Ahlin Yanant Journal (No 5)

8/7/2019 Ahlin Yanant Journal (No 5)

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okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xmevl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)

P.O Box (294)

Chiang Mai University Post OfficeChiang Mai, 50202, Thailand

T*sme,ftm; aemfa0;jrefrmaumfrwD(Norwegian Burma Committee). &HyHkaiG axmufyHhulnDrSKjzifh

vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ okawoeESifhavhvma&;Xme uxkwfa0jzef@csdygonf?

http://www.dpnsburmese.org

http://ahlinyanant.wordpress.com


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf

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azmfjyonfh tvif;&eH@*sme,fudk pmzwfolrsm;vufxJ rxnfhEdkifcJhonfrSm =um+yD jzpfonf? odk@aomf ,ck trSwf(5)udk pDpOfaecsdefrSmawmh wleD&Sm;ESifh tD*spfwGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm; jyKwfusoGm;+yD;/ tm&yfurBmtESH@ vlxktHkuGr_rsm; ay:xGufvmaeonf?q,fpkESpf ESpfck=um wurBmvHk; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; arS;rSdefae&mrS 21-&mpk 'Drdkua&pDvd_if;opf jyef0ifvmcsdef jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDvqkwf&ufrsm;rS 'Drdkua&pDvqef;&ufrsm;odk@ jyefa&mufcsdefwGif wdkufwdkufqkdifqdkif tvif;&eH@udk pmzwfy&dwfowfxH jyefxnfhay;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf?

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enf;ynmuGm[csuf/ EdkifiHpHkaumfydka&;&Sif;wkd@. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usifponfh jy\emrsm;u urBm@'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;udk ae@pOf zdtm;ay;aeonf?


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,f

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Oa&myawmfvSefa&;rSmu qENjyolawG tm%m&&Sd+yD;aemuf wppD jyef@xGufoGm;cJhonf? aemuf tcsif;csif; jyefwdkufcdkuf=u&if; udk,fh[mudk,f tiftm;csdeJ@oGm;apwJhtjzpfqdk; jzpfonf? aemufawmh ppfwyfu ya'o&mZfa[mif;udkyJ opPmcHzufwG,f+yD;qENjyolawGudk acsr_ef;ypfcJhonf? oufOD;qHydkifrif;awGu vlxktHkuGr_udk pdwf&Snf&Snfapmifh=unfhaeonf? qENjyoltcsif;csif; owfukef+yD; zdkz&JjzpfawmhrS ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; olwdk@ tm%ma[mif;udk jyefwnfaqmuf=uonf? +Adwdo#ordkif;q&m ata*syDawvm u ordkif;[m tvSnfhtajymif;ydGKifhudk a&mufvm+yD; us_H;oGm;cJh&w,f [k

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jy\empHkaphaewJh ta&Stv,fydkif; tusyftwnf;rsm;&J atmufcHta=umif;w&m;rSm kwfw&uf ta&twGuf azmif;yGwdk;yGm;vmaewJh vli,fxkudpP&Sdaeonf? a'owpfckvHk;&Sd vlOD;a&&J (60) &mcdkifE_ef;u touf(30)atmuf vli,fawG?i,f&G,fwJh vli,foef;aygif;rsm;pGmrSm &nf&G,fcsufawG tdyfrufawGu tjynfh? olwdk@vdktifawG jznfhqnf;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkr_awG &Sdvmonf? acwfatmufaewJh tpdk;&awGuaqmif&Gufay;EdkifpGrf; r&Sd? vli,fawG&J awmif;qdkr_awGudk tpdk;&awG/ tpPvmrf tajccH0g'DawGeJ@ taemufEdkifiH 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_awGu ypfy,fxm;=uonf?


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftck vlxktHkuGr_awGrSm taemuftpdk;&awG&J ya,m* rygwm &Sif;ygonf?

taemufu ta&Stv,fydkif; tm%m&SifawGeJ@om r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;onf? qENjyvli,f

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ay;onf? &nf&G,fcsufu vlxkudk vmbfxdk; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_rsKd; jzpfae+yD; tpdk;& todkif;t0dkif;em; tuyfEdkifqHk;olu tcGifhxl;cHrsm; jzpfvmonf?


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aemufawmh tpmrausr_eJ@ aygufuGJoHpOfawGudk vli,fawGu az@pfbGwfcfuae ae@pOf zGifhcs=uonf? +*dK[fwkpavmif; wDAGD/ uGefysLwm/ rkdvfbdkif;zkef;/ tifwmeufpwJh enf;ynmu a'owpfckvHk;u vlawG qufoG,fzdk@eJ@ tifazmfar;&Sif;awG jyef@ESH@apzdk@t"du tcef;u 0ifygvmonf? wleD&Sm;eJ@ tD*spfrSm tqifhjrifhenf;ynmu wpfOD;csif;udkplygpGrf;&nfawG &&Sdap+yD; tpdk;&awG zwfcsEdkifwJhtxd tiftm;pkpnf; EdkifcJh=uonf?

[dk;t&if ae@&ufawGrSmu tifazmfar;&Sif;enf;ynm[m tm%m&SdoludkomrsufESmom ay;EdkifcJhonf? 1930 jynfhESpfawGrSm awmfvSefa&;orm;awGu a&'D,dktoHv$ifhXmeawG odrf;zdk@ ud;pm;=u&onf? toHv$ifhXmeodrf;+yD;rSom vlxkudk tifazmfar;&Sif;awG jzef@Edkifonf? 'Dae@ enf;ynmu wpfOD; wpfa,muf wpfzGJ@ vufxufxJwGif A[dkryawmh? uGef,ufay:u vlwdkif;vlwdkif;xHrSm tifazmfar;&Sif;awG &Sdaeonf? tifazmfar;&Sif;udk b,folrS xdef;csKyfxm;r&? tifazmfar;&Sif;udk xdef;csKyfcsifol tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf tcufawGvm&onf?

b,fvdkyifjzpfap tpdk;&rsm;u zdESdyf=u+rJjzpfonf? 18 &uf=um tD*spfawmfvSefa&;twGif; rlbm&wfcf tpdk;&u tifwmeuf ig;&uf ydwfxm;cJ

honf? 2009

tD&efEdkifiH tpdrf;a&mifvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm qJvfzkef;qm;Apfudk wD[D&eftpdk;&u ydwfcsypfvkdufonf? odk@aomf =um=umydwfr&? tifwmeufr&SdbJ b%fvkyfief;awG vnfywfr&?qJvfzkef;awGr&SdbJ ae@pOf a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_awG vkyfr&? ajrmufudk&D;,m;vdk vHk;0wHcg;ydwfxm;zdk@ a'ocsif;qufpyfaewJh ta&Stv,fydkif;rSm vkyfr&awmh (ajrmufudk&D;,m;aum b,favmuf=um=um ydwfqdk@xm;EdkifrSmvJ)? vlxkudk a&&Snfxdef;csKyfxm;zdk@ tpdk;&rsm;&J tvkyfu pD;yGm;a&; wHcg;zGifhay;zdk@/ tvkyfvufrJhjy\em ajz&Sif;zdk@

rv$Jom ra&Smifom jzpfvm&onf?,ck tm&yfvli,fxkOD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;rsm;u wdk;wufr_eJ@ vGwfvyfr_&SmyHkawmf jzpfonf? ta&Stv,fydkif; tygt0if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;u wdk;wufr_eJ@armf'efEd kufaZ;&Sif;twGuf wHcg;zGif hzd k @ tjyif;txef awmif;qdkvmae=uonf?vli,fawG&J jyif;&SwJh tajymif;tvJ&SmazGr_u aemufa=umif; bufjyefp&mta=umif;r&SdwJh awmfvSefa&;[k taocsm qdkEdkifonf?

&nf!$ef;? Time magazine


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfaeao;wJh tm%m&Sifpepfudk cHkrifaecJh=uygw,f?

aemuf tm;vHk;udk tHhtm;oifhapwmuawmh tif'dkeD;&Sm;awG tJ'Dt,ltq

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todpdwfeJ@ Edk;=um;r_awG eufeuf_dif;_dif; pGJepfaew,fqdkwmudk jyoaeygw,f? tcuftcJ 'kuQaygif;pHk +cdrf;ajcmufcH&r_rsKd;pHkatmufrSm wpfOD;csif;pDa&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uyg'Drdkua&pDudk zufwG,fcJh=uw,fqdkwm azmfjyaeygw,f? wdkwdkajym&&if usaemfwdk@&J'Drdku&ufwpf yifudk,fodpdwfawG Edk;=um;cJh=uw,f?

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vGefcJhwJhq,fESpfu 'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;udk usaemfwdk@ pav#mufawmh usaemfwdk@ usqHk;r,fvdk@ jynfwGif; jynfyrSm ajymwJhtoHawG &SdcJhygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm; tajctae

uvnf; 0kef;okef;um;eJ@ vHk;0ysufjym;aewm r[kwfvm;? vlrsKd;a&;wif;rmr_awGt&Sdefjrifhaew,f? ta&SwDarmu tif'dkeD;&Sm;uae cGJxGufw,f? t=urf;zufawG&JAHk;awG aygufuGJ aew,f? tajccHOya'qdkif&mtusyftwnf;u qHk;cef;wdkifr,fhyHkray:bl;?

1998 eJ@ 2001 ckESpf=um;rSm ql[mwdk/ [mbDbD/ t'l&ref 0g[pf/ ruf*g0wD


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,fqlumEdkylx&D orRwav;quf &SdcJhw,f? 'Drdku&ufwpfpdwf"gwfeJ@ tmacs;ydyuQudk+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhygw,f? ygaygu|ef;rSm EkdifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&; yjyifajymif;vJr_awG

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'Dae&mrSm }uD;rm;wJh oifcef;pm&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; b,favmufyJ qdk;&Gm;aeygap/ rawG;Edkifavmufatmif b,favmufyJ acsmufu eufaeygap/'Drdkua&pDtwGuf t+rJyJ vrf;&Sdaew,f? t+rJyJ ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdaew,f? b,fawmhrSvufrav#mhzdk@vdkw,f qdkwmygyJ? 'Drdkua&pDvkyfaqmifr_rSm ,Hk=unfzdk@/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk@/

qHk;jzwfcsuf cdkif=unfzdk@/ xdk;xGif;zefwD;EdkifwJh acgif;aqmifr_&Sdzdk@ vdkygw,f?

wGJzufxm;&r,fh aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfa&; (Good Governance)

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'geJ@ 'Drdkua&pD[m udk;q,fhajcmufyg; a&m*gukxHk; r[kwfwm em;vnfvm=uw,f? a&G;aumufyGJwpfckwnf;eJ@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&m*g&ifhaewJh qif;&JrGJawr_/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_/ cGJxGufvdkr_/ tvkyfvufrJh pwJhjy\emrsKd;awGukd tvdktavsmuf ajz&Sif;vdk@&Ed kifrSm r[kwfbl;? vlxkESvHk;awG oabmacG@atmif tajymta[maumif;wJhacgif;aqmifrsm;[m olwdk@udk a&G;cs,fwifajrmufvdkufwJh vlxkudk bm&v'faumif;rSxkwfray;bJ t+rJyJ emusifcHcufa0'emawG ay;wwf=uw,f?

usaemfwdk@&J jzpf&yfudk=unfh&if 'Drdkua&pDudk aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfr_pepfeJ@ aygif;pyfygrS trsKd;om;nD!Gwfr_ cdkifrmvmapw,f? ydyuQawG ajz&Sif;Edkifw,f?pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_eJ@ vlr_aygif;pnf;r_ jrifhwifEdkifw,f? vlxktwGuf aumif;rGefwJh&v'faumif;awG b,fvdk&SmrvJ/ acgif;aqmifaumif;awG b,fvdkarG;xkwfrvJ/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_awG b,fvdkav#mhcsrvJ/ vlxktwGuf wm0ef,lr,fhtpdk;&rsKd; b,fvdk ay:xGef;

aprvJ qdkwmawG[m ckeu 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfr_ ESpfckaygif;pyfxm;r_tay: trsm;}uD;wnfrSDygw,f?'Drdkua&pDudk jrwfEdk;wm[m tm%mudk a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh &Sdvdk@om r[kwfbl;/

EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;awG o,faqmifay;r,fh uwda=umifh cHkrifwefzdk;


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'Dae&mrSm pdwfxJxm;&rSmu aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfr_ [m'Drdkua&pD&J udk,fydkifypPnf; r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pD r[kwfwJhEdkifiHawG/ 'Drdkua&pD

wpf0ufwysufEdkifiHawG(semi democracies) awGeJ@ b,fEdkifiHa&;pepfjzpfjzpf EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfr_ ay;Edkifw,fqdkwmudkyg?

aiGa=u;EdkifiHa&;

tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiHa&;zGH@zd;r_twGuf t"du pdefac:r_awGxJu wpfcku aiGa=u;EdkifiHa&; (money politics) udk b,fvdk av#mhcsrvJ/ tqHk;pGef b,fvdk&Sif;xkwfrvJ

qdkwmyg? taemufa&m taemufr[kwfwJh EdkifiHawGrSmyg 'gu jy\em}uD;wpfckygyJ?EdkifiHa&;aemufrSm aiGu enf;aygif;pHkeJ@ uyfvdkufaew,f?

aiGa=u;EdkifiHa&;u a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkqGJaqmifaewma=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudk t}uD;tus,f csdeJ@apygw,f? vlxkudk epfemap+yD;twkta,mifEdkifiHa&;udk xkwfvkyfay;w,f? jynfolvlxk,Hk=unfr_udk opPmazmuf+yD;'Drdku&ufwpfpHE_ef;awGudk acsrGypfw,f? aiGa=u;EdkifiHa&; ydkv$rf;rdk;avav/ vlxk pdwftm;wufuGr_ avsmhyg;avavyg? tqHk;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf xdcdkufepfemzdk@yJ &Sdygw,f?aocsmwmuawmh aiGa=u;EdkifiHa&;udkwdkufzsufypfzdk@u tif'dkeD;&Sm;'Drdkua&pDtwGufa&wdk/ a&vwf/ a&&Snf pdefac:r_ygyJ?

tem*wf[m tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGeJ@ pnf;rsOf;Oya'awGay:rSmyJ wnfaqmufxm;&r,f? yk*~dKvfa&;awGtay:rSm rSDwnftvkyfvkyfvdk@ rjzpfbl;? vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muftay: rSDwnfxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepfu a&&Snfwnf+idrfatmif xdef;xm;zdk@cufygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm ESpf}udrftawGtuH &SdcJhygw,f? }uD;us,fwJh vlyk*~dKvf}uD;wpfa,muf tm%muae ywfusa&m Ed

kifiHa&;pepf}uD;wpfckvH

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htjrifuawmh tajrmftjrif}uD;wJh acgif;aqmifqdkwm a&&SnfcHr,fh pepfwpfck zGH@zd;atmifvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolvdk@ qdkcsifygw,f?

'ga=umifh 'Drdku&ufwpfzGH@zd;a&;twGuf a&&SnfcHr,fh tifpwDusK&Sif;awG wnfaqmufzdk@vdkygr,f? +yD;cJhwJh q,fESpftwGif; usaemfwdk@ 'DtwGuf trsm;}uD; vkyfEdkifcJh=uw,f? usif;ycJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJawGrSm EdkifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_eJ@ +idrf;csrf;pGm tm%mv$Jajymif;r_awG jzpfay:cJhw,f? orw&Jtm%mrSm uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_awG &Sdvmw,f? ppfwyfeJ@

&Jwdk@u EdkifiHa&;rSm 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh r&Sdawmhbl;? 'g[m usm;uefxdef;nda&;pepf(checks and balances) yJ? ygvDrefeJ@ w&m;pD&ifa&;[m touf0ifvm+yD; vHk;0vGwfvyfr_ &Sdvmw,f? usaemfwdk@ajray:rSm Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ txGwftxdyf a&mufvmw,f?

'g[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh acgif;aqmifawG 0ifvdkuf xGuf


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,fvdkuf &Sdayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDpepfuawmh yHkrSefqufoGm;ae&r,f? 2014 ckESpf usaemf&Jorw 'kwd,oufwrf; +yD;qHk;wJhtcgrSm EdkifiHhta&;&mudpPawG[m yHkrSefqufoGm;ae

r,fvdk@ ar#mfvifh&ygw,f? 'g[m 'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufr_vuQ%mygyJ?

twGif;rSvmwJh tajymif;tvJ

usaemfwdk@EdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDu jynfwGif;rSm arG;zGm;aom 'Drdkua&pDjzpfygw,f?'Drdkua&pDudk jyifyuae twif;tusyf wifoGif;,lvdk@r&ygbl;? jynfwGif;rSm pGrf;tm;r&Sdtiftm;&if;jrpfr&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDrsm;[m EdkifiHa&;ysufqD;rdk;arSmifuszdk@ ta=umif;cHae

ygw,f?[kwfygw,f? usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pD[m e,fedrdwfjyifyrSm t&if;cHwJh 1997

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rESpfu ppfwrf;aumuf=unfhwJhtcg tif'dkeD;&Sm;jynfol (85)&mcdkifE_ef;uwdkif;jynf[m rSefuefwJhvrf;a=umif;qD OD;wnfaew,fvdk@,Hk=unfa=umif; azmfjyygw,f?vlxk[m acgif;aqmifeJ@jzpfjzpf twdkuftcHeJ@jzpfjzpf oabmxm;wlcsifrSwlr,f? olwdk@vkyfaeustwdkif; tpdk;&rl0g'awGudk a0zefcsifa0zefr,f? odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pDpepf tvkyfjzpfaew,fqdkwm olwdk@ESvHk;om;xJu ,Hk=unf+yD; 'Dpepftay: taumif;jrifpdwfxm;=uw,f? tif'dkeD&Sm;vdk 'Drdkua&pDtopftwGuf 'g[m tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f?&ifhusufwJh 'Drdkua&pDvuQ%mudk jyaeygw,f?

qdkvdkcsifwmu cifAsm;[m vlxkudk,Hk=unfw,fqdk&if cifAsm; b,fawmhrSrrSm;bl; qdkwmygyJ? q,fESpftwGif; usaemfwdk@vkyfcJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJoHk;cku wpHkw&moifay;wm &SdcJhw,fqdk&if/ tJ'guawmh rJay;olawGu EdkifiHa&;orm;awGxuf ydk yg;eyfw,f prwfusw,fqdkwmyg?

EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu npfywfwJhv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ yGJqlatmifvkyfr,f? vSnfhpm;r_trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ vlxkudk _yfaxG;atmif vkyfr,f? olwdk@tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;&efid;zGJ@r_awGudk

jynfolvlxkxJ o,fvmr,f? twdwfudkjyefoGm;zdk@ aoG;aqmif=ur,f? 'gayr,fh rJay;olrsm;[m olwdk@rJudk olwdk@ *kwpdkuf qHk;jzwfrJ ay;cJh=uwmygyJ? rJay;olawGrSm ynma&;pD;yGm;a&; aemufcHb,ftaetxm;&Sd&Sd a,bl,stm;jzifh tJ'Dtwdkif;vkyfcJh=uwmr,Hk=unfEdkifavmufp&myg?


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf+yD;cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ oHk;ckrSm tm;&zG,faumif;atmif vlxktrsm;tjym; rJay;

cJh=uw,f? rJu ray;rae& r[kwfaomfvnf; tif'dkeD;&Sm;awG&J rJay;r_&mcdkifE_ef; t&rf;

jrifhrm;cJhw,f? rJay;olwdkif;u olwdk@ay;wJhrJjym;eJ@ wdkif;jynftem*wf wdkufdkufqufpyfywfoufaew,fqdkwm odxm;w,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDrSm vlxktcGifhtm%mudk rzef;wD;ypfzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f? EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&Jtiftm;[m vlxktay:,Hk=unfr_jzpfw,f?

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tif'dkeD;&Sm;eJ@ urBmtESH@ wdkif;jynfawGrSm wHcg;zGifhr_/ tjrifrwlr_tay: onf;cHr_/ tpGef;ra&mufr_awGu 21 &mpk vl@,Ofaus;r_ jrifhrm;zdk@twGuf trSwfwHqdyfawGygyJ?vlom;ord

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tckcsdef[m ,Ofaus;r_rsm;=um; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ wnfaqmuf&r,fh tcsdefjzpfygw,f? 21 &mpkudk vlom;ordkif;twGuf taumif;qHk;&mpk jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifzdk@

usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f?

&nf!$ef;Journal of Democracy


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awmifudk&D;,m;onf ol@tdrfeD;csif; ajrmufudk&D;,m;ESifh tawmfudk jcm;em;vmcJh+yD? urBma&;&mrsm;wGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufvmonf? awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHom;wpfa,mufu ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf jzpfaeonf? vmrnfh *sD-20

pufr_xdyfoD;EdkifiHrsm; tpnf;a0;udk qdk;vfrd@awmfwGif usif;yvdrfhrnf? awmifudk&D;,m;uOa&myor*~ESifhvnf; vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ oabmwlnDcsufvufrSwfxdk;xm;+yD;jzpfonf?

'Dvdk pifay:ukd vG,fvG,feJ@ a&mufvmwmawmh r[kwf? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&JuH=urRmudk yx0Dtaexm;u tqHk;tjzwfay;onfqdkv#if awmifudk&D;,m;tajctaerSm csnfheJ@odrfi,fp&m? t+rJtm;ydifae=uonfh wkwf/ *syef/ k&Sm; r[mEdkifiH}uD; oHk;EdkifiHt=um;nyfaeonfh ydpdauG;a'oav;?

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vwfwavm *sD-20 EdkifiH}uD;rsm; ppfwrf;t& awmifudk&D;,m;onf urBmhtrsKd;om;tiftm; (ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;) tqifh 13 wGif&Sdvmonf? yg0gtrm pGrf;tm;&if;jrpfydkif;oufoufwGif tqifh 9 txd a&mufvmaomfvnf;/ yg0gtaysmh (softpower)wGifawmh tm;enf;ao;onf[k qdkygonf?

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&Jjrifhausmfaqmhzfyg0g/ prwfyg0gESifh acgif;aqmifr_


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfpGrf;aqmif&nfjrifhyg0gtaysmhxnfrsm; (soft power) rsm;ESifh xyfrHusm;uef aygif;pyfay;Edkif&vdrfhrnf?

awmifudk&D;,m;wGif aqmhzfyg0g tm;enf;ao;ayr,fh tvm;tvmawGawmh&SdESifhae+yD? ydkifqdkifEdkifatmifvnf; ud;yrf;ae=uonf? vlOD;a& oef;(50)cef@aom awmifudk&D;,m;wdk@u tdrfeD;csif;wkwf/ qlygyg0gtar&duwdk@ESifh olwdk@udkolwdk@ r=umr=umE_dif;,SOf=unfhavh&Sdonf? xdkbDvl;}uD;awGudk rSDEdkifzdk@qdkwm rvG,f? olwdk@ v$rf;rdk; udkifqkyfxm;onfh ppfa&;yg0gtrmrsm;udk vdkufzdk@rvG,f? wpfckawmh&Sdonf aqmhzfyg0gESifh vdkuf&ifaum ?

rjzpfEdkifwmr&Sd? udk&D;,m;xufydkao;vSonfh EdkifiHi,fav;awGu aqmhzf

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'ghxuf awmifudk&D;,m;wGif qGJaqmifEdkifonfh yifudk,fwefzdk;awG/ tawGtuHoifcef;pmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdxm;onf? 1960 wGif ol@EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;"eu tmz&du tcsrf;omqHk;EdkifiHjzpfonfh *gemESifh v,fA,fwljzpfonf? uae@ ESpfEdkifiH=um;tajctaeurdk;avmuf}uD; jcm;em;oGm;+yD?

tck&mpkopftpydkif;a&mufawmh awmifudk&D;,m;rSm urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tqifheHygwf(11)ae&mtxd a&mufvmonf? wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGu a':vm (15000) xuf ydkvm+yD? *sD-20 pufr_xdyfwef;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ta&;ygwJh tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmcJhonf? tifwmeufESifhowif;enf;ynmvkyfief;wGif OD;aqmifae&mygvm+yD; urBmausmf trSwfwHqdyf(brand)awG wifydk@vm+yD?

ydkta&;}uD;wmu uGJjym;onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsKd;rsKd;t=um; vGwfvyfaom

a&G;aumufyGJuae +idrf;csrf;pGm tm%mv$Jajymif;Edkifonfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf zGH@zd;EkdifcJhjcif;ygyJ?vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkEdkifcGifhudk tumtuG,f ay;vmEdkifjcif;ygyJ? tJ'Dwdk;wufr_u awmifudk&D;,m; aqmhzfyg0gjrifhwufzdk@ usdef;aovmaponf? a0zefaqG;aEG;Edkif+yD; yGifhvif;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sdvmjcif;u awmifudk&D;,m;udk urBmu rsufaphus


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,fvmrSm trSefjzpfonf?

awmifudk&D;,m;wGif tm;vHk;udk qGJaqmifEdkifonfh ta&Staemufaygif;pyf

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ajym&&if awmifudk&D;,m;onf aqmhzfyg0gxkwfvkyfzdk@ &if;jrpfawG&SdESifhae+yD?ordkif;wav#muf yx0Dtaetxm;a=umifh yg0gtrmuef@owfcHxm;&r_tajctae.

om;aumiftjzpfrcH? ukef;kef;azmufxGuf=uonf? &vm'fu awmifudk&D;,m;onf EdkifiHwumtifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumuGef,ufwdk@wGif t"duyg0ifEdkifrnfh EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udk yHkazmf'DZdkif;qifae+yDjzpfonf?

prwfyg0gawmifudk&D;,m;. aqmhzfyg0gtwGuf tonf;toefud;pm;aeyHkudk Oyrm

wifjy&jcif;rSm ta=umif;&Sdygonf? wu,fawmh ,ae@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDwpfck xdxda&mufa&muf atmifjrifzdk@qdkv#if yg0gtrmxnf/ taysmhxnfwdk@ESifh rvHkavmufao;yg?wdkif;jynfwdkif;u ay:vpDrdwfumrsm;taejzifh prwfyg0g (smart power) qdkwmudkudkifwwfzdk@ vdkvmonf? prwfyg0goGm;zdk@twGuf aqmhzfyg0g t&ifudkifwG,fEdkif&rnf?

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t&ifqHk; yg0g qdkwm jyefaumuf=unfhrnf? yg0gqdkwm wpfpHkwpfa,mufuol@tvdkqEN&Sdwm&zdk@ vkyfzdk@twGuf tjcm;olrsm;&J tytrltay: v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifwJh pGrf;&nfudk ac:onf [k *sKd;ZuftufpfEdkif;u zGifhqdkonf? yg0g&&Sdzdk@ tajccHenf;vrf;oHk;ck &S donf? twif;tusyfvkyfaqmifjcif; (coercion)/ aiGay;aqmif&Gufjcif;(payment)/ qGJaqmifjcif; (attraction) wdk@jzpfonf?

yg0gtrmu twif;tusyfzdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh aiGay;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@

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qkay;'%fay; (tcsKdau|; 'kwfay;) usifhoHk;wwf=uonf? ,cktcg rvHkavmufawmh?


19/84

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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf0g'jzef@enf;wGif qGJaqmifpnf;kH;zdk@/ rdrd,Ofaus;r_ESifh wefzdk;awGudk 0,f,lcsifatmif vkyfwwfzdk@awG vdkvmonf? yg0gtrmESifh taysmh ESpfckpvHk;aygif;pyf+yD; prwfr[mAsK[mawG

xkwfwwfzdk@ vdkvmonf?[Dvm&ifuvifwef prwfyg0gudk ajymae&onfrSm tar&dueftawG@tuH

oifcef;pmawGa=umifh jzpfonf? orwa*smh'AvsL,lbk&Sfonf ppfa&;yg0gtrmawGoHk;vGef; vufpm;acsvdkvGef;wJhtrSm;a=umifh tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD rsufESmyef;rvS jzpfcJh&+yD; pD;yGm;a&;uyfESifh yufyif;wdk;cJhonf?

wu,fawmh jyifyEdkifiHwdkif;u tar&duudk tvGef&efvdkrkef;xm;aeonfr[kwf? tar&duef aqmhzfyg0gwefzdk;rsm;jzpfonfh vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ tajccH

Oya'/ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD/ 'pfyvdkarpD/ aps;uGufpepf/ rdkufcdkaqmhzf/ rufa'ge,fvf/a[mvd0k'fkyf&Sif/ rD'D,m pwmawGudk vdkvdkcsifcsif vufcH,laecsdef jzpfonf? odk@aomfa*smhbk&Sfu tJ'D yg0gtaysmhrsm; t0,fvdkufatmifrvkyfbJ yg0gtrmawG t&rf; wifoGif;awmh tar&du udk,fusKd;enf;oGm;&onf?

odk@ESifhwdkif aqmhzfyg0gcsnf; jy\emtm;vHk; rajz&Sif;Edkif? ajrmufudk&D;,m;tm%m&Sif uif*sKHtD;qdkv#if a[mvd0k'fkyf&SifawG xdkif=unfhaeol? aps;t}uD;qHk; a&bifaeumrsufrSefudk rc|wfwrf;0wfol? 'gayr,fh 'DtaysmhxnfawGu ol@. EsLuvD;,m;&efvdkpdwfudk rajymif;vJypfEdkifao;? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG umuG,fjrifhwifzdk@u aoewfjzifhvnf; r+yD;? a&bifrsufrSefESifhvnf;r&? tm%m&SifopfawGudk udkifwG,fzdk@ prwfyg0g xGifoHk;zdk@ vdkvmonf?

prwfyg0g r[mAsK[mrsm;twGuf tajctaeta=umif;t&mrsm;udk qufpyfpOf;pm;Edkifonfh todynm m%f&nf m%faoG; (Contextual Intelligence)vdktyfygonf? CI u ay:vpDrdwfumrsm;twGuf prwfr[mAsK[mrsm; zefwD;Edkifzdk@ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_enf;vrf;awGay;rnf? CI u yg0gtrmxnfESifh taysmhxnfaygif;pyf+yD; r[mAsL[mopfxkwfay;rnf?

prwfyg0gudk udkifwG,ftoHk;csonfh acgif;aqmifaumif;onf vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;&Sd ya&mzuf&Sife,frsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; CI &atmifxkwfzdk@ jzpfonf? ppfa&;/oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@zd;r_/ jynfol@usef;rma&;/ vlr_u,fq,fa&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usiftajymif;tvJ ponfh udpPrsm;twGuf prwfyg0gudk ususee oHk;wwfzdk@ vdkrnf?

acgif;aqmifr_atmifjrifwJh 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufzdk@ tpdk;&/ twdkuftcHESifh t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; pdrfh0ifjyef@ESHaezdk@vdkrnf? CI u|rf;usifydkifEdkifr_prwfyg0gjzifh acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf? vG,fvG,fawmh r[kwf? dk;om;zdk@


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,foabmxm;}uD;zdk@ trSm;0efcH&Jzdk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwwfzdk@awGjzifh p+yD; wmxGufrS &rnf?

tajctaeESifh a=umif;usKd;qufpyfr_tay: a0zefydkif;jcm;Edkifzdk@ oif,lavhvm

jcif;jzifh ta&;ygonfh acgif;aqmift&nftcsif;rsm;udk &&SdEdkifrnf? acgif;aqmifr_ynmudktar&duefppfwyfu pum;vHk;oHk;vHk;jzifhajymonf? &dSzdk@/ odzdk@/ vkyfzdk@ (be, know,do) [k qdkonf? be u tawG@tuHESifh oifwef;x&defeifwdk@rS &&Sdxm;aom udk,fusifhpdkufESifh wefzdk;wdk@udk &nf!$ef;onf?know u x&defeifrS &&Sdaom u|rf;usifwwfajrmufr_ ESifh a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;udk qdkvdkonf?do u vkyfief;cGiftwGif; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_udk&nf!$ef;onf?

tar&duefppfwyfwGif vkyfief;wpfckaqmif&Guf+yD;wdkif; jyefvnfoHk;oyfppfaq;

r_awG vkyf&onf? olwdk@u (after action reviews) vdk@ ac:=uonf? acgif;aqmifvkyfr,fholonf t&ifaqmif&GufcJholrsm;. &v'f/ tawG@tuHESifh trSm;wdk@rS oifcef;pmxkwf,lwwf&rnf? udk,fha&SuvlawG. trSm;udk ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;axmufxm;+yD; rwdk@&Jrxd&J zHk;zd rxm;tyf? trSm;udk razmfxkwf&Jjcif;onf acgif;aqmifae&mESifh rxdkufwefovdk vuf&Sdvkyfief;tay: rdk;om;jcif;/ vufatmufi,fom;tay: opPmazmufjcif;jzpfonf?

acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufrSm yxrqHk; aqmhzfyg0gt&nftaoG;&Sdaezdk@ vdkrnf?aqmhzfyg0gt&nftcsif;rsm; r&Sdv#if OD;wnf&mrJh+yD; tkyfpkpGrf;tm; zef;wD;&ma&mufonf?acgif;aqmifr_ynmonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfvkyfief; wcGifwjyifvHk;twGuf ta&;ygonf?EdkifiHom;wdkif;uvnf; acgif;aqmifaumif;ESifh tqdk; cGJjcm;avhvmEdkifzdk@ oif,l&rnf?tajcmufwdkuf tajymaumif;kH emrnf}uD;kHESifh txif}uD;ae=uvdk@ rjzpf? &mxl;ae&mESifhwm0ef/ tusifh/ todwdk@ xdkufwef&Jvm; apmifh=unfhae&rnf?

tem*wf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifaumif;avmif;rsm;onf ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mvkyfief;u|rf;usifr_ yg0gtrmrsm;udk avhvm&rSmjzpfovd

k/ owif;qufoG,fa&; Apf&Sif

rpf&SifIQ, EQ pwJh yg0gtaysmhawGudk oif,lxm;&rnf? taysmhtrmaygif;pyf+yD; qlygacgif;aqmifjzpfatmif prwfyg0gudk wGifus,fpGm jzef@usuf toHk;csEdkif&ygrnf?

uae@acwfonf *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;ESifh owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;acwfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rdrdEdkifiH e,fedrdwftjyifbufxd ausmfvGefOD;aqmifEdkifzdk@ ud;yrf;&ygrnf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHodk@ csDwufrnfh EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifhvnf; tnmtjzef;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS a&Smifava0;a0;jzpfatmif/ acwfuawmif;qdkaom acgif;aqmifaumif;

oabmobm0 vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tpOfwpdkufavhvmaezdk@ vdktyfygrnf?

&nf!$ef;Get Smart by Joseph S. Nye

Learning to Lead by Joseph S. Nye


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,ck 21&mpk yxrq,fpkESpfrSm urBmh'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tm;

wufaysmf&$ifp&m odyfr&SdvSyg? +yD;cJhwJh 20&mpk aemufqHk; ESpftpdwftwGif;rSm urBmhtESH@'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufr_ pef;yGifhr_awG ruHzl;atmif &SdcJhayr,fhvnf;/ tck&mpkopftprSm

awmh 'Drdkua&pDvqkwf&ufawGeJ@ pdwfysufzG,ftwd jzpfae&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDysHESH@r_awGtaiG@ys,foGm;+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD qkwf,kwfusqif;r_ t&dyfta,mifawGudkawmif jrifawG@vm=u&ygw,f?

&mpkopftprSm 2000ckESpf qmbD;,m;&J bl;'dkZm (bulldozer) / 2003 a*sm*sD,m&J ESif;qD/ 2004 ,lu&def;&J vdarRmf/ 2005 um*spfpwefu usL;vpfyf(tulip) qdkwJhaoG;rxGufaom ta&mifawmfvSefa&; (colour revolution)atmifyGJawGjzifh 'Drdkua&pDar#mfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnfoef;cJhygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSmudkyJ aemufydkif;

pdwfysufp&mawGu wyHkwyif ay:xGufvmygw,f?wzufu tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGuvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;eJ@ t&yfbuf vl@tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;cGifae&m (space) rSefor# tukefydwfqdk@vm+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDudkaemufjyefdkufcsufawG/ jyefwGef;r_awG (backlash pushback) ydkvkyf vm=uygw,f?

'gudkyJ ynm&Sif vm&D'dkif;rGef;u wurBmvHk; pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;r_dif;usqif;r_pum;vHk;udk ,loHk;&if; 'Drdkua&pD xdkif;r_dif;usqif;r_(democratic recession) umvvdk@zGifhqdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDae&mrSm tm%m&Sifrsm; yJhudkifwJh t&if;&Sif (authoritarian

capitalism) pepfwpfck acgif;axmifvmaew,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wkef;u tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGudk 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;

ajymif; zefwD;ay;r,fh =um;cHtajctaewpfcktjzpf EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;u jrifcJh=uygao;w,f? t"du uawmh xdkif0rf/ awmifudk&D;,m; pwJh tpdk;&ydkif;u pajymif;vmwJhtm&Susm;awG&J yHkpHawGa=umifhvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? aemufydkif;awmh wkwf/ k&Sm;eJ@ ta&Stv,fydkif;u tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&awGu tm%mudk ydkuspfuspfqkyfxm;Edkifzdk@/tm%m&Sifpepf qufvuf&Sifoefzdk@ aemufqHk;ay: enf;ynmaygif;pHk oHk;vmygw,f?

vuf&SdtajctaerSm tm%m&SifawGu rmrmxefxefkef;uGae=uovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tzdk@vnf; tE W&m,fcvkwfuefoif;awGudk trsm;}uD;ausmfv$m;=u&ygOD;r,f? qdk&&if ,cktcg tm%m&Sifrsm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;t=um;tm;ydifyGJawGu ydkonf;xef+yD; ynmom; ykdygvmaeygw,f?

vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD ESifh twGif;tEW&m,fESpfyg;&JEG,frdk;


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,fodk@aomf ta=umif;aumif;wmu 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pDtDaewJh umvqdk;}uD;yifjzpf

vifhupm; tcdkiftrmwnf&Sd+yD;om; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; tm%m&SifpepfqD jyefOD;vSnfh

roGm;jcif;ygyJ? txl;ojzifh *sD'DyDt& wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGjrifhEdkifiHrsm;Y 'Drdkua&pDu }uHhckdifaeqJyg? 'Drdkua&pDudk wpfurBmvHk; rusifhoHk;Edkifao;onfhwdkif 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHeJ@'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGudkawmh tpm;xdk;zG,fr&Sd vufcHae=u&ygao;w,f?

b,fvdktaetxm;rSmyJjzpfjzpf 'Drdkua&pD&J w&m;0ifr_yHkpHudkawmh tm%m&Sifrsm;yifv#if ay:wifrjiif;0Hhwm/ vufcHxm;&wmawG&Sdygw,f? 20 &mpktwGif;rSmvnf;taemufuvmwJh jynfolvlxktwGuf jynfolvlxkua&G;cs,fwJh tpdk;&yHkpHudk rwfpf0g'/pwmvif&J qdkAD,uf/ armf&J wkwf/ umpxdk&J usL;bm;eJ@ qef'DeDpwm&J eDum&m*Gg

wdk@rSmawmif tyfa=umif;xyfatmif ajymcJh aqG;aEG;cJh=u&ygw,f?uae@ 'Drdku&ufwpfurBmrSmudkyJ k&Sm;/ wkwf/ tD&ef tpdk;&rsm;&Jvdkif;udk

ay:ay:wifwif axmufcHr_ay;wmrsKd;u &Sm;ygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHrsm;tay: udkifwG,fwJhtaemufeJ@ tar&duefay:vpDawGudk rESpfcdufvdk@ a0zef&ifom &Sdr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&Jtdkif'Dtdkavmf*sDeJ@ w&m;0ifr_yHkpHudkawmh tjywfjiif;cswm &SdcJygw,f?

odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpH[m ajcmufjypfuif;awmh r[kwfyg? taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSmudk EdkifiHa&;tay: tpmra=uolawGu wpfae@wpfjcm; 'keJ@a';yg? txl;ojzifhEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&J avmfrmjcpm;r_awGudk txifao;vm&if;u 'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGtay: ,Hk=unfr_avsmhusvmygw,f? aumfydka&;&Sif;awGu EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk ud;udkifcs,fvS,fxm;w,f? tvkyfvufrJh/ vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usifudpPawGrSm tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_rvdkwJh rif;rJh0g' (anarchism) txdacgif;pOfjyefwif aqG;aEG;ajymqdkvmwmawG &Sdygw,f?

'Dvdktaetxm;rSmudkyJ 'Drdkua&pD[m tpm;xdk;zG,fr&Sdjzpfaeao;w,f?+Adwdo# eef;&if;0ef 0ifpwefcsmcsD ajymzl;wmawmh &S

dygw,f? 'Drd

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tpdk;&yHkpH jzpfEdkifyg&J/ 'gayr,fh tjcm;tpdk;&yHkpHtm;vHk;uawmh ol@xuft&if wcsdef+yD;wcsdef urf;ukefatmif qdk;cJh=u+yD;om; vdk@ qdkcJhwmyg?

'ga=umifh tck q,fpkESpfoHk;ckavmuftwGif; tHhrcef;wdk;wufvmwJh wkwfyHkpH[m toGiful;ajymif;p EdkifiHrsm;twGuf oifcef;pm&,lp&mrsm;ayr,fh/ pH yHkpH trSefvrf;a=umif;rsKd;awmh r[kwfyg? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGtaeeJ@vnf; bufjyefacguf+yD; wkwfyHkpHvdkufwkp&m bmta=umif;rsKd;rS r&Sdyg? 'Drdkua&pD qef;vmbfaumif;csdef r[kwfvdk@awmh

wygwDtm%m&Sift&if;&SifyHkpHqD jyefoGm;p&m rvdktyfyg?

vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD 'dGobm0'Drdkua&pD&J vuf&Sdaqmif&GufEdkifr_ taetxm;/ t&nftaoG;tay: wurBm


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfvHk; tm;&auseyfr_ odyfr&Sd=ubl;qdkwm rSefygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf urBmh'Drdkua&pDwnf+rJa&; a&Sc&D;twGuf armf'ef'Drdkua&pD&J oabmobm0udk jyefajc&maumufxm;

rdzdk@ vdktyfygr,f?'Drdkua&pDrSm _yfaxG;&Snfvsm;wJh ordkif;a=umif;eJ@ t,ltq&Sdygw,f? a&S;*&d

a0g[m& &if;jrpftqdkt& 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm jynfolvlxk&Jtkyfpdk;r_ (odk@) tm%m(the rule or power of the people) ygyJ? ,ae@ acwfydif zGifhqdkcsuft&awmh vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJuae rJtEdkif&oltrsm;pk&J pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_ (the rule of themajority) udk qdkvdkygw,f?

odk@aomf tEdkif&ol trsm;pktkyfcsKyfjcif;[m rsufarSmufacwf 'Drdkua&pDudk

rxif[yfbl;vdk@vnf; ,lq=uygw,f? [pfwvm&J emZD*smr%DeJ@ tD&efu oDtdkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;[m vlxk&JaxmufcHr_ ykHatm&cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? rJ 51 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sdolvltrsm;pku usef 49 &mE_ef;udk ESdyfpufowfjzwfcGifh&r,fhyHkpHudk 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vdk@b,fvdkac:EdkifrvJ?

uae@ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vdk@ ajymqdk&nf!$ef;wJhtcg/ vlwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;rsm;eJ@vlenf;pktcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;EdkifwJh tpdk;&udk qdkvdkygw,f? wenf;qdk&&iftpdk;&[m EdkifiHom;rsm;&J wOD;csif;ydkifcGifh vpfbmwDrsm;udk tmrcHay;&ygr,f? 'DtmrcHEdkifr_awGudkvnf; w&m;0ifa&;om;xm;wJh tajccHOya'rSm xnfhoGif;azmfjy=u&ygr,f?

'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm tpdk;&&JtkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk uef@owfxm;&r,f? tpdk;&udk Oya'eJ@tnD tkyfcsKyfr_ (the rule of law) &Sdatmif xdef;csKyfxm;&ygr,f? tJ'D'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD (odk@) tajccHOya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfaom 'Drdkua&pD(constitutional democracy) vdk@ ac:ygw,f?

vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDrSm wpfckeJ@wpfckqufEG,faewJh tydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sdygw,f?vpfbmwDqd

kwJ

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hta&;rsm; (individual rights) eJ@ rJtEd

kif&ol vltrsm;

pdk;rdk;r_ (majority rule) wdk@ygyJ? vpfb&,feJ@'Drdkua&pD ESpfydkif;aygif;pyfxm;ygw,f?oDtdk&Daum vufawG@rSmyg aygif;pyfajymwm usifhoHk;wm&Sdovdk/ cGJjcm;ajymwm usifhoHk;wmawG &Sdygw,f?

armf'ef'Drdkua&pDrwdkifrD rdjyEdkifiHi,fav;awGrSm 'Drdkua&pD&Sdayr,fh wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;tumtuG,fay;r,fh vpfb&,fr&Sdyg? vpfb&,fr&Sdvdk@ *&dynm&Sif aqmhua&;wD;[m 'Drdkua&pDrdjyEdkifiHwpfckrSm tqdyfcGufudkaomuf tqHk;pD&ifcH&wm jzpfw,f?

'Drdkua&pD&Sdyg&J vpfb&,fr&dS?tajccHOya'eJ@oGm;wJh Oa&myu oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepftcsKdusawmh vpfb&,f&Sdw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD r&Sdygbl;? +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_atmufrSmaecJhwkef;u a[mifaumifqdk&ifvnf; wOD;csif; vpfb&,ftrsm;}uD; &&Sdayr,fh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm 0ifygcGifh/


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,f'Drdkua&pD,E W&m;vnfywfcGifh r&=uygbl;?

'gayr,fh 'Duae@urBmrSm rJtEdkif&oltrsm;pk pdk;rdk;r_eJ@ vlwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;

umuG,fr_/ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;umuG,fr_[m twdkiftazmufnDnD oGm;&ygr,f? yHkrSefusif;ywJh vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;u wufvmr,fh rJtrsm;&ol tkyfcsKyfol[mwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;udk ydkrdkapmifha&Smuf tumtuG,fay;Edkif&ygr,f? 'Duae@tcgajym=uwJh 'Drdkua&pD[m rJ&olvltrsm;pk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifhudkom qdkvdkwm r[kwfyg?wOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vlenf;pktcGifhta&; umuG,fr,fh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD (odk@)tajccHOya'eJ@tnDoGm;r,fh 'Drdkua&pDudk qdkvdkygw,f?

'ga=umifh armf'ef'Drdkua&pD[m 'Gdobm0&Sdygw,f? wbufu rJ&oltrsm;pk

u tkyfcsKyfr_ (popular rule)&Sdr,f? tjcm;wbufrSmu wOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vlenf;pktcGifhta&; rcsKd;azmufa&;qdkwJh trsm;pkv$rf;rdk;r_udk qef@usifwJh t*Fg&yfrsm; (anti-majoritarian features) &Sdaer,f? tJ'D vm;&mqef@usifbuf rsKd;uGJobm0ESpfckaygif;pyfxm;wJh tpdk;&yHkpH[m acwfopf vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygyJ?

vlxktusKd;y0g'vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD[m rJ&oltrsm;pk v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfa&;uwpfbuf/ wOD;

csif; tcGifhta&; vlenf;pktcGifhta&;uwpfbuf tJ'D ESpfbuf=um; atmifjrifwJh r#ajc&Sdatmif xdef;zdk@ vdktyfygr,f? odk@aomf tJ'Dr#ajcudk zsufqD;ypfEdkifwJh ta=umif;w&m;ESpfyg; &Sdygw,f?

yxr wpfcsufuawmh wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;eJ@ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;awGudktumtuG,fay;zdk@ ysufuGufwJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;ygyJ? ta[mtajymaumif;aumif;eJ@ rJtrsm;qHk;&+yD; atmufajcvlxktusKd; &nfar#mfvkyfr,fqdkwJh ay: jyLvpfZif(populism)[m vpfb&,f'Drd

kua&pDud

kysufjym;apwwfygw,f? 'kwd,wpfcsufu wOD;csif;tcGif

hta&; tvGeftu|Hawmif;/ trsm;pkrJudkqef@usifwJh tpGef;a&mufA[k0g' (radicalpluralism) uvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&,E W&m;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ysufjym;apygr,f?

t&ifqHk; twGif;tEW&m,fwpfyg;jzpfwJh ay: jyLvpfZifudk aqG;aEG;csifygw,f?ay: jyLvpfZif&J &nf&G,fcsufu omrefatmufajcvlxkawG&J tusKd;udk aqmif&Gufay;zdk@ jzpfw,f? ay: jyLvpfZif[m q,fhudk;&mpk aESmif;ydkif;avmufuwnf;u &SdcJh+yD;/ ESpfq,f&mpk&J vufwiftar&du ygwDawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ay: jyLvpf0g'D vufudkifyolawG

vdk@ qdkygw,f?'Duae@ jyefvnfazmfaqmifaeolrsm;uawmh AifeDZGJvm;u [l*dkcsmAwf/ ol@udktwkcdk;wJh bdkvDAD;,m;u tDAdkarmfa&;eJ@ tDuGma'gu &mz,faumfa&;&m;wdk@ygyJ? Oa&myrSmawmh vuf,mygwD EdkifiHa&;orm;awGjzpfwJh =op}wD;,m;u a,mf[dkuf'g/ jyifopfu


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf*|efrmvDyef;wdk@u ay: jyLvpfawGyg? xdkif;EdkifiHu ywfoGm;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqif&SDem0gx&mudkvnf; ay: jyLvpfvdk@ orkwf=uygw,f?

ay: jyLvpfZifqdkwm tcGifhxl;cHa&ay:qD vl@rvdkiftkyfpkudk qef@usif+yD;/ omrefatmufajcvlxk&J tusKd;pD;yGg;/ ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ cHpm;csufwdk@udk azmfaqmifay;wJh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfygw,f? ay: jyLvpfawG[m w&m;0iftm%m&zdk@twGuf atmufajcvlxkudkpkkH;odrf;oGif;jcif;/ jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,ljcif;awGeJ@ vlxk'Drdkua&pDatmf+yD; trsm;pkrJ&atmif vkyfaqmifygw,f? odk@aomf olwdk@tm%m&wJhtcg wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pktcGifhta&;awGudk *krpdkuf/ tpdk;&tzGJ@tay: uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_ (checks and balances)r&Sdawmhatmif jzpfukefygw,f?

'ga=umifh ay: jyLvpfZif[m 'Drdkua&pDudk udk,fpm;yayr,fh vpfb&,fvpfZifeJ@ tajccHOya'udkawmh ypfy,f xif&mpdkif;vmcsifygw,f? Oy"dkyfaumif;aumif;eJ@usatmif a[majymwJh [D;dk;rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ tm%m&vmayr,fh wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;udk acgif;xJrxnfhbJ vGwfxGufoGm;=uygw,f? atmufajcynmrJhawGudkpnf;kH;+yD; olwdk@ =oZmt&Sdeft0g}uD;vmwmeJ@tr# vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtwGuf uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusoGm;ygr,f?

tpGef;a&muf A[k0g'vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk rwnfr+idrf jzpfapEdkifwJh 'kwd,tcsufuawmh A[k

0g' udk,fwdkifyJ jzpfygw,f? A[k0g' (pluralism) qdkwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; tkyfpk}uD;wpfpk ygwD}uD;wpfck&J Akdvfusr_ {uoabmudk a&Smif&Sm;+yD;/ vlrsKd;pHkbmompHk EdkifiHa&;0g'pHk +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifr_udk qdkvdkygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHzd;wdk;wufr_uaewqifh ,Ofaus;r_ya'ompHko[Zmw jzpfzdk@ tav;xm;wJh0g' jzpfygw,f?

odk@aomf +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfawGrSm vlenf;pkawGu udk,fh,Ofaus;r_tarGa[mif;awG dk;&mtpOfvma[mif;awGudk tvGeftu|H jyefwifzufwG,fvm=uygw,f? acwfeJ@tH0ifaygif;pyf,lzdk@ rud;pm;bJ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tpGef;a&mufA[k0g'(radical pluralism)tjzpf azmfaqmifvmygw,f? tJ'D rlrrSefwJh tpGef;a&muf a&Sm@cfu vpfb&,ftwGufa&m 'Drdkua&pDtwGufyg tE W&m,f}uD;ygw,f?

,Ofaus;r_udpP dk;&mtarGa[mif;zufwG,fa&;udpP aZmif;ay;vGef;wJh tpGef;

a&muf tkyfpkwpfpk tiftm;}uD;xGm;vm&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;u tjcm;vlrsKd;pkawGwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;awGeJ@ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifyGJawG wef;pDxGufvmygr,f? 'g@xuf tpGef;a&muf vlrsKd;pkudpP wifvGef;wm[m 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fr,fh jynfol@tpdk;&(self-government) tajccHtkwfjrpfawGudkyg csdeJ@oGm;apwwfygw,f?


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,foufao om"u aumif;awGuawmh abmhZeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*dkAD;em;rSm

'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifzdk@ud;pm;&if; awGuHcJh&wJh aoG;acsmif;pD;r_awGygyJ? vlrsKd;pk}uD;u

zdESdyfvmwJhtcgrSm/ oHo,pdwfawG}uD;vm+yD; b,fae&ma&mufa&muf t+rJcGJxGufzdk@ud;pm;wJh tpGef;a&muftpPvmrftkyfpkrsKd;awG ay:xGufvmygw,f? Zmwdykna[mif;awG&Gwfzwfo&Z,f zufwG,f=u&if; udk,fhzmom acsmifydwfrd+yD; acwfeJ@rsufajcjywfusef&pf=uygw,f?

vpfb&,frJh 'Drdkua&pDtpGef;a&muf tpPvmrftkyfpkrsm;uvGJvdk@ rJtEdkif&oltrsm;pk&J tpdk;&zGJydkifcGifh

udk 'Duae@ ajAmifjiif;qdkwmrsKd;awmh r&Sdvdk@qdk&ygr,f? odk@aomf ppfat;acwf+yD;uwnf;u'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; 'Dbdwftay: tajcwifajymqdkr_awG &Sdvmygw,f?

txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfr#wwJha&G;aumufyGJuae ay:xGufvmwwfwJh vpfb&,frJh'Drdkua&pD (illiberal democracy) udkyg? Eke,fwJh toGiful;ajymif;p 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJu wufvmwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m wOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;rsm;eJ@ tajccHOya'rsm;udk azmufzsufypfwwfygw,f?vpfb&,frJh 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfygw,f? [pfwvmwdk@ rDvdkqDApf wkd@[ma&G;aumufyGJjynfol@rJtjywftowfeJ@ wufvmolrsm;jzpf+yD; wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;vpfb&,f vpfvsK_olrsm;ygyJ?

tjcm;wbufu taumif;jrif=unfh&ifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;zdk@ud;pm;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfatmif t&ifvkyf&rSmyJjzpfygw,f? ta[maumif;ol/ vlxkpdwfqGJv_yfEdkifol/ vlxk=um;aygufol/ acgif;aqmifa[mif;om;orD;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif pwJholrsm; t&if wmpm;OD;rSmygyJ? 'gawGeJ@t&ifppfzdeyfatmufu kef;xGufprSm uHawG@jzwfoef;=u&ygOD;r,f?

vpfb&,fvpfZiftwGuf tE W&m,f[m t&ifuvdk ab;uvmr,fh uGefjrLepf0g'rsKd;xuf/ ol@twGif;u ay: jyLvmvpfZifeJ@ tvGeftu|HA[k0g'rsKd;awGu vmygr,f?odk@aomf yHkrSefusif;ywJh 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJawGeJ@ rdrdudk,fjyefjyif jyefoEdkifwJhpepfself-correcting mechanism jzpfwmrdk@ a&&SnfrSm wOD;csif;vpfb&,ftcGifhta&;rsm;udktumtuG,fay;Edkifaumif;ygw,f? vpfb&,frsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDuae vlvGefrom;rsm; ay:xGufrvmatmif apmifh=unfhxdef;csKyfzdk@ tm;xkwf=u&ygr,f?

&nf!$ef;Populism, Pluralism, and Liberal Democracy by Marc F. Plattner

Democratic Recession by Larr Diamond


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t&if;&Sifopfqkdonf rnfonfukd &nf!$ef;xm;oenf;? Tpmpkukdem;vnf&eftwGuf Ta0g[m&ukd yxr&Sif;vif;cJh&rnf? t&if;&SifopfqkdonfrSm Neoliberalism

ukd jrefrmhem;ESifh qDavsmfatmif jrefrmr_yvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? Neo.t"dyg,frSm topf/Liberalism . t"dyg,fudkrl t&if;&Sif[k vG,fulatmif bmomjyefay;vkdufonf?TtwGuf ta=umif;&Sdygonf?

t&if;&Sifrsm;u ,cktcg olwkd@ukd,folwkd@ 'Drkdua&pD[k t+rJajymae=uonf?odk@aomf olwkd@'Drkdua&pD. aemufuG,fwGifLiberalismu v#Kd0Sufvufv#Kd ud;ukdifxm;onf? xkd@a=umifhLiberalismukd t&if;&Sif[kyif jrefrmqefqef jrefrmjyefvkdufonf? Tae&mwGif oifcef;pm,lp&mwpfckukd xm;yacsrd/ igh0ef&SdcJh [laom tif;0

acwf pmqkdausmf &Sifr[m&om&. pmom;tvm; &Sif;jyajymjycJh&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[kcHpm;rdonf? ,if;rSmtjcm;r[kwf

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1? 'Drkdua&pD2? vpfb&,f3? eD,kdvpfb&,fvpfZif4? eD,kdvpfb&,ftvGef [k jzpfonf?rdrdwkd@taejzifh tqifh (3) qifhyif aemufusae+yD[k qkdcsifonf? owdynm

uyfI aqmif&ef/ a&Smif&efwkd@ukd tcsdefrDyvkyfEkdif&ef apwemoufoufjzifhom azmfjyvkdufygonf? twWpGJr&Sdyg?

yxrt&m,f - tv#Hy,ft&m,f

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t&if;&Sifopf. tEW&m,fig;&yft&if;&Sifopf. tEW&m,fig;&yft&if;&Sifopf. tEW&m,fig;&yft&if;&Sifopf. tEW&m,fig;&yft&if;&Sifopf. tEW&m,fig;&yf

ormorwf


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trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftvif;&eH@*sme,ftusKd;qufrSm zG@Hzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;Y tauG;rsm;w&pf+yD;w&pf xyfaqmif;rsm;jym;

vmjcif;jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfrsm;/ ajr,maps;E_ef;rsm;/ touftmrcHvkyfief;

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TonfrSm wu,fjzpfae/ &Sdaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;b0ukd +cdrf;ajcmufr_ jzpfoGm;onf? T+cdrf;ajcmufr_udk a&Smif&Sm;ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vlxktwGuf vsmxm;aom aiGrsm;rSzJh,lvkduf&onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkyifv#if a':vmbDvD,H (2000) ,lokH;vkduf

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zG@Hzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;u twk,lzkd@ ud;pm;aeonf? 2030 wGifwurBmvkH; um;tpD;a& wpfbDvD,HrS ESpfbDvD,Htxd wdk;vmrnf? ay:vpDrsm;ukd rajymif;vJEdkifygu urBmukd um;rSxGufaom tqdyftawmufrD;ckd;aiG@rsm;u tEkdif&oGm;rnf? xkdtcg urBmhobm0ywf0ef;usifukdxdef;odrf;zkd@ rjzpfEkdifoavmuf cufcJoGm;rnf?

t&if;tESD;jrKyfESHr_tay: rdKify tm;xm;vGef;aom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;twGufTorm;kd;usenf;onf tcsdef(2)ESpfr#om usefawmhonf? (2)ESpfxufausmfvGefygu&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_aiGa=u; av#mhcsypf&awmhrnf? t&if;&Sifopftay:rDSckdae&aom zG@Hzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf t&if;tESD;&p&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmhay? Tvpf[mr_twGuf ajz&Sif;r_rSm


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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfzG@Hzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf t_H;om tajz&Sdonf? ynma&;u/ usef;rma&;u/ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;u/ ,Ofaus;r_uwdk@wGif vkHavmufaom aiGa=u;yrm%

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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfonf? xkdr#ruao;? tar&duefESifh taemufEkdifiHrsm;ukd enf;rsKd;pkHESifhwkdufckdufaomt=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm;vnf; ay:vmaeonf?

a&o,HZmw/ ajro,HZmw/ yifv,fjyifoGm;vma&;/ a$ajymif;aexkdifa&;/ynma&;/ aiGa=u;jrKyfESHr_/ ,Ofaus;r_xdef;odrf;a&;/ pum;ukefajym&v#if t&if;&Sifopf.wckcsif;pDESifh tm;vkH;wkd@onf wpfbufY EkdifiHtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf t*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfaeouJhodk@tjcm;wpfbufY wurBmvHk;twkdif;twmESifh t=urf;zufr_twGuf ukef=urf;rsm; jzpfaeonf? Tum; wu,fhydyuQyif? t&if;&Sifopf. vlr_b0vkHcHr_r&Sdawmhjcif; tE&m,f- t&if;&Sifopf. yOPrtE&m,fjzpfawmhonf?

t&if;&Sifopf(neoliberalism) . tEW&m,f}uD;ig;&yfukd vG,fultjrif&Sif;

oGm;ap&ef atmufygtwkdif; twkdcsKH;vkdufygonf?1? ypPnf;rsm;tv#Hy,fydkaomfvnf; wu,fY vlxku rokH;&? t&if;&Sif. t_H;jyaiGa=u;ukd vlxkxHrSom xyfrHE_duf,lonf?2? o,HZmwrsm;udk vufvGwfpy,fokH;pJGaoma=umifh jzpfvmonfhqkd;usKd;rsm;twGufajz&Sif;enf;tjzpf EdkifiHi,frsm;twGif; EdkifiH}uD;rsm;u &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ rwefwq avsmhcsvkdufjcif;? EdkifiHi,frsm; rJGonfxufrJGoGm;+yD; ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@ yxrY vkH;yg;yg;/ aemufY aysmufuG,foGm;rnfhtE W&m,f &Sdaeonf?3? tEkjrLpGrf;tifukd pufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y tpm;xkd;vkyfudkifjcif;a=umifh tvkyfvufrJhrsm;aygrsm;vm+yD; jynfwGif;Ya&m t&if;&SifurBm. jynfyEkdifiHi,frsm; twGif;Yyg vl@tzJG@tpnf;udk xdef;a=umif;pkpnf;ay;aom tESpftom; tap;rsm; ys,foGm;+yD; vl@tzJG@tpnf;onf zkdz&J Ekdif&mpm;/ yduJGysufpD;r_okd@ OD;wnfaom vl@tzJG@tpnf; jzpfoGm;rnf?4? acwfpm; tm;xm;ae&aom 'Drkdua&pDonf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;om ta&twGuftm;jzifh rsm;onfxuf rsm;vm+yD; vufawG@Y ar#mfrSef;onfh&vm'frsm;r&/ wvJGwacsmfab;'kuQrsm; jzpfukefonf?5? t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk ae&mtES@H t&if;&Sifopf (neoliberalismokd@r[kwf taemufEkdifiH}uD;rsm;. 21 &mpk 'Drkdua&pD) u arG;zGm;ay;vkdufovkd jzpfoGm;onf? vlxktwGufrnfonfhae&mrS vkHcHr_r&Sdawmh?

txufyg tcsufig;csufukd wpfa=umif;wnf;csKHIa&;&v#if t&if;&Sifopf(neoliberalism) csay;aomvrf;a=umif;rSm vlxktwGuf i&Jokd@ OD;wnfaeaomvrf;a=umif; jzpfaeonf?

&nf!$ef;"The Crisis of Neoliberalism", Development Dialogue No. 51/ January 2009


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19 &mpk tapmydkif;avmufrSm rif;rJh0g'udk ynmwwftcsKdu pdwf0ifpm;pGmodyHenf;us wnfaqmufzdk@ tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@nD!Gwf

atmif raygif;pyfEdkifcJhayr,fh pdwful;,Of0g'oufoufawmh r[kwfcJhygbl;? urBmh tvkyform;xkeJ@ jynfolawGtay: tenf;eJ@trsm; =oZmoufa&mufr_awmh &SdcJhygw,f? 1864ckESpf pufwifbm(28)&ufae@rSm yxrtifwmae&Sife,f(First International)vdk@ ac:wJhurBmhtvkyform;or*~rsm;tzJG@csKyf}uD;(International Workingmen's Association)IWA udk t*FvefrSm zJG@pnf;awmh +Adwdo#or*~vdk pD;yGm;a&;oD;oef@0g'eJ@ vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHa&;t,ltq&SdolawG/ qGpfZmvefvdk vlr_a&;0g'orm;awG/ b,fvf*sD,HEdkifiHvdkwOD;csif; t&if;tESD;ydkifqdkifa&;0g'DawG/ jyifopfvdk tjyeftvSefdkif;yif;ulnDa&;0g'cH,lol

awGeJ@twl k&Sm;rS bmuleif(Bakunin) (1814-76) OD;aqmifwJh rif;rJh0g'DawG yg0ifcJhygw,f? 'DtzJG@csKyf}uD;rSm um;vfrwf jyifqifa&;qJGwJh taxGaxGvkyfief;pOfrl}uD;udk vufcHtwnfy jymef;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?

1870 ckESpfrSmawmh rwf0g'orm;awGeJ@ rif;rJh0g'orm;awG=um; 0g'a&;&mwdkufyJGawG ay:aygufcJhw,f? yJ&pfuGefjrL;udk ta=umif;y+yD; oabmxm;awG uJGvJGcJhwmyg? 'D tzJG@csKyf}uD; IWA [m avmavmq,ftm;jzifh tvkyform;wdk@&J epfemcsufrsm;eJ@tcGifhta&;qHk;_H;aer_wdk@twGuf udk,fpm;ywdkufyJG0ifaewJh A[dkXmecsKyfwckom r[kwfbJaemiftem*wfrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;/ EdkifiHa&;tm%meJ@ qdk&S,fvpfvlr_taqmufttHkopf xlaxmifa&;twGuf tajccHpnf;Hk;a&;eJ@ avhusifhynmay;a&; A[dkody`Hausmif;}uD;wckvnf; jzpfw,fvdk@ um;vfrwfu wifjycJhygw,f? yJ&pfuGefjrL;[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&J vufawG@awmfvSefa&;oabmeJ@ pGrf;&nfowWdudk jrifhwifay;&r,fvdk@vnf;a=unmcsufrSm xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJhygw,f? 'DtcsufawGudkta=umif;y+yD; aemufydkif;rSm jyifopf,dkif;yif;ulnDa&;0g'DawG/ +AdwdefvGwfvyfaomEdkifiHa&;t,ltqcH,lolawG

eJ@vnf; oabmxm;uGJvGJcJhwJhtwGuf (1876)ckESpf zDvf',fzD;,m;rdrSm usif;ycJhwJhtaxGaxGaumifpDtpnf;ta0;}uD;u azmfjyyg yxrurBmhtvkyform;or*~rsm; tzJG@csKyf}uD;udk w&m;0if zsufodrf;cJhygw,f? (1881) ckESpfrSm bmuleif acgif;aqmifwJh rif;rJh0g'D

rif; rJh 0g 'oufEdkif

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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpfawGu zsufodrf;vdkufwJhtzJG@csKyftrnfa[mif;udkyJ oHk;+yD; vef'efrdrSm xyfrH zJG@pnf;cJhygw,f? tJh'DtzJG@csKyftopfudk teufa&miftifwmae&Sife,f (Black International)

vdk@ trnfay;ac:qdkcJh=u+yD; 'DbufacwfrSmawmh(Black Flag)tvHeuf vdk@ ac:qdkaeyg+yD?(1889) ckESpfrSm 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f(Second International) udk zJG@pnf;

cJh=uaomfvnf; rwf0g'DawGeJ@ rif;rJh0g'DawG&J tajccHuJGvJGr_/ EdkifiHwum0g'eJ@ trsKd;om;0g'=um; jcm;em;r_/ awmfvSefa&;orm;eJ@ jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;=um; ydyuQrsm; &SdcJh=uygw,f? (1922) ckESpfrSm rif;rJh0g'DawGeJ@ qif'Du,fvpfwdk@yl;aygif;+yD; EdkifiHwumtzJG@csKyf}uD;udk xlaxmifcJhygao;w,f? urBmrSm xif&Sm;wJh tvkyform;or*~}uD;awG&S dcJ hwJhteuf rif;rJ h0g'DawGOD;aqmifcJ hwJh teufa&miftifwmae&Sife,f (Black

International) ac: tvHeuf(Black Flag)tvkyform;tzJG@csKyf/ (1881) ckESpf Zl;&pfuGef*&ufrS pwifcJh+yD; aemif jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm; v$rf;rdk;cJhwJh t0ga&mif tifwmae&Sife,f(Yellow International) ac: tvH0g (Yellow Flag) tvkyform;or*~eJ@(1921)ckESpfrSm zJG@pnf;cJhwJh(Third International) ac: teDa&mif EdkifiHwumtvkyform;or*~rsm;tzJG@csKyf(Red International of Labour Union) tvHeD(Red Flag) wdk@[mxif&Sm; }uD;us,fcJhygw,f?

'DbufacwfrSmawmh rif;rJh0g'DawG&J v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m urBmr_yjcif;oabmw&m; (Globalisation) eJ@ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzJG@}uD;(WTO) udk qef@usifcJh=uygw,f?tar&duefEkdifiH qD,ufwJvfrdrSm usif;ycJhwJhWTO tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk qef@usifqENjy&mrSm rif;rJh0g'DawG[m a&Swef;u wufuGpGmyg0ifcJhygw,f? tckaemufydkif; rif;rJh0g'DawG&J v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m ajcvSrf;pdyfvmygw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsKdEdkifiHawGrSmawmh vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGifhr&ao;ygbl;? EdkifiHwumrif;rJh0g'DawG&J nDvmcH}uD;udk (1877) ckESpfuw}udrf/ (1907)ckESpfu w}udrf yvkyfEdkifcJhygw,f?

wzef EdkifiHa&;tbd"mefxJrSm rif;rJh0g'eJ@ywfouf+yD; tusOf;csKyfazmfjyxm;wm&Sdygao;w,f? Anarchism qdkwJh rif;rJh0g'[m *&dbmompum; Anarchia uqif;oufvmwmyg? tkyfcsKyfr_uif;rJhjcif; qdkwJh t"dyg,foufa&mufygw,f? tpdk;&tzJG@yHkomefrSefor#[m rvdkvm;tyfwJh tedmHkyJjzpfw,f? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; r&Sdap&?vufeufudkifwyfrsm;/ w&m;Hk;rsm;/ Oya'rsm;&Sd&ef rvdktyf? tm;vHk;udkzsufodrf;+yD;vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;pD&J vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ vGwfvyfpGm oif;yif;zJG@pnf;cGifhtay: vl@tzJG@tpnf;udk wnfaqmuf&r,f? 'Dpepfudk +idrf;csrf;pGmul;ajymif;a&muf&SdEdkifw,fvdk@vnf; ,lq

ygw,f? urBmhorkdif;rSm rif;rJh0g'DawG[m k&Sm;Zmbk&if tvufZif'g;/ tDwvDbk&if[l;bwf/ jyifopforw umaemh/ =op}wD;,m;bk&ifr tJvZbuf/ tar&duef orwruUifavwdk@udk owfjzwfcJhygw,f? k&Sm;pma&;q&m}uD; vD,dkawmfpwdGKif; (1828-1910)


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rif;rJh0g' qdkwmbmvJ What is Anarchism?

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tvif;&eH@*sme,ftrSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpftpnf;w&yfudk zefwD;zdk@ygyJ? tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfw&yfr&SdyJ aexdkifEdkifw,fqdkwmudk,Hk=unfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm aumifpDawGeJ@ v$wfawmfawGudk xm;&SdrSmyg? 'Dae&m

awGuae omrefjynfolawGu OpPm"eawG jzpfay:apr,fht&mawGudk qHk;jzwfEdkifrSmyg?vlom;tm;vHk;&J wef;wlnDr#r_udk ,Hk=unfygw,f? tu,fI aoG;pkyf,laewJholawGudktEdkif,l&r,fqdk&ifawmh tvkyform;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;tzdESdyfcHtkyfpkawG&J=um; tjrifhrm;qHk;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_vdktyfr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?

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w,f? rif;rJh0g'qdkwm zdkz&J uarmufur jzpfjcif;qdkwJh tjcm;'m&D ,Hkwrf;pum;vnf; &Sdygao;w,f? tu,fI tpdk;&w&yfr&SdcJh&if zdkz&J uarmufur jzpfvdrfhr,fqdkwmudk EdkifiHa&;orm;awG tvkyf&SifawGeJ@ olwdk@&J a=u;pm;pma&;q&mawGu rD'D,muae tcdkiftrm ajymqdk=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh oif ,ae@vl@tzJG@tpnf;ta=umif; pOf;pm;rdygovm; u|Efkyfwdk@[m zdkz&J uarmufurjzpfaewJh vl@tzJG@tpnf;rSm aeaumif;aeae&w,fvdk@ oHk;oyfrdyg&Jvm;

'gqdk rif;rJh0g' (Anarchism) u bmta=umif;vJvdk@ oif ar;aumif;ar;vdrfhr,f? tusKd;tjrwf qdkwJh }uD;rm;aom ta=umif;&if;w&yf &Sdw,fqdkwmudk u|Efkyfwdk@ajymyghr,f? tvkyf&SifeJ@ tvkyform;qdkwJh t"duvlwef;pm;ESpf&yf&SdwJh vl@tzJG@tpnf; wckrSm u|Efkyfwdk@ ,ae@ aeae=uygw,f? tvkyf&SifawG[m pufHkawG/ b%fawG/qdkifawG ponfjzifh ydkifqdkif=uygw,f? tvkyform;awGuawmh ydkifqdkifr_ r&Sdygbl;? u|Efkyfwdk@rSm vkyftm;omv#if &Sdygw,f? toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_wckyvkyfzdk@ u|Efkyfwdk@ 'Dvkyftm;udk toHk;y&ygw,f? tvkyform;awG[m vkyfcvpm&&Sdzdk@twGuf tvkyf&SifxHrSmolwd

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rif;rJh0g' v_yf&Sm;r_ Anarchism in Action

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Ahlin Yanant Journal (No 5)