*_ð?} |üi|ih4t Lu |h@_i UL?t|@?|c �tU@* tüLU!t @hi tð4T*) |h@?t4ð||i_ |L Lý|Tý| L?iíuLhíL?i @| @** üLhð3L?tc @? @tTiU| |ü@| ðt hiãiU|i_ ð? |üi �ht| T@h| Lu |üiULiæUði?| L? �tU@* tüLU!t ð? Ebäë Aüðt ðt tL4iêü@| _@4Ti?i_ M) @ uii_M@U!|ühLý}ü |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i ð? |üi *L?} hý?ë W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi _ðhiU| ð4T@U| Lu}Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} h@ðtit Lý|Tý|c üi?Ui |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu igLh|ë OL*_íð?} UL?tý4T|ðL? UL?t|@?|c |üðt hi^ýðhit @? ð4ThLñi4i?| ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_iuhL4 ESäc êüðUü hi_ýUit |üi Lý|Tý| ð?Uhi@ti |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüíð?} igiU|ë Aüðt uii_M@U! ðt U@T|ýhi_ M) |üi *@t| T@h| Lu |üi ULiæUði?| L?�tU@* tüLU!t ð? Ebäc @?_ ðt @Mti?| ðu |üi ULt| Lu igLh| ðt?<| UL?ñi E� ' fäë

W? tüLh|c Ebä U@T|ýhit |üi u@U| |ü@| UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt TLtð|ðñi*) hi*@|i_ |Lhi@* M@*@?Uit ð? |üi tüLh| hý? @?_ *iðtýhi ð? |üi *L?} hý?c ML|ü Lu êüðUü @hi?i}@|ðñi*) hi*@|i_ |L Lý|Tý|ë

Ebä ðt UL4T*i|i_ M) @ tiUL?_ hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lñih@** UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_

45Qrwh wkdw wklv olqn grhvq*w rshudwh li wkh frvw ri hòruw lv d olqhdu +' @ 3,1 Wkh vhfrqgolqn wkurxjk wkh whupv ri wudgh uhpdlqv krzhyhu ydolg1

�2

Lñih@** Lý|Tý|G

+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ '4

4ý �

íS?Rñ ý SW?Rñ

ìn

�

�ý q E7} ý 7}Wä E�fä

E�fä U@T|ýhit |üi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ t@*it hiñi?ýi ð? hi@*|ih4të i hiuih |L |üðt 4iUü@?ðt4 |L @t |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi igiU|ë Aüi hi*@|ðL?ðt TLtð|ðñi ðu |üi �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL? üL*_tc @t ð? |üi �w+U@tië

Aüi hi@* hiñi?ýi ðt tð4T*) |üi h@|ðL Mi|êii? t@*it ð? _L4it|ðU Uýhhi?U)@?_ |üi UL?tý4ih ThðUi ð?_i ë OL*_ð?} }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} UL?t|@?|c E�fäð4T*ðit |ü@| üL4i hitð_i?|t U@? UL?tý4i 4Lhi |ü@? uLhið}? hitð_i?|t Lñih@**L?*) ðu |üiðh hi@* hiñi?ýi ð?Uhi@tit hi*@|ðñi |L uLhið}? hitð_i?|të ûL|i |ü@| |üðt?ii_ ?L| Mi |üi U@ti @| @ T@h|ðUý*@h üLhð3L?c MiU@ýti *i?_ð?} @?_ MLhhLêð?}ðt TLttðM*i |ühLý}ü |üi Uýhhi?| @UULý?|ë

út |üi TýhUü@tð?} TLêih T@hð|) üL*_tc |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Lu |üi üL4i hitðí_i?|tc hi*@|ðñi |L |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Lu uLhið}? hitð_i?|tc ðt }ðñi? M) |üi tý4 Lu|üi hi*@|ðñi Lý|Tý| @?_ |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i E+ý +Wn Rû ý Rs ð? |üi tüLh| hý?@?_ 7+ý 7+Wn 7Rûý 7Rs ð? |üi *L?} hý?äë 6ýh|üih4Lhic Lý|Tý| @?_ |üi |ih4t Lu|h@_i @hi ?i}@|ðñi*) *ð?!i_ |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU|ë Aüiti?tð|ðñð|) Lu |üðt *ð?!c }ðñi? M) |üi UhLttíULý?|h) i*@t|ðUð|) 4c T*@)t @ Ui?í|h@* hL*i ð? _i|ih4ð?ð?} |üi hi@* hiñi?ýic @t ð| _hðñit |üi 4@}?ð|ý_i Lu |üiêLhti?ð?} Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i hi^ýðhi_ M) @ }ðñi? hðti ð? Lý|Tý| |ühLý}ü|üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU|ë W? |üi �w+ U@tic @? Lý|Tý| i T@?tðL?ð?Uhi@tit |üi hi@* hiñi?ýic êüihi@t ð| hi_ýUit ð| ð? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@tië

E�fä ðt?<| @giU|i_ M) 4L?i|@h) tüLU!tc Mý| ðt tüðu|i_ M) �tU@* tüLU!ëOL*_ð?} UL?tý4T|ðL? UL?t|@?|c @ �tU@* tüLU! ðt tð4T*) |h@?t4ð||i_ L?iíuLhíL?i |L Lý|Tý|ë

6ð}ýhi � ð**ýt|h@|it Ebä @?_ E�fäc êð|ü UL?tý4T|ðL? ES?Rñ ý SW?Rñä L? |üiüLhð3L?|@* @ ðt @?_ Lý|Tý| E+?Rñý+W?Rñä L? |üi ñih|ðU@* @ ðtë 6ð}ýhi � _iTðU|t|üi tð|ý@|ðL? ð? |üi @Mti?Ui Lu @?) tüLU!ë Ebäc êüðUü hiãiU|t |üi UL?tý4T|ðL?íigLh| |h@_i Lg @?_ hi@* M@*@?Uit igiU|tc ðt hiThiti?|i_ M) |üi ,î *LUýtë Aüihi@* hiñi?ýi igiU| E�fä ðt }ðñi? M) |üi ++ *LUýtë Bðñi? |üi Ui?|h@* hL*i Lu|üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ð? |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Uü@??i*c ++ ðt _h@ê?uLh |üi �w+c ûïûí�w+ U@titë�ô

46Qrwh wkdw ã dovr dòhfwv wkh vorsh ri HE/ zlwkrxw krzhyhu fkdqjlqj lwv vljq1 Irufodulw|/ zh gr qrw gudz d glòhuhqw fxuyh HE iru hdfk fdvh1 Wkh uhdghu pd| dovr zruu|zkhwkhu UU dqg HE ehfrph lqglvwlqjxlvkdeoh lq wkh QRQ0POU fdvh1 Zh krzhyhu

�ô

ôë2 OL4i i*u@hi ñihtýt 6Lhið}? i*u@hiG ú Bi?ihí@*ð3i_ �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? çL?_ð|ðL?ë

W? Lh_ih |L @ttitt |üi êi*u@hi ð4T@U| Lu tüLU!tc êi ?ii_ |L M@*@?Ui |üiigiU|t L? UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ Lý|Tý| |ühLý}ü @ êi*u@hi 4i|hðUë ûL|i |ü@| M)êi*u@hi @?@*)tðt êi 4i@? êüi|üih @ tüLU! ü@t @ Mi?i�Uð@* ð4T@U|c }ðñi?|üi ð?ð|ð@* UðhUý4t|@?Uitc @?_ ?L| êüi|üih |üi TLttðMð*ð|) Lu tüLU!t ü@t @_i|hð4i?|@* igiU| i @?|ië Aüi *@|ih @TThL@Uü hi^ýðhit @ 4Lhi UL4T*i @?@*)tðt ð? @? i T*ðUð|*) t|LUü@t|ðU 4L_i*c @?_ ðt ý?_ih|@!i? M) ïMt|ui*_ @?_+L}Lg E�bbHä @?_ #iñihiý @?_ ,?}i* E�bbHäë

ïýh ti|ýT ThLñð_it ýt êð|ü @? i T*ðUð| Uhð|ihðL? ð? |üi uLh4 Lu |üi hiThiíti?|@|ðñi UL?tý4ih<t ý|ð*ð|)ë A@!ð?} @ *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL? Lu E�ä êi êhð|i|üi êi*u@hi igiU| uLh @ üL4i hitð_i?| @tG

ü 'L ý Lfä3 �j

f tf' S?Rñ n

�

�ý q 7} ýw ý �

w+?Rñ E��ä

êüihi |üi _ðhiU| êi*u@hi ð4T@U| Lu hi@* M@*@?Uit ðt L4ð||i_c uL**Lêð?}ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäë E��ä ðt _ihðñi_ @ttý4ð?} |ü@| Thðñ@|iUL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} @hi i^ý@**) ñ@*ý@M*i @| |üi 4@h}ð?G

ä3 �j

f ' 8 â ECfäë Aüðt @ttý4T|ðL? ðt 4@_i |L tU@*i |üi hitý*|të úttý4ð?}ð?t|i@_ |ü@| }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} _Lit ?L| i?|ih |üi ý|ð*ð|) êLý*_ *Lêih|üi êi*u@hic @t }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} ðt |üi? itti?|ð@**) @ ê@t|i Lu hitLýhUitëAüi 4@}?ð|ý_i Lu týUü @ ê@t|i Mið?} *@h}ih |ü@| |üi igiU|t |ühLý}ü |üiL|üih Uü@??i*t Lu |üi 4L_i*c |üi TðU|ýhi êLý*_ Mi tL4iêü@| M*ýhhi_ë ïýh@ttý4T|ðL? týTThittit |üðt ê@t|i @?_ üð}ü*ð}ü|t |üi ð4T@U| Lu |üi L|üih4iUü@?ðt4t ð? @ U*i@hih ê@)ë î) UL4Mð?ð?} E��ä @?_ ð|t uLhið}? i^ýðñ@*i?|cêi _ihðñi |üi ð?_ðgihi?Ui Uýhñi @*L?} êüðUü hitð_i?|t ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðit @hii^ý@**) êi** Lg Eü ' üWäG

+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ 'w

w ý �

íS?Rñ ý SW?Rñ

ìn

w

w ý �

7} ý 7}W

�ý q E�2ä

E�2ä ð4T*ðit @ TLtð|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?c @*L?}êüðUü |üi Mi?i�| uhL4 @? ð?Uhi@ti ð? UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt i @U|*) Lgti| M) |üi_ðtý|ð*ð|) uhL4 @? ð?Uhi@ti ð? Lý|Tý|c üi?Ui igLh|ë OL*_ð?} |üi UL?tý4Tí|ðL? UL?t|@?|c �tU@* tüLU!t tüðu| |üi ð?_ðgihi?Ui Uýhñië út }Lñih?4i?| UL?í

dvvxph wkdw ã A 4ý â/ zklfk lv uhdvrqdeoh dv glvfxvvhg lq wkh Dsshqgl{1 Xqghu vxfk dqdvvxpswlrq/ UU lv xqdpeljxrxvo| vwhhshu wkdq HE lq wkh QRQ0POU fdvh1

�e

tý4T|ðL? i?|iht |üi ý|ð*ð|)c @ �tU@* i T@?tðL? h@ðtit êi*u@hi @?_ ü@t |L MiUL4Ti?t@|i_ M) @ hðti ð? igLh|ë�e

W? Lh_ih |L üð}ü*ð}ü| |üi ð?|ýð|ðL? Miüð?_ |üi êi*u@hi hitý*|tc êi ýti E�fä|L êhð|i |üi hi*@|ðñi êi*u@hi igiU| @tG

üý üW ' 4ý w4w

í+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ

ìn

�

4

7} ý 7}W

�ý q E�ôä

E�ôä ðt @ Ui?|h@* hitý*| Lu |üðt T@Tihc @t ð| U*i@h*) ð**ýt|h@|it üLê ñ@hðLýt@_ñihti êi*u@hi igiU|t U@? LUUýhë ï4ð||ð?} �tU@* tüLU!tc êi uLUýt L? |üihi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ êi*u@hië E�ôä hiãiU|t |üi UL4Mð?@|ðL? Lu |êL*ð?!t Mi|êii? UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ Lý|Tý|ë 6ðht|c E�fä tüLêt |ü@| Lý|Tý| ðt|h@?tuLh4i_ ð?|L UL?tý4T|ðL? |ühLý}ü |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi igiU| @| @ h@|i i^ý@*|L E4ý �ä 43�c êüðUü U@T|ýhit |üi ?i}@|ðñi *ð?!@}i Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ |üi|ih4t Lu |h@_iG

S?Rñ ý SW?Rñ '4ý �

4

í+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ

ì5iUL?_c @t ThL_ýUiht Uü@h}i @ 4@h!ýT Lñih 4@h}ð?@* ULt|c i ih|ð?} @?

@__ð|ðL?@* ý?ð| Lu igLh| ðt i^ýðñ@*i?| |L t@Uhð�Uð?} Ew ý �ä w3� ÷ � ý?ð|t LuUL?tý4T|ðL?ë W? UL?tý4T|ðL? ý?ð|tc |üi ULt| Lu igLh| ðt |üihiuLhi }ðñi? M)Ew ý �ä w3� |ð4it igLh|c @?_ hitð_i?|t @hi Mi||ih Lg ðu |üi) hiUiðñi 4Lhi |ü@?|üðt @4Lý?| ð? @__ð|ðL?@* UL?tý4T|ðL?G

üý üW 'íS?Rñ ý SW?Rñ

ìý w ý �

w

í+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ

ìW?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi ULt| Lu igLh| ð? UL?tý4T|ðL? ý?ð|t hiãiU|t |üi 4@h!ýT

_ýi |L 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4Ti|ð|ðL?ë Aüðt 4@h!ýT ðt ð? |ýh? @ uý?U|ðL? Lu |üiThðUi i*@t|ðUð|) |ü@| �h4t u@Uic êüðUü ðt i^ý@* |L wë Wu 4 ' wc @t ð? ïMt|ui*_@?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäc |üi Mi?i�| uhL4 UL?tý4T|ðL? i @U|*) Lgti|t |üiULt| Lu igLh|c @?_ |üihi ðt ?L êi*u@hi _ðgihi?Ui @UhLtt ULý?|hðitë

Aüi hi*@|ðñi êi*u@hi igiU| U@? |üihiuLhi Mi ð?|ihThi|i_ @t hiãiU|ð?} @}i?ih@*ð3i_ �@htü@**íwih?ihí+LMð?tL? UL?_ð|ðL?ë út tüLê? M) E�fäc @ }ðñi?Lý|Tý| i T@?tðL? h@ðtit UL?tý4T|ðL?c hi*@|ðñi |L |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)c ðu 4 : �cêüðUü ðt |üi ýtý@* �w+ UL?_ð|ðL?ë Aüi i T@?tðL? üLêiñih h@ðtit êi*u@hichi*@|ðñi |L |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)c L?*) ðu 4 : w : �ë Aüi hi*iñ@?| |ühitüL*_ uLh|üi UhLttíULý?|h) i*@t|ðUð|) ðt |üihiuLhi _ðgihi?| _iTi?_ð?} L? êüi|üih êi@?@*)3i |üi igiU| L? UL?tý4T|ðL? E|üi ýtý@* �w+ UL?_ð|ðL?ä Lh êi*u@hi E|üi}i?ih@*ð3i_ �w+ UL?_ð|ðL?äë

47Lq wkh fdvh zkhuh jryhuqphqw vshqglqj lv zdvwhixo/ wkh odvw whup lv ri frxuvh rplwwhg1

�D

`üi? +?Rñ ý +W?Rñ ðt TLtð|ðñic |üi hitð_i?|t Lu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) @hi êLhtiLgc hi*@|ðñi |L |üiðh uLhið}? ULý?|ihT@h|tc ðu 4 ÷ wë Aüi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi|ih4t Lu |h@_i hi^ýðhi_ |L @MtLhM |üi hðti ð? Lý|Tý| |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL?têð|Uüð?} igiU| ðt týUü |ü@| üL4i hitð_i?|t U@??L| @gLh_ i?Lý}ü UL?tý4Tí|ðL? |L Lgti| |üi i |h@ ULt| Lu igLh|ë Aüi @__ð|ðL?@* igLh| |üihiuLhi ULt|t4Lhi ð? UL?tý4T|ðL? ý?ð|t |ü@? ð| }i?ih@|it |ühLý}ü |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi igiU|ë

út TLð?|i_ Lý| M) ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbHäc |üi _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? |üiUhLttíULý?|h) @?_ |üi êð|üð?íULý?|h) i*@t|ðUð|ðit Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? }i?ih@|it @?i |ih?@*ð|)ë 6LUýtð?} L? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c Eeä tüLêt |ü@| |üi hi*iñ@?| ThðUii*@t|ðUð|) uLh @? ð?_ðñð_ý@* �h4 ðt wc @t ð| U@? L?*) Uü@?}it ð|t Lê? ThðUicå û E&äc @?_ ð|t ð4T@U| L? |üi ThðUi ð?_i it å ûc å c å Wû @?_ å W ðt ?i}*ð}ðM*iëAüi �h4 |üi? UüLLtit @ 4@h!ýT w Ew ý �ä3� Lñih ð|t 4@h}ð?@* ULt|ë Aüi ThLMí*i4 u@Ui_ M) @ T*@??ih êüL ULLh_ð?@|it |üi �h4t< ThðUi ti||ð?} ð? |üi ULý?|h)ðt üLêiñih _ðgihi?|ë î) @?@*L}) |L @? ð?_ðñð_ý@* �h4<t UüLðUic êi UL?tð_ih|ü@| |üi T*@??ih ð}?Lhit |üi igiU| Lu üih UüLðUit L? |üi @}}hi}@|i ThðUi ð?í_i it å @?_ å Wë�D út |üi T*@??ih ULLh_ð?@|i |üi �h4t< UüLðUitc |üi h@|ðLMi|êii? å û E&ä @?_ å û hi4@ð?t UL?t|@?| |L ý?ð|)c @?_ |üi hi*iñ@?| _i4@?_i*@t|ðUð|) ðt 4ë Aüi T*@??ih |üi? UüLLtit @ 4@h!ýT i^ý@* |L 4 E4ý �ä3�ë

út 4 ÷ wc |üi T*@??ih UüLLtit @ *@h}ih 4@h!ýT |ü@? �h4të 6hL4 |üi T*@?í?ih<t TLð?| Lu ñðiêc �h4t tüLý*_ UL?|h@U| Lý|Tý| uhL4 |üiðh ý?ULLh_ð?@|i_UüLðUic @t |üðt tð}?ð�U@?|*) ð4ThLñit |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ië +i@* hiñi?ýi |üi?hðtitc Lh u@**t M) @? i |i?| tL t4@** |ü@| ð| ðt _L4ð?@|i_ M) |üi hi_ýU|ðL?ð? igLh|ë ú? Lý|Tý| i T@?tðL? ðt |üihiuLhi @_ñihti ð? hi*@|ðñi |ih4tc @t ð|Týtüit Lý|Tý| Mi)L?_ @ *iñi* |ü@| ðt @*hi@_) týMLT|ð4@**) *@h}i uhL4 |üiTLð?| Lu ñðiê Lu |üi T*@??ihë ûL|i |ü@| |üi }L@* Lu |üi T*@??ih ðt ?L| |Lhi@Uü |üi UL4Ti|ð|ðñi i^ýð*ðMhðý4c êüðUü hi^ýðhit @? Lý|Tý| i T@?tðL?c Mý||L i T*Lð| |üi ULý?|h)<t 4L?LTL*) TLêih ð? |üi 4Lt| iæUði?| ê@)ë

W? |üðt ti|ýTc |üi i^ýð*ðMhðý4 êüihi �h4t _L ?L| ULLh_ð?@|i |üiðh UüLðUitðt |üihiuLhi Uü@h@U|ihð3i_ M) |êL ð?iæUði?UðitG |üi �ht| ðt }ðñi? M) |üi i ðtí|i?Ui Lu @ 4@h!ýT Lñih 4@h}ð?@* ULt|c @?_ hiãiU|t |üi 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4Tií|ð|ðL?c êüihi@t |üi tiUL?_ hiãiU|t @ ULLh_ð?@|ðL? u@ð*ýhi @4L?} üL4i �h4t

48Wklv fdq hdvlo| eh udwlrqdol}hg lq wkh fdvh ri d vpdoo frxqwu|1 Lq wkh fdvh ri d odujhfrxqwu| krzhyhu/ vxfk dq lpsdfw zrxogq*w eh qhjoljleoh/ dqg wkh uhdghu pd| remhfw wrwkh dvvxpswlrq ri kroglqj S dqg S ú frqvwdqw1 Wkh mxvwlñfdwlrq iru grlqj vr lv wkdw wkhphqwlrqlqj ri d sodqqhu lv grqh vlpso| iru h{srvlwlrqdo sxusrvhv1 Wkh fkrlfh ri d p|rslfsodqqhu/ zkr ljqruhv wkh hòhfwv rq S dqg S ú/ lv frqfhswxdoo| lghqwlfdo wr wkh fkrlfh ridq lqglylgxdo ñup/ dqg wkh fhqwudo phfkdqlvp ri wkh prgho fdq wkhq eh kljkoljkwhg lq dvlpsoh zd|1

�S

|L i T*Lð| |üiðh 4L?LTL*) TLêih 4Lhi iæUði?|*)ëW? |üi U@ti êüihi 4 ' wc |üihi ðt ?L ð?Ui?|ðñi uLh @ T*@??ih |L @*|ih |üi

ý?ULLh_ð?@|i_ i^ýð*ðMhðý4c @t �h4t TihUiðñi |üi hð}ü| _i4@?_ i*@t|ðUð|)ë Wu4 : wc |üi tð|ý@|ðL? ðt hiñihti_G |üi i*@t|ðUð|) uLh |üi T*@??ih ðt *@h}ih |ü@?uLh |üi �h4tc êüðUü ti| |üiðh 4@h!ýT @| @? ð?iæUði?|*) üð}ü *iñi*ë îiU@ýti Lu|üi üð}ü ti?tð|ðñð|) Lu Lý|Tý| êð|ü hitTiU| |L |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ic |üi T*@??ih*Lêiht |üi 4@h!ýT Mi*Lê w Ew ý �ä3�c êüðUü hðtit |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi M) i?Lý}ü|L Lgti| |üi @__ð|ðL?@* ULt| Lu igLh|ë

E�ôä @*tL tüLêt |ü@| üL*_ð?} Lý|Tý| UL?t|@?| @ �tU@* i T@?tðL? ðt Mi?ií�Uð@*c @?_ @giU|t êi*u@hi |ühLý}ü |êL igiU|të 6ðht|c }Lñih?4i?| TýhUü@titü@ñi @ _ðhiU| TLtð|ðñi êi*u@hi igiU|ë 5iUL?_c @ �tU@* i T@?tðL? ð? |üi üL4iULý?|h) hi_ýUit |üi @4Lý?| Lu üL4i }LL_t @ñ@ð*@M*i uLh Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL?êLh*_êð_ië ú? ð4ThLñi4i?| Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i ðt |üi? hi^ýðhi_ |L@_éýt| |üi T@||ih? Lu UL?tý4T|ðL? |ühLý}ü |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? têð|Uüð?} igiU|ëAüi ð4ThLñi4i?| Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i |üi? @giU|t UL?tý4T|ðL? |ühLý}ü|üi hi@* hiñi?ýi igiU| E�fäë W? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@ti |üi ð4ThLñi4i?| Lu|üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i ðt tL *@h}i |ü@| |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi hðtit @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?ð?Uhi@titc @4T*ðu)ð?} |üi _ðhiU| êi*u@hi ð4T@U| Lu |üi �tU@* tüLU!ë W? |üi�w+ U@tic |üi ð4ThLñi4i?| Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i hi4@ð?t t4@**c @?_ |üihi@* hiñi?ýi _iUhi@titë Aüi i?týð?} hi_ýU|ðL? ð? UL?tý4T|ðL? hi_ýUit |üi _ðíhiU| Mi?i�Uð@* ð4T@U| Lu |üi �tU@* tüLU!ë ûL|i üLêiñih |ü@| |üðt _@4Ti?ð?}ðt ?iñih *@h}i i?Lý}ü |L hiñih| |üi _ðhiU| igiU| Lu |üi �tU@* tüLU!ë

O@ñð?} it|@M*ðtüi_ Lýh @?@*)|ðU@* uh@4iêLh!c êi uLUýt L? |üi 4L?i|@h)@?_ �tU@* tüLU!t tiT@h@|ðñi*)ë `ð|üLý| *Ltt Lu }i?ih@*ð|)c êi UL?tð_ih tüLU!t|ü@| @hi i T@?tðL?@h) ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c hi*@|ðñi |L |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)G76ý 76W : fc 7} ý 7}W : fë

ôëô Aüi ,giU|t Lu @? N?i TiU|i_ �L?i|@h) 5üLU!

ú4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? _Lit ?L| @giU|++c Mý| tüðu|t ,î ýTê@h_t |ühLý}üð|t igiU| L? |üi ?L4ð?@* M@*@?Uitc @t ð**ýt|h@|i_ ð? �}ýhi 2ë ïñih@** Lý|Tý|ý?@4Mð}ýLýt*) ð?Uhi@titc êüihi@t |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? igiU| _iTi?_t Lu |üi _ií}hii Lu UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)ë 6hL4 |üi _i|@ð*i_ tL*ý|ðL? }ðñi? ð?|üi úTTi?_ð c êi U@? tüLê |ü@| ð? Lñih@** |ih4t |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i @*ê@)têLhti?ë W? |üi �w+ U@tic |üðt êLhti?ð?} hi4@ð?t t4@** @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?ð?Uhi@titë W? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@ti |üi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i ðt*@h}i i?Lý}ü |L hi_ýUi hi@* hiñi?ýi @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?ë

Aüi úTTi?_ð ð?_ðU@|it |üi i @U| tL*ý|ðL? uLh |üi ñ@hð@M*it Lu |üi 4L_i*ë

�.

W| tüLêt |ü@| |üi 4@}?ð|ý_i Lu |üi i Uü@?}i h@|i _iThiUð@|ðL? ðt ð?ñihti*)hi*@|i_ |L |üi _i}hii Lu UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)ë W? @__ð|ðL?c |üi *L?}hý? igiU|t _iTi?_ L? |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @t |üi üL4i ULý?|h)hý?t @ Uýhhi?| @UULý?| týhT*ýt ð? |üi �w+ U@tic Mý| @ Uýhhi?| @UULý?|_i�Uð| ð? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@tië W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi |ih4t Lh |h@_i ð4ThLñi ð?|üi *L?} hý?c hi*@|ðñi |L |üi tüLh| hý?c ð? ML|ü U@titë�S W? |üi�w+ U@tic |üðt}i?ih@|it @ |i4TLh@h) hðti ð? hi@* hiñi?ýic @?_ |üi ð4T@U| L? UL?tý4T|ðL?ðt t4LL|üi_ |ühLý}ü @ Uýhhi?| @UULý?| týhT*ýtë W? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@ti M)UL?|h@t|c |üihi ðt @ |i4TLh@h) hi_ýU|ðL? Lu hi@* hiñi?ýic @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? ðtt4LL|üi_ |ühLý}ü @ Uýhhi?| @UULý?| _i�Uð|ë

6ð}ýhi 2 @*tL ð**ýt|h@|it |üi ð?_ðgihi?Ui Uýhñi E�2äc _i?L|i_ M) Në i uLíUýt L? |üi U@ti êüihi |üihi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt t4@**ih |ü@? |üiêð|üð?íULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) E4 ÷ wäc ð4T*)ð?} |ü@| ++E�w+ä ðt t|iiTih|ü@? Në ú| @?) TLð?| *LU@|i_ @MLñi N üL4i hitð_i?|t @hi êLhti Lg |ü@?uLhið}? hitð_i?|t Eü ÷ üWäë i U@? U*i@h*) tii |ü@| |üðt ðt ý?@4Mð}ýLýt*) |üiU@ti êüi? 4 ÷ wë Wu 4 ' wc N @?_ ++ @hi ð_i?|ðU@* @?_ |üi êi*u@hi igiU| ðt|üi t@4i ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðitc @t ð? ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäë Wu 4 : wcN ðt t|iiTih |ü@? ++ @?_ üL4i hitð_i?|t @hi Mi||ih Lg hi*@|ðñi |L uLhið}?hitð_i?|të

ôëe Aüi ,giU|t Lu @? N?i TiU|i_ 6ðtU@* 5üLU!

ú �tU@* tüLU! tüðu|t ++c N @?_ ,î ýTê@h_tc @t ð**ýt|h@|i_ ð? �}ýhiôë ú| U@? Mi tii? uhL4 E�fäc ++ tüðu|t M) E7} ý 7}Wä E�ý qä3�ë i U@?tüLê |ü@| N tüðu|t M) 4Lhi |ü@? ++ êüðUü tüðu|t M) 4Lhi |ü@? ,îë ú�tU@* i T@?tðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) @*ê@)t h@ðtit Lý|Tý|ë W? @__ð|ðL?c êiU@? it|@M*ðtü |ü@| Lý|Tý| @*ê@)t ð?Uhi@tit M) *itt |ü@? |üi �tU@* tüLU!c @tU@? Mi tii? ð? �}ýhi ôG +?Rñ ý +W?Rñ ÷ E7} ý 7}Wä E�ý qä3�ë Aüðt *i@_t |L @?Lñih@** ð4ThLñi4i?| ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_ië W? |üi �w+ U@tic |üi hi_ýU|ðL?Lu Lý|Tý| @ñ@ð*@M*i uLh UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt?<| Lgti| M) |üi ð4ThLñi4i?| Lu |üi|ih4t Lu |h@_ic *i@_ð?} |L @ hi_ýU|ðL? ð? hi@* hiñi?ýi @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL?ë W?|üi ûïûí�w+ U@tic |üi hi_ýU|ðL? Lu Lý|Tý| ?i| Lu }Lñih?4i?| TýhUü@tit*i@_t |L týUü @? ð4ThLñi4i?| ð? |üi |ih4t Lu |h@_i |ü@| hi@* hiñi?ýi @?_UL?tý4T|ðL? ð?Uhi@tië

49Lq wkh POU fdvh/ wkh whupv ri wudgh zruvhq lq wkh vkruw uxq/ exw lpsuryh lq wkhorqj uxq1 Lq wkh QRQ0POU fdvh wkh| zruvhq dw erwk krul}rq/ wkh vkruw uxq hòhfw ehlqjkrzhyhu odujhu1

�H

Aüi _i|@ð*i_ tL*ý|ðL? ð? |üi úTTi?_ð @*tL tüLêt |üi �w+ U@ti ðt Uü@hí@U|ihð3i_ M) @? i Uü@?}i h@|i _iThiUð@|ðL? @?_ @ Uýhhi?| @UULý?| týhT*ýtc|üi LTTLtð|i Mið?} |hýi ð? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@tië W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi |ih4t Lu|h@_i @*ê@)t ð4ThLñi ð? |üi *L?} hý?c hi*@|ðñi |L |üi tüLh| hý?c�. *i@_ð?} |L@ tð4ð*@h Uýhhi?| @UULý?| igiU| @t _ðtUýtti_ ð? |üi U@ti Lu @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU!ë

Aýh?ð?} |L |üi êi*u@hi igiU|c êi U*i@h*) tii uhL4 �}ýhi ô |ü@| |üi ð?|ihítiU|ðL? Lu ++ @?_ ,î ðt @*ê@)t Mi*Lê Nc�H êüðUü ð4T*ðit |ü@| |üi üL4ihitð_i?|t @hi Mi||ih Lg |ü@? |üi uLhið}? hitð_i?|të W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi üL4i hitíð_i?|t U@? @*ê@)t UüLLti |L h@ðti |üiðh igLh| ð? Lh_ih |L 4ii| |üi i |h@ _ií4@?_ êð|üLý| Uü@?}ð?} @?) L|üih Lu |üiðh UüLðUi ñ@hð@M*itë út |üi iUL?L4)ðt Lhð}ð?@**) @| @ t|@|i êüihi |üi 4@h}ð?@* ý|ð*ð|) Lu }Lñih?4i?| UL?tý4T|ðL?i Uii_t |üi 4@h}ð?@* ULt| Lu Lý|Tý|c tð4T*) 4ii|ð?} |üi i |h@ _i4@?_ ðtêi*u@hi ð4ThLñð?} uLh |üi üL4i hitð_i?|të�b

W?|ihit|ð?}*)c |üi êi*u@hi UL?ti^ýi?Uit Lu @? i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU! @hi tü@hT*)_ðgihi?| _iTi?_ð?} L? |üi i @U| tLýhUi Lu |üi tüLU!ë `üihi@t @ 4L?i|@h)tüLU! U@? *Lêih |üi êi*u@hi Lu üL4i hitð_i?|tc hi*@|ðñi |L uLhið}? hitð_i?|tc @�tU@* tüLU! @*ê@)t ü@ñi |üi LTTLtð|i igiU|ë

e ç@? , T@?tðL?@h) 5üLU!t Mi #i|hð4i?|@*q

ïýh êi*u@hi @?@*)tðt tL u@h ü@t uLUýti_ L? |üi _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? |üi üL4i@?_ |üi uLhið}? ULý?|hðitc @?_ tüLê? |ü@| üL4i hitð_i?|t U@? Mi @_ñihti*)@giU|i_ ð? hi*@|ðñi |ih4t Eü ÷ üWäë W? Lh_ih |L @ttitt êüi|üih |üi) U@?Mi @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ ð? @MtL*ý|i |ih4t Eü ÷ fäc êi ?ii_ |L UL4Mð?i |üiUhLttíULý?|h) _ðgihi?Uit êð|ü |üi êLh*_êð_i igiU|të

`ð|üLý| *Ltt Lu }i?ih@*ð|)c êi uLUýt L? tüLU!t ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)E 76W ' 7}W ' fä @?_ UL?tð_ih i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU!tc ðëië tüLU!t |ü@| ü@ñi @Mi?i�Uð@* êi*u@hi igiU| ð? @ U*Lti_ iUL?L4)G 76 : fc 7} : fë Aüi _i|@ð*i_

4:Lq wkhPOU fdvh/ wkh whupv ri wudgh zruvhq lq wkh vkruw uxq dqg lpsuryh lq wkh orqjuxq1 Lq wkh QRQ0POU fdvh/ wkh| lpsuryh dw erwk krul}rqv/ wkh hòhfw ehlqj odujhu lqwkh orqj uxq14;Wkh uhdghu fdq fkhfn wkdw wklv lv lqghhg wkh fdvh iru dq| qrq qhjdwlyh ydoxh ri ã14<Li jryhuqphqw vshqglqj grhv qrw hqwhu wkh xwlolw|/ wkh lqglòhuhqfh fxuyh X jrhv

wkurxjk wkh ruljlq lq ñjxuh 61 D ñvfdo vkrfn wkhq uhgxfhv wkh zhoiduh ri krph uhvl0ghqwv lq wkhPOU fdvh1 Qrwh wkdw wklv lvq*w qhfhvvdulo| wuxh lq wkh QRQ0POU fdvhv/ dvlw lv wkhq srvvleoh iru UU dqg HE wr lqwhuvhfw ehorz X1 Wklv rffxuv li wkh lpsuryhphqwlq wkh whupv ri wudgh jhqhudwhv hqrxjk dgglwlrqdo uhdo uhyhqxh wr ròvhw wkh zdvwh iurpjryhuqphqw vshqglqj1

�b

@?@*)tðt Thiti?|i_ ð? |üi úTTi?_ð tüLêt |ü@| @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU! U@? ü@ñi @?@_ñihti igiU| ið|üih L? |üi üL4i Lh |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)ë Aüi üL4i ULý?|h)i Tihði?Uit @? Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u igiU| Eü ÷ fä ðu |üi uL**Lêð?} UL?_ð|ðL? ðt 4i|G

? ÷w ý 4

j n E4ý �äí�ý q �4Sf

�n�4Sf

ìn Ew ý 4ä ÷ � E�eä

E�eä U*i@h*) U@??L| Mi t@|ðt�i_ ðu |üihi ðt 4Lhi týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLttULý?|hðit |ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðit E4 è wäc @t |üi üL4i hitð_i?|t @hi |üi?Mi||ih Lg |ü@? |üi uLhið}? hitð_i?|të Wu w : 4 üLêiñihc |üi h@|ðL ð? E�eä ðtMi|êii? f @?_ �c2f @?_ |üi TLttðMð*ð|) Lu @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u ThLM*i4 U@??L| Mii U*ý_i_ë 5ýUü @ ThLM*i4 ðt 4Lhi *ð!i*) ðu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ðt t4@** E*Lêñ@*ýi Lu ?äc |üihi ðt *ð||*i UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) E*Lê ñ@*ýi Lu 4ä Lh|üi iUL?L4) ðt @*hi@_) U*Lti |L |üi UL4Ti|ð|ðñi Lý|UL4i Eüð}ü ñ@*ýi Lu wäë

Wu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ðt t4@**c |üi êLh*_êð_i ð4T@U| Lu ð|t 4L?i|@h) i íT@?tðL? ðt ?i}*ð}ðM*i @?_ L?*) |üi @_ñihti |ih4tíLuí|h@_i igiU| hi4@ð?të ûL|i|ü@| @ t4@** ULý?|h) U@? Mi @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ iñi? ðu 4 @?_ w @hi hi*@|ðñi*)U*Ltië Wu üL4i @?_ uLhið}? }LL_t @hi TLLh týMt|ð|ý|itc |üi 4@}?ð|ý_i Lu |üi|ih4tíLuí|h@_i igiU| ðt @4T*ð�i_c @t Lý|Tý| ðt?<| ñih) hitTL?tðñië W?|ýð|ðñi*)c|üi hL*i Lu |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ð? }i?ih@|ð?} @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*uigiU| U@? Mi ý?_iht|LL_ @t uL**LêtG |üi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i_Lit?<| hitý*| ð? @?) tð3@M*i tüðu| Lu êLh*_ UL?tý4T|ðL? |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_tëAüi hitð_i?|t Lu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) |üihiuLhi _L ?L| Mi?i�| uhL4 @ tð}?ð�íU@?|*) *@h}ih hiñi?ýic Mý| u@Ui @ üð}üih ULt| ðu ð4TLh|tc êüðUü |üi) U@??L|týMt|ð|ý|i @ê@) uhL4ë 6Lhið}? hitð_i?|t L? |üi L|üih ü@?_ Mi?i�| @t |üiULt| Lu |üiðh ð4TLh|t ðt hi_ýUi_ë W? |üi i |hi4i U@ti Lu ?L?ítýMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)E4 $ fäc |üihi ðt @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u ThLM*i4 ðu ? ÷ w Ew n j ý �ä3�c êüðUü ðtU*Lti |L �G iñi? @ ñih) *@h}i ULý?|h) ðt @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ M) ð|t 4L?i|@h)i T@?tðL? êüi? |üihi ðt *ð||*i UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)ë Wu |üi iUL?L4)ðt @*hi@_) LTih@|ð?} U*Lti |L |üi UL4Ti|ð|ðñi Lý|UL4ic |üi ð?ð|ð@* _ðt|Lh|ðL?_ýi |L 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4Ti|ð|ðL? ðt ?i}*ð}ðM*ic @?_ |üi êLh*_êð_i êi*u@hi }@ð?uhL4 @ 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? ðt U*Lti |L 3ihLë

W? @__ð|ðL?c @ 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) hitý*|t ð? @<Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh< ThLM*i4 EüW ÷ fä ðuG

4ý w : j n E4ý �ä

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$E�Dä

53Dvvxplqj wkdw ãý 4 A ýâ hqvxuhv wklv uhvxow1

2f

E�Dä U*i@h*) U@??L| üL*_ ðu |üihi ðt *itt týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt ULý?|hðit|ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðit E4 é wäc @t |üi êi*u@hi igiU| ðt |üi? *@h}ih ð? |üiuLhið}? ULý?|h)ë Wu 4$4 üLêiñihc E�Dä üL*_të W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üihi ðt @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4 êüi? |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt üð}ü MiU@ýti|üi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i hitý*|t ð? @ 4@ttðñi tüðu| Lu êLh*_UL?tý4T|ðL? |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_të Aüðt }i?ih@|it @ u@** ð? hiñi?ýi uLh uLhið}?hitð_i?|tc êüðUü _L4ð?@|it |üi Mi?i�Uð@* igiU| |ühLý}ü ð4TLh|i_ _iã@|ðL?ë6Lhið}? hitð_i?|t Mi?i�| @t |üi) i Tihði?Ui @ hðti ð? |üiðh hiñi?ýi @?_ U@?i@tð*) týMt|ð|ý|i @ê@) uhL4 4Lhi i Ti?tðñi ð4TLh|të

Aýh?ð?} |L @ �tU@* i T@?tðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c |üi úTTi?_ð tüLêt|ü@| |üi üL4i êi*u@hi ðt @*ê@)t ð?Uhi@ti_ êüi? }Lñih?4i?| @?_ Thðñ@|i UL?ítý4T|ðL? @hi i^ý@**) ñ@*ý@M*i @| |üi 4@h}ð?ë ú �tU@* tüLU! |üihiuLhi _Lit?L| }i?ih@|i @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u igiU|ë ï? |üi L|üih ü@?_c |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)ðt @*ê@)t @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ |ühLý}ü @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4ë2�

Aüi Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh igiU| ðt t|hL?}ih êüi? |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMít|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt *Lêë Aüðt LUUýht MiU@ýti |üi @4Lý?| Lu êLh*_êð_i Lý|Tý|@ñ@ð*@M*i uLh Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL? ðt @*ê@)t hi_ýUi_G +ç?Rñ ÷ }

ç?Rñ , Sç?Rñ ÷ fë

W? @__ð|ðL?c |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) i Tihði?Uit @ _i|ihðLh@|ðL? Lu ð|t |ih4t Lu|h@_ië W? |üi �w+ U@tic |üðt h@ðtit ð|t hi@* hiñi?ýic êüðUü @**iñð@|it |üihi_ýU|ðL? ð? UL?tý4T|ðL?c êð|üLý| hiñih|ð?} ð|ë W? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@tic|üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Lu uLhið}? hitð_i?|t _iUhi@titc @4T*ðu)ð?} |üi _iUhi@ti ð?UL?tý4T|ðL?ë Aüi @_ñihti igiU| L? uLhið}? hitð_i?|t ðt |üihiuLhi 4@}?ð�i_M) @ *Lê _i}hii Lu UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)c êüðUü ðt |üi LTTLtð|i Lu |üitð|ý@|ðL? ý?_ih @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU!ë W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üðt LUUýht MiU@ýti |üi Lñihí@** üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i @*ê@)t êLhti? ý?_ih @ 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL?c êüihi@t|üi) @*ê@)t ð4ThLñi ý?_ih @ �tU@* i T@?tðL?ë

Aüi �tU@* i T@?tðL? h@ðtit Lý|Tý| ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c @*L?} êð|ü |üi|L|@* UL?tý4T|ðL?c TýM*ðU @?_ Thðñ@|ië W? |üi �w+ U@tic |üi ð4ThLñi4i?|Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_i hi_ýUit |üi hi@* hiñi?ýic @4T*ðu)ð?} |üi ð4T@U|Lu |üi êLh*_êð_i _iUhi@ti ð? Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL?ë W? |üi ûïûí�w+ U@tic|üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Lu üL4i hitð_i?|t h@ðtitc êüðUü @**iñð@|it |üi UL?ti^ýi?Ui Lu|üi u@** ð? êLh*_êð_i UL?tý4T|ðL?ë W? @__ð|ðL?c |üi tý4 Lu Thðñ@|i @?_ TýM*ðUUL?tý4T|ðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) @*ê@)t ð?Uhi@tit M) 4Lhi |ü@? |üi üL4iLý|Tý|c @t |üi Uü@?}i ð? Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL? _Lit ?L| u@** i?|ðhi*) L? üL4i

54Li jryhuqphqw vshqglqj grhv qrw hqwhu wkh xwlolw|/ zh fdq vkrz wkdw wkh uhvxowv iru wkhiruhljq frxqwu| uhpdlq ydolg/ zkhuhdv wkh krph frxqwu| fdq eh ehwwhu rò li wkhuh lv olwwohfurvv0frxqwu| vxevwlwxwdelolw|1

2�

}LL_të Wu }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} i?|iht |üi ý|ð*ð|) uý?U|ðL?c üL4i hitð_i?|t@hi U*i@h*) Mi||ih Lgë

D ú ûý4ihðU@* , @4T*i

Aüðt tiU|ðL? ð**ýt|h@|i Lýh �?_ð?}t |ühLý}ü @ ?ý4ihðU@* i @4T*ië 6L**Lêíð?} îi||t @?_ #iñihiý E�bbSMäc êi UL?tð_ih ThðUit |L Mi ti| uLh @ )i@h @?_UüLLti q ' fébec *i@_ð?} |L @ t|i@_) t|@|i hi@* ð?|ihit| h@|i Lu SIë Aüi ñ@*ýiLu |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? êð|üð? @ ULý?|h)c wc ðt ti| @| Sc êüðUü ð4T*ðit@ 4@h!ýT Lu 2fIc uL**Lêð?} +L|i4Mih} @?_ LL_uLh_ E�bb2äë i UüLLti @ñ@*ýi Lu � uLh jc êüðUü ðt UL?tðt|i?| êð|ü îi@ý_h) @?_ ñ@? `ð?ULLT E�bbSäc22

@?_ UL?tð_ih |üi U@ti Lu @ ^ý@_h@|ðU ULt| Lu igLh| E� ' �äë2ô Aüi tü@hi LuThðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL? Sf ðt ti| i^ý@* |L féHc êüðUü ðt UL?tðt|i?| êð|ü Në5ë _@|@E5|@|ðt|ðU@* úMt|h@U| Lu |üi N?ð|i_ 5|@|it E�bb.äc |@M*i Sb2äë i Thiti?| |üihitý*|t uLh ñ@hðLýt ñ@*ýit Lu |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? @UhLtt ULý?|hðit 4ëAüi tð3i Lu |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c ?c ðt ti| |L féDë `ð|üLý| *Ltt Lu }i?ih@*ð|)cêi uLUýt L? i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU!t ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)c ?Lh4@*ð3ð?} |üi4 |Lý?ð|) E 76 ' � Lh 7} ' �äë 6Lh Mhiñð|)c êi uLUýt L? |üi êi*u@hi hitý*|t Lu |üi4L_i*ë2e

6ð}ýhit e @?_ D Thiti?| |üi êi*u@hi igiU|t uL**Lêð?} @ 4L?i|@h) @?_ @ �tíU@* tüLU! hitTiU|ðñi*)ë 6Lh UL4T@hðtL?c |üi êi*u@hi igiU| ð? @ U*Lti_ iUL?L4)ðt @*tL Thiti?|i_ë W? |üi U@ti Lu @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU! E�}ýhi eäc êi tii |ü@| ML|üULý?|hðit @hi Mi||ih Lg |L |üi t@4i i |i?| êüi? |üi UhLttíULý?|h) @?_ êð|üð?íULý?|h) Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @hi |üi t@4i E4 ' wäc @t TLð?|i_ Lý| M) ïMt|ui*_@?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäë Wu |üihi ðt 4Lhi týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt ULý?|hðit|ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðit E4 : wäc uLhið}? hitð_i?|t @hi êLhti Lgc hi*@|ðñi |LüL4i hitð_i?|tc @?_ @*tL ð? @MtL*ý|i |ih4t ðu |üi _i}hii Lu UhLttíULý?|h) týMít|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt *@h}i i?Lý}üë2D Wu |üihi ðt *itt týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt ULý?|hðit|ü@? êð|üð? ULý?|hðit E4 ÷ wäc @ <Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u< Tüi?L4i?L? ðt TLttðM*iëïñih@**c |üihi ðt @ êð_i h@?}i Lu ñ@*ýit uLh |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|)uLh êüðUü ið|üih |üi üL4i Lh |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) ðt @_ñihti*) @giU|i_c êüð*i

55Wklv hqvxuhv wkdw ãý 4 . â è 3 iru dq| ydoxh ri ã156Rxu uhvxowv zrxog eh vlplodu zlwk dqrwkhu ydoxh ri ' A 3157D pruh frpsohwh vhw ri uhvxowv lv dydlodeoh iurp wkh dxwkru158Wkh wkuhvkrog eh|rqg zklfk wkh iruhljq frxqwu| h{shulhqfhv dq dgyhuvh ehjjdu0wk|0

qhljkeru hòhfw fdq eh vkrzq qrw wr ghshqg rq wkh vl}h ri wkh krph frxqwu|1 Iljxuh 7vkrzv wkdw wkh wkuhvkrog ydoxh ri ã +;=69, lv uhodwlyho| forvh wr ë1

22

|üi L|üih ULý?|h) i?éL)t @ Mi?i�Uð@* igiU| *@h}ih |ü@? ðu ð| ê@t @ U*Lti_ iUL?íL4)ë Aüðt tüLêt |ü@| U@tit êüihi ML|ü ULý?|hðit Mi?i�| uhL4 @ 4L?i|@h)tüLU! @TTi@h |L Mi 4Lhi Lu @? i UiT|ðL? |ü@? |üi hý*ië

W? |üi U@ti Lu @ �tU@* tüLU! E�}ýhi Däc |üi üL4i ULý?|h) @*ê@)t Mi?i�|t@| |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)<t i Ti?ti ð? @MtL*ý|i |ih4të Aüi Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLhigiU| ðt t|hL?}ih |üi *Lêih |üi _i}hii Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt ULý?|hðitë Wu}Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?} _Lit ?L| i?|ih |üi ý|ð*ð|) Lu üL4i hitð_i?|tc |üi UýhñiuLh |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ðt tüðu|i_ _Lê?ê@h_t ð? �}ýhi Dc2S @?_ üL4i hitð_i?|t@hi *ð!i*) |L Mi êLhti Lg MiU@ýti Lu |üi ê@t|iuý* @tTiU| Lu }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_íð?}ë ûL|i üLêiñih |ü@| |üi Uýhñi uLh |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) _Lit ?L| 4Lñic @?_|üihi ðt t|ð** @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh igiU| |ü@| ðt ý?hi*@|i_ |L |üi ê@t|iuý*_ð4i?tðL? Lu }Lñih?4i?| tTi?_ð?}c @?_ ðt L?*) @ UL?ti^ýi?Ui Lu |üi ð?|ihí@U|ðL? Mi|êii? |üi êLh*_êð_i UhLê_ð?} Lý| Lu Thðñ@|i UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ |üið4ThLñi4i?| Lu |üi üL4i |ih4t Lu |h@_ië

6ð}ýhit e _Lit ?L| UL?|h@t| |üi tð|ý@|ðL? _iTi?_ð?} L? |üi tð3i Lu |üiüL4i ULý?|h)ë E�eä üLêiñih tüLêt |ü@| |üi TLttðMð*ð|) Lu @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*uigiU| uL**Lêð?} @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU! _iTi?_t L? |üðt tð3ië Aüðt TLð?| ðt Thiíti?|i_ ð? �}ýhi Sc êüðUü ð**ýt|h@|it |üi UL4Mð?@|ðL?t Lu ? @?_ 4 hitý*|ð?} ð?týUü @? @_ñihti igiU|ë ú Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u ThLM*i4 LUUýht uLh @?) UL4Mð?@|ðL?Lu 4 @?_ ? *LU@|i_ Mi*Lê |üi Uýhñië 5ýUü @ ThLM*i4 ðt @*ê@)t TLttðM*i @t*L?} @t 4 ÷ wë Wu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ðt ñih) t4@**c ð| ðt @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ iñi?ðu |üihi ðt?<| 4ýUü _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? |üi _i}hiit Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) @UhLtt@?_ êð|üð? ULý?|hðitë Aüðt ð?_ðU@|it |ü@| |üi �?_ð?} Lu @? i^ý@**) Mi?i�íUð@* êi*u@hi igiU| ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðit M) ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDä ðt|hýi L?*) ðu 4 ðt i @U|*) i^ý@* |L wG ðu 4 ðt U*Lti |L wc |üi êi*u@hi igiU|t êð**Mi ^ý@?|ð|@|ðñi*) U*Lti ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðitc Mý| ^ý@*ð|@|ðñi*) _ðgihi?|c @t |üiigiU| ðt ?i}@|ðñi uLh |üi üL4i ULý?|h) @?_ TLtð|ðñi uLh |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)ë6ýh|üih4Lhic @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u igiU| ðt?<| *ð4ð|i_ |L @ t4@** ULý?|h)ë Wu 4 ' �Lh 4 ' 2 uLh i @4T*ic týUü @? igiU| LUUýht ðu |üi üL4i ULý?|h) hiThiti?|t*itt |ü@? HôI @?_ .eI Lu |üi êLh*_ hitTiU|ðñi*)ë Aüðt tý}}it|t |ü@| |@!ð?}|üi U@ti Lu @ U*Lti_ iUL?L4) @t @? @TThL ð4@|ðL? Lu @ *@h}i LTi? iUL?L4)U@? Mi 4ðt*i@_ð?} êüi? _L4it|ðU @?_ ð4TLh|i_ }LL_t @hi TLLh týMt|ð|ý|itë

59Wkh h{whqw ri wkh vkliw lv htxdo wr +4ý ñ,ý4 çj @ 49=9:1

2ô

S çL?U*ýtðL?

Aüðt T@Tih iñ@*ý@|i |üi hL*i Lu |üi _i}hii Lu týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) Mi|êii?}LL_t ThL_ýUi_ ð? _ðgihi?| ULý?|hðit ð? |üi |h@?t4ðttðL? Lu tüLU!tc Mýð*_ð?}L? ThiñðLýt êLh! M) ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäë Aüiðh �?_ð?} |ü@| @**ULý?|hðit Mi?i�| uhL4 @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU! @TTi@ht |L Mi 4Lhi Lu @? i UiT|ðL?|ü@? |üi hý*ic @?_ |üi i @U| ?@|ýhi Lu |üi tüLU! T*@)t @? ð4TLh|@?| hL*ië

Wu |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt üð}üc @? 4L?i|@h) i T@?tðL? }i?íih@|it @ *@h}i hi@**LU@|ðL? Lu êLh*_ _i4@?_ |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_tc h@ðtð?} |üihi@* hiñi?ýi Lu üL4i hitð_i?|të Aüi ULhhitTL?_ð?} hi_ýU|ðL? Lu uLhið}? hitðí_i?|t hiñi?ýi U@? Mi *@h}i i?Lý}ü |L hitý*| ð? @? @_ñihti Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLhêi*u@hi igiU|ë ï? |üi L|üih ü@?_c ðu |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt *Lêc|üi hi@**LU@|ðL? Lu êLh*_ _i4@?_ |Lê@h_t üL4i }LL_t ðt t4@**c _@4Ti?ð?}|üi Uü@?}i ð? hi@* hiñi?ýië W? @__ð|ðL?c üL4i hitð_i?|t T@) @ üð}üih ThðUiuLh ð4TLh|t |üi) U@??L| týMt|ð|ý|i @ê@) uhL4c @?_ @? @_ñihti Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*uêi*u@hi igiU| ðt TLttðM*ië i @*tL �?_ |ü@| Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u igiU|t @hi ?L|*ð4ð|i_ |L t4@** ULý?|hðitc |üLý}ü |üi) @hi 4Lhi *ð!i*) uLh |üi4ë ïýh hiítý*|t tý}}it| |ü@| @TThL ð4@|ð?} @ *@h}i LTi? iUL?L4) M) @ U*Lti_ iUL?L4)tüLý*_ Mi _L?i êð|ü U@ý|ðL?ë

ú MLLt| ð? |üi _i4@?_ uLh üL4i }LL_t hitý*|ð?} uhL4 @ �tU@* i T@?tðL?}i?ih@|it @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4 uLh uLhið}? hitð_i?|të Aüðt LUUýhtMiU@ýti |üi êLhti?ð?} Lu |üi uLhið}? |ih4t Lu |h@_i U@? ?iñih hðti |üiðh hi@*hiñi?ýi týæUði?|*) |L Lgti| |üi êLh*_êð_i UhLê_ð?} Lý| Lu Thðñ@|i UL?tý4Tí|ðL?ë Wu |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ð|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt t4@**c |üi hi@* hiñi?ýi Lu uLhið}?hitð_i?|t @U|ý@**) _iUhi@titc @4T*ðu)ð?} |üi @_ñihti igiU| Lu |üi UhLê_ð?}Lý|ë

Aüi @ttý4T|ðL? Lu |üi *@ê Lu L?i ThðUi U@? @TTi@h |L UL?ãðU| êð|ü |üii |i?tðñi *ð|ih@|ýhi U@t|ð?} _LýM| L? ð|Eîi||t @?_ #iñihiý E�bb.c �bbS@cMäc,?}i* @?_ +L}iht E�bb.äc ,?}i* E�bb.ääë W| ðt TLttðM*i |L i |i?_ Lýh uh@4iíêLh! |L ð?U*ý_i _iñð@|ðL?t uhL4 |üi *@ê Lu L?i ThðUic @?_ týUü @ t|iT ðtý?_ih|@!i? ð? @ UL4T@?ðL? êLh! EAð**i �bbHMäë ú**Lêð?} uLh týUü _iñð@|ðL?t|ð*|t |üi M@*@?Ui ð? u@ñLh Lu |üi ULý?|h) êð|ü @ _iThiUð@|ð?} Uýhhi?U)ë Aüið?|ýð|ðL? ðt |ü@| @ _iThiUð@|ðL? ð? |üi hi@* i Uü@?}i h@|ic2. ð4T*ðit |ü@| @?)hi@* t@*i @MhL@_ }i?ih@|it @ üð}üih hi@* hi|ýh?ë Aüi �?_ð?} |ü@| ið|üih |üiüL4i Lh |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) ðt @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ hi4@ð?t |hýi üLêiñihë

5:Wkh uhdo h{fkdqjh udwh lv ghñqhg dv wkh qrplqdo h{fkdqjh udwh wlphv wkh udwlr rifrqvxphu sulfh lqgh{hv/ dqg lv glòhuhqw iurp wkh whupv ri wudgh1

2e

Aüðt T@Tih tüLêt |ü@| |üi TLTý*@h U*@ð4 |ü@| @? i T@?tðL? ð? @? LTi?iUL?L4) ü@ñi @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh igiU| tüLý*_ Mi |@!i? êð|ü U@ý|ðL?ë ú4ðUhLíuLý?_i_ 4L_i* tüLêt |ü@| |üi @? LTTLtð|i igiU| U@? Mi |hýic üð}ü*ð}ü|íð?} |üi hi*iñ@?Ui Lu @ tL*ð_ êi*u@hi Uhð|ihðL? ð? |üi @?@*)tðt Lu ð?|ih?@|ðL?@*tTð**Lñihtë

2D

. úTTi?_ð

.ë� 5L*ý|ðL? Lu |üi �L_i*

Aüðt úTTi?_ð Thiti?|t |üi _ihðñ@|ðL? Lu |üi 4L_i* tL*ý|ðL?ë Aüi t|iTt@hi tð4ð*@h |L ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg E�bbSc �bbDäc @?_ êi hiuih |üi hi@_ih |L|üiðh UL?|hðMý|ðL?t uLh 4Lhi _i|@ð*të Lh*_êð_i ñ@hð@M*it @hi _i�?i_ @t @êið}ü|i_ UL4Mð?@|ðL? Lu üL4i @?_ uLhið}? ñ@hð@M*itc @?_ U@? Mi êhð||i? ð?|ih4t Lu *L} *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t @hLý?_ |üi t)44i|hðU t|i@_)ít|@|i @tG

Sç ' ?Sn E�ý ?ä SWc 7}ç ' ?7} n E�ý ?ä 7}Wc +ç ' Sç n 7}ç

+iU@** |ü@| @** �h4t @hi ð_i?|ðU@* ð? @ }ðñi? ULý?|h) @?_ |ü@| |üi *@êLu L?i ThðUi üL*_të i |üi? UL4Mð?i *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t Lu |üi _i4@?_tEeäíEDä ð? |üi tüLh| @?_ |üi *L?} hý? |L LM|@ð?G

+ý+W ' ý4SfíRû ý Rs

ìnE7} ý 7}Wä c 7+ý 7+W ' ý4Sf

í7Rû ý 7Rs

ìnE7} ý 7}Wä E�Sä

W? |üi *L?} hý?c ThðUit @hi @_éýt|i_ @?_ |üi LT|ð4@* ThðUi ti||ð?} i^ý@|ðL?tESä @hi Mð?_ð?}ë i *ð?i@hð3i |üi4 @?_ |@!i |üi UhLttíULý?|h) _ðgihi?Ui |LLM|@ð?G

ý �

jSfE7Sý 7SWä n

í7Rû ý 7Rs

ì' � E7+ ý 7+Wä E�.ä

çL4Mð?ð?} E�Sä @?_ E�.äc êi LM|@ð? @ ?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý|@?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? ð? |üi *L?} hý?G

E7+ ý 7+Wä E� n�4Sfä ' ý4jE7Sý 7SWä n E7} ý 7}Wä E�Hä

+iU@**ð?} |ü@| |üi t|i@_) t|@|i ð?|ihit| h@|i ðt i^ý@* |L q3� ý �c êi ýti*ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t Lu E.ä @?_ EHäc @*L?} êð|ü E�Sä |L êhð|iG

f '�ý qq

K

�ý ? n4ý �

4dE7+ ý 7+Wäý E7} ý 7}Wäoý E7Sý 7SWä E�bä

A@!ð?} @ êið}ü|i_ tý4 Lu ESä êi LM|@ð? |üi êLh*_êð_i UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_Lý|Tý| igiU|tG

7Sç ' ý �jSf� n�jSf

7}çc 7+ç '�

� n�jSf7}ç

2S

6hL4 @ *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t Lu |üi ,ý*ih i^ý@|ðL? ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h)E2ä @?_ ð|t uLhið}? ULý?|ihT@h|c êi U@? tüLê |ü@| |üi UhLtt ULý?|h) UL?tý4Tí|ðL? _ðgihi?Ui ðt |üi t@4i ð? |üi tüLh| @?_ |üi *L?} hý? @t |üi TýhUü@tð?}TLêih T@hð|) üL*_tG

Sý SW ' 7Sý 7SW

çL4Mð?ð?} |üðt hitý*| @?_ |üi 4L?i) _i4@?_t Eôä ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðitc ð?|üi tüLh| @?_ |üi *L?} hý?c êi U@? tüLê |ü@| |üihi ðt ?L i Uü@?}i h@|iLñihtüLL|ð?}G

r ' 7r ' E 76ý 76Wäý �

jSfESý SWä E2fä

W? |üi tüLh| hý?c ThðUit @hi � i_ ð? |üi ThL_ýUiht Uýhhi?U)G Rû ' RWs ' fcRs ' rc RWû ' ýrë çL4Mð?ð?} |üðt hitý*|t êð|ü E�Sä @?_ E2fäc êi LM|@ð? @?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL? Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? ð? |üi tüLh| hý?G

+ ý +W ' ý4jESý SWä n 4Sf E 76ý 76Wä n E7} ý 7}Wä E2�ä

+iU@**ð?} |ü@| îf ' fc êi UL4Mð?i *ð?i@h @TThL ð4@|ðL?t Lu E.ä @?_ EHäc@*L?} êð|ü E�Sä |L LM|@ð?G

K

�ý ? '4ý �

4dE+ ý +Wäý E7} ý 7}Wäoý ESý SWä E22ä

Aüi êLh*_êð_i UL?tý4T|ðL? @?_ Lý|Tý| igiU|t ð? |üi tüLh| hý? U@? MiUL4Tý|i_ uhL4 |üi ,ý*ih i^ý@|ðL?t @?_ 4L?i) _i4@?_tc @*L?} êð|ü |üiêLh*_êð_i hitý*|t ð? |üi *L?} hý?ë 5L4i @*}iMh@ *i@_t |LG

Sç ' jSf 76çc +ç ' jSf 76

ç n 7}ç

.ë�ë� ïñih@** 5L*ý|ðL?

çL4Mð?ð?} |üi tüLh| @?_ *L?} hý? hi*@|ðL?tc êi U@? hiêhð|i |üi 4L_i* ð?|ih4t Lu Lñih@** igiU|tc êüðUü @hi _i�?i_ @t |üi ?i| Thiti?| ñ@*ýit Lñih |üitüLh| @?_ *L?} hý?G

%?Rñ ' %nq

�ý q 7%i UL4Mð?i |üi ?i}@|ðñi hi*@|ðL?t Mi|êii? Lý|Tý| @?_ UL?tý4T|ðL? E�Hä

@?_ E2�ä |L _ihðñi i^ý@|ðL? Ebä ð? |üi |i |G

+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ ' ý4j

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$íS?Rñ ý SW?Rñ

ìn 4Sf E 76ý 76Wä

2.

n

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$7} ý 7}W

�ý q5ð4ð*@h*)c êi UL4Mð?i E�bä @?_ E22ä |L _ihðñi i^ý@|ðL? E�fä ð? |üi |i |G

S?Rñ ý SW?Rñ '4ý �

4

%í+?Rñ ý +W?Rñ

ìý �

�ý q E7} ý 7}Wä

&

Aüi Lñih@** êLh*_êð_i igiU|t U@? Mi UL4Tý|i_ @tG

Sç?Rñ ' jSf 76ç ý q

�ý q�jSf

� n�jSf7}ç

+ç?Rñ ' jSf 76ç n

#� n

q

�ý q�

� n�jSf

$7}ç

Aüi _i|@ð*i_ tL*ý|ðL? uLh |üi ñ@hðLýt ñ@hð@M*it ð? |üi tüLh| @?_ |üi *L?}hý? U@? Mi _ihðñi_ uhL4 E�Häc E�bäc E2�ä @?_ E22ä @tG

Sý SW ' áä� E 76ý 76Wä n áäC E7} ý 7}Wär ' á7� E 76ý 76Wä n á7C E7} ý 7}Wä

K

�ý ? ' áî� E 76ý 76Wä n áîC E7} ý 7}Wä

7Rû ý 7Rs ' áA� E 76ý 76Wä n áAC E7} ý 7}Wä+ ý +W ' át 7� E 76ý 76Wä n át 7C E7} ý 7}Wä

7+ ý 7+W ' át u� E 76ý 76Wä n át uC E7} ý 7}Wä

êüihi |üi ULiæUði?|t @hiG

áä�' Sf(E�ý qä E4ý �ä áäC'ý �

(q�Sf�n�4Sf

E4ý �ä

á7�' �(

í� n 43�

jq

�n�4Sf

ìá7C'

�(

q�jE�n�4Sfä

E4ý �ä

áî�'qSfE43�ä(

í� n 43�

j�

�n�4Sf

ìáîC'

�(q�SfE43�njäjE�n4Sfä

E4ý �ä

áA�' �(43�j

�3q�n�4Sf

áAC'�(

��n4Sf

k� n E�3qäE43�ä

j

lát 7�'4Sfá7� át 7C'

�(43�njj

át u�'ý4SfáA� át uC'�(

43�njjE�n�4Sfä

@?_c @ttý4ð?} 4 : �ý j G

( ' � n4ý �

j

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$: f

2H

.ë2 úMtL*ý|i i*u@hi ,giU|t

Aüi @?@*)tðt ð? |ih4t Lu UhLttíULý?|h) _ðgihi?Uit @**Lêt ýt |L it|@M*ðtüêüi|üih üL4i hitð_i?|t U@? Mi @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ ð? hi*@|ðñi |ih4t Eü ÷üWäë W? Lh_ih |L @ttitt êüi|üih |üi) @hi @_ñihti*) @giU|i_ ð? @MtL*ý|i |ih4tEü ÷ fäc êi ?ii_ |L UL4Mð?i |üi UhLttíULý?|h) _ðgihi?Uit êð|ü |üi êLh*_êð_iigiU|të

6LUýtð?} L? i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU!t ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) E 76 : fc 7} : fc76W ' 7}W ' fäc êi ýti Lýh hitý*|t |L êhð|i |üi hi*@|ðñi êi*u@hi igiU| @tG

üý üW ' 4ý ww

Sf(

76n

%� n

4ý ww

�

(

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$4ý � n j

j

&�

4

7}

�ý qA@!ð?} @ êið}ü|i_ tý4 Lu |üi üL4i @?_ uLhið}? ñ@hð@M*itc |üi êLh*_êð_i

êi*u@hi igiU| ðt }ðñi? M)G

üç 'jSfw? 76n

�

w

ë�ý q �jSf

� n�jSf

ê�

�ý q?7}

.ë2ë� �i|üL_

îiuLhi @?@*)3ð?} i@Uü |)Ti Lu tüLU!c êi Thiti?| |üi 4i|üL_ ýti_ë2H Aüihi*@|ðñi @?_ êLh*_êð_i êi*u@hi igiU|t Lu @ _L4it|ðU tüLU! 7% : f E7% ' 76c 7}äU@? Mi êhð||i? @tG

üý üW ' xf\f7%c üç ' ?xf7%

êüihi xf : f @t êi UL?tð_ih tüLU!t |ü@| @hi Mi?i�Uð@* ð? @ U*Lti_ iUL?íL4)ë Aüi üL4i @?_ uLhið}? êi*u@hi igiU|t @hi |üi? Lu |üi uLh4G

ü ' E�ý \fäë?ý ý\f

�ý \f

êxf 7%c ü

W ' ?xf E�ý \fä 7%

W| ðt t|h@ð}ü|uLhê@h_ |L tii |ü@| ðu \f : � |üihi ðt @ <Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh<ThLM*i4 êüihi @? i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU! ð? |üi üL4i ULý?|h) ü@t @? @_ñihtiigiU| L? |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h)ë úttittð?} |üi üL4i êi*u@hi igiU| ðt 4LhiUL4T*i ë i t|@h| M) _ihðñð?} |üi ThLTih|ðit Lu |üi h@|ðL 3\f

�3\f G

*ð4\f<3"

ý\f�ý \f

' �3cý\f�ý \f

ññññ\f'f

' f

*ð4\f<�3

ý\f�ý \f

' ý4c *ð4\f<�n

ý\f�ý \f

' n4c *ð4\f<n"

ý\f�ý \f

' �n

5;L dp judwhixo wr Plfkdho Zrrgirug iru eulqjlqj wklv phwkrg wr p| dwwhqwlrq1

2b

êüihi @ UL?ñih}i?Ui |L �3 E�nä ð?_ðU@|it @ UL?ñih}i?Ui |L � uhL4 ñ@*ýitMi*Lê E@MLñiä �ë A@M*i 2 }ðñit |üi tð}?t Lu üýüWc ü @?_ üW uLh ñ@hðLýt ñ@*ýitLu |üi ULiæUði?| \f G

A@M*i 2

\f �ý \f ý\f * E�ý \fä üý üW ü üW

÷ f ðu ? ÷ 3\f�3\f÷ f : f f ÷ é ÷ � ÷ f

: f ðu ? : 3\f�3\f

: f

' f : f ' f ' f : f : ff ÷ é ÷ � : f ÷ f : f : f : f

' � ' f ÷4 : f : f ' f: � ÷ f : � : f : f ÷ f

Aüi üL4i êi*u@hi igiU| ðt |üi? TLtð|ðñic i UiT| ðuG

? ÷ý\f�ý \f

÷ �

ð? êüðUü U@ti @? i T@?tðL?@h) tüLU! ðt _i|hð4i?|@* |L |üi üL4i ULý?|h)ð? @MtL*ý|i |ih4tc @ Tüi?L4i?L? |ü@| êi hiuih |L @t <Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u <ë

.ë2ë2 �L?i|@h) 5üLU!

çL?tð_ihð?} @ 4L?i|@h) tüLU!c êi ýti Lýh hitý*|t |L êhð|iG

x� 'jSfw

c \� '4ý wj(3�

ú Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4 |üi? LUUýht ðuG

4ý w : j n E4ý �ä

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$E2ôä

ú?_ @ Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u Tüi?L4i?L? hi^ýðhitG

? ÷w ý 4

j n E4ý �äí�ý q �4Sf

�n�4Sf

ìn Ew ý 4ä ÷ � E2eä

ôf

.ë2ëô 6ðtU@* 5üLU!

Aýh?ð?} |L @ �tU@* tüLU!c tL4i @*}iMh@ *i@_t |LG

xC '�

w

ë�ý q �jSf

� n�jSf

ê�

�ý q\C '

%wq�Sf

� n�4Sfn4ý � n j

j

#�ý q �4Sf

� n�4Sf

$&(3�

�ý q �jSf�n�jSf

i U@? tüLê |ü@| ðu � ' fc \C ' � @?_ uLh @?) � : fG

*ð44<"\C '

�

�ý q �jSf�n�jSf

: �c *ð44<f\C : �

Aüihi ðt @ Mi}}@hí|ü)í?ið}üMLh ThLM*i4 êüi? |üi UhLttíULý?|h) týMt|ðí|ý|@Mð*ð|) ðt ñih) *@h}i Lh t4@**c êüðUü tý}}it|t |ü@| |üi uLhið}? ULý?|h) ðt@*ê@)t üýh| M) @ �tU@* i T@?tðL?ë W? @__ð|ðL?c \C : fc @?_ |üihiuLhi |üihiU@??L| Mi @?) Mi}}@hí|ü)ti*u ThLM*i4c @t ð| êLý*_ hi^ýðhi \C ÷ fë2b

5<Li jryhuqphqw vshqglqj gr qrw hqwhu wkh xwlolw|/ zh fdq vkrz wkdw wkh iruhljq frxqwu|lv dozd|v zruvh rò/ zkhuhdv wkh krph frxqwu| fdq eh ehwwhu rò li wkhuh lv olwwoh furvvfrxqwu| vxevwlwxwdelolw|1

ô�

+iuihi?Uit

d�o î@UUüi||@c èüð*ðTTic @?_ ,hðU ñ@? `ð?ULLT E�bbHäë â#Lit , Uü@?}i+@|i 5|@Mð*ð|) ð?Uhi@ti Ah@_i @?_ ç@Tð|@* 6*Lêtqâ +iti@hUü è@Tih bH�Hc6i_ih@* +itihñi î@?! Lu ûiê vLh!ë

d2o î@U!ýtc #@ñð_c è@|hðU! kiüLi @?_ 6ð?? k)_*@?_ E�bbe@äë â#)?@4ðUtLu |üi Ah@_i î@*@?Ui @?_ |üi Aih4t Lu Ah@_iG Aüi aíçýhñiqâ ú4ihðU@?,UL?L4ðU +iñðiêc ñL*ë Hec TTë Heí�fôë

dôo î@U!ýtc #@ñð_c è@|hðU! kiüLi @?_ 6ð?? k)_*@?_ E�bbeMäë â+i*@|ðñièhðUi �Lñi4i?|t ð? #)?@4ðU Bi?ih@* ,^ýð*ðMhðý4 �L_i*t Lu W?|ih?@í|ðL?@* Ah@_iëâ ð? O@?_MLL! Lu W?|ih?@|ðL?@* �@UhLiUL?L4ðUtc V@? #ihè*Li} i_ëc î@tð* î*@U!êi**c TTë S2íbSë

deo îi@ý_h)c è@ý*c @?_ ,hðU ñ@? `ð?ULLT E�bbSäë âAüi W?|ih|i4TLh@* ,*@tí|ðUð|) Lu 5ýMt|ð|ý|ðL?G ú? , T*Lh@|ðL? ýtð?} @ N5 è@?i* Lu 5|@|i #@|@ëâ,UL?L4ðU@c ñL*ë Sôë

dDo îi||tc ç@hL*ð?ic @?_ �ðUü@i* #iñihiý E�bb.äë âAüi W?|ih?@|ðL?@* �L?ií|@h) Ah@?t4ðttðL? �iUü@?ðt4G ú �L_i* Lu +i@* , Uü@?}i +@|i ú_éýt|í4i?| ý?_ih èhðUð?}í|Lí�@h!i|ëâ W?|ih?@|ðL?@* 6ð?@?Uð@* �@h!i|t @?_îýtð?itt ç)U*it UL?uihi?Uic aý?i H%b �bb.ë

dSo îi||tc ç@hL*ð?ic @?_ �ðUü@i* #iñihiý E�bbS@äë âAüi , Uü@?}i +@|i ð?@ �L_i* Lu èhðUð?}í|Lí�@h!i|ëâ ,ýhLTi@? ,UL?L4ðU +iñðiêc ñL*ë efc TTë�ff.í�f2�ë

d.o îi||tc ç@hL*ð?ic @?_ �ðUü@i* #iñihiý E�bbSMäë â, Uü@?}i +@|i #)í?@4ðUt ð? @ �L_i* Lu èhðUð?}íALí�@h!i|ëâ 4ð4iLë

dHo çLhti||ðc Bð@?U@h*Lc @?_ è@L*L èiti?|ð E�bb.äë â i*u@hi @?_ �@UhLiULí?L4ðU W?|ih_iTi?_i?Uiëâ ûî,+ `Lh!ð?} è@Tih Sôf.ë

dbo #iñihiý c �ðUü@i*c @?_ çü@h*it ,?}i* E�bbHäë â6ð i_ ñtë 6*L@|ð?}, Uü@?}i +@|itG OLê èhðUi 5i||ð?} úgiU|t |üi ïT|ð4@* çüLðUi Lu, Uü@?}ií+@|i +i}ð4iëâ N?ðñihtð|) Lu @tüð?}|L?c 4ð4iL

d�fo ,?}i*c çü@h*it E�bb.äë âúUULý?|ð?} uLh Në5ë +i@* , Uü@?}i +@|içü@?}itëâ N?ðñihtð|) Lu @tüð?}|L?c 4ð4iLë

ô2

d��o ,?}i*c çü@h*itc @?_ aLü? +L}iht E�bb.äë âOLê `ð_i ðt |üi îLh_ihqâú4ihðU@? ,UL?L4ðU +iñðiêc ñL*ë HSc TTë ���2í��2eë

d�2o 6@hý^iic O@4ð_ E�bbSäë â+i@* , Uü@?}i +@|it @?_ |üi è@||ih? Lu Ah@_iGçL4T@h@|ðñi #)?@4ðUt uLh ûLh|ü @?_ 5Lý|üëâ aLýh?@* Lu W?|ih?@|ðL?@*�L?i) @?_ 6ð?@?Uic ñL*ë �Dc TTë ô�ôíôôSë

d�ôo 6ih?@*_c aLü?c O@*ð ,_ðtL? @?_ èh@!@tü wLý}@?ð E�bbHäë â @t çüð?@ |üi�ht| #L4ð?Lq úttittð?} wð?!t Mi|êii? çüð?@ @?_ |üi +it| Lu ,4ih}ð?}útð@ëâ W?|ih?@|ðL?@* 6ð?@?Ui #ðtUýttðL? è@Tih r Sfec îL@h_ Lu BLñihí?Lht Lu |üi 6i_ih@* +itihñi 5)t|i4ë

d�eo O@ýc O@h@*_ E�bbHäë â, Uü@?}i +@|i #i|ih4ð?@|ðL?G Aüi +L*i Lu 6@U|LhèhðUi +ð}ð_ð|ðit @?_ ûL?|h@_@M*itëâ aLýh?@* Lu W?|ih?@|ðL?@* ,UL?L4ðUtcuLh|üUL4ð?}ë

d�Do w@?ic èüð**ðT E�bbHäë âAüi ûiê ïTi? ,UL?L4) �@UhLiUL?L4ðUtG ú5ýhñi)ëâ Ahð?ð|) çL**i}i #ýM*ð?c 4ð4iLë

d�So ûýh!tic +@}?@h E�beeäë W?|ih?@|ðL?@* Uýhhi?U) i Tihði?Uië wittL?t Lu|üi ð?|ihíê@h TihðL_ë Bi?iñ@c wi@}ýi Lu û@|ðL?të

d�.o ïMt|ui*_c �@ýhðUic @?_ ki??i|ü +L}Lg E�bbHäë â+ðt! @?_ , Uü@?}i+@|itëâ èhð?Ui|L? N?ðñihtð|)c 4ð4iLë

d�Ho ïMt|ui*_c �@ýhðUic @?_ ki??i|ü +L}Lg E�bbSäë 6Lý?_@|ðL?t Lu W?|ih?@í|ðL?@* �@UhLiUL?L4ðUtc Uü@T|ih �fc �WA Thittë

d�bo ïMt|ui*_c �@ýhðUic @?_ ki??i|ü +L}Lg E�bbDäë â, Uü@?}i +@|i #)í?@4ðUt +i_ý ëâ aLýh?@* Lu èL*ð|ðU@* ,UL?L4)c ñL*ë �fôc TTë S2eíSDbë

d2fo +L}ihtc aLü? E�bb.äë â�L?i|@h) 5üLU!t @?_ +i@* , Uü@?}i +@|itëâ6i_ih@* +itihñi îL@h_c 4ð4iLë

d2�o +L|i4Mih}c aý*ðLc @?_ �ðUü@i* LL_uLh_ E�bb2äë âï*ð}LTL*ðt|ðU èhðUð?}@?_ |üi ,giU|t Lu ú}}hi}@|i #i4@?_ L? ,UL?L4ðU úU|ðñð|)ëâ aLýh?@*Lu èL*ð|ðU@* ,UL?L4)c ñL*ë �ffc TTë ��Dôí�2f.ë

d22o 5|@|ðt|ðU@* úMt|h@U| Lu |üi N?ð|i_ 5|@|it E�bb.äc îýhi@ý Lu |üi çi?týtc@tüð?}|L? #ëçëc ïU|LMih �bb.ë

ôô

d2ôo Að**ic ç�i_hðU E�bbH@äë âAüi W?|ih?@|ðL?@* @?_ #L4it|ðU i*u@hi ,giU|tLu �L?i|@h) 5üLU!t ý?_ih èhðUð?}í|Lí�@h!i|ëâ tiUL?_ Uü@T|ihc èüë#ëë_ðttih|@|ðL?c èhð?Ui|L? N?ðñihtð|)ë

d2eo Að**ic ç�i_hðU E�bbHMäë âAüi i*u@hi ,giU|t Lu �L?i|@h) 5üLU!t ý?_ihèhðUð?}í|Lí�@h!i|G ú Bi?ih@* 6h@4iêLh!ëâ |üðh_ Uü@T|ihc èüë#ëë _ðtítih|@|ðL?c èhð?Ui|L? N?ðñihtð|)ë

d2Do @h?LU!c 6h@?Uðt E�bbHäë âW_ðLt)?Uh@|ðU A@t|it ð? @ AêLíçLý?|h) ïT|ðí4ð3ð?} �L_i*G W4T*ðU@|ðL?t Lu @ 5|@?_@h_ èhitý4T|ðL?ëâ W?|ih?@|ðL?@*6ð?@?Ui #ðtUýttðL? è@Tih Sô�c îL@h_ Lu BLñih?Lht Lu |üi 6i_ih@* +iítihñi 5)t|i4ë

d2So ~üýc ûð?} E�bbHäë â, Uü@?}i +@|i ïñihtüLL|ð?}G Mi|êii? ûL4ð?@* @?_+i@*ëâ #iý|tUüi î@?!c 4ð4iLë

ôe