AHF 2203AHF 2203

PUAN ROSDALILA ROSLANPUAN ROSDALILA ROSLAN

Human Factor Human Factor and and

Flight PhysiologyFlight Physiology

Human FactorsHuman Factors

Accidents & IncidentsAccidents & Incidents

Most ( 80% ) Aviation accidents and incidents can be related to Human Factors causes.

CAUSES OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS:

80% Aircrew Error! 80% Aircrew Error!

20% WEATHER , EQUUIPMENT, MAINTENANCE, 20% WEATHER , EQUUIPMENT, MAINTENANCE, AIRPORT/ATC , OTHERAIRPORT/ATC , OTHER

Accidents & IncidentsAccidents & Incidents

Estimates of human error (as a per cent of all failures)

Jet transport 65-85 % Air traffic control 90 % Maritime vessels 80-85 % Chemical industry 80-90 % Nuclear power plants (US) 70 % Road transportation 85 %

Human performance problems dominate the risks in all Human performance problems dominate the risks in all hazardous endeavours.hazardous endeavours.

Definition of Human FactorsDefinition of Human Factors

Within the FAAFAA,

Human Factors is defined as a Human Factors is defined as a multidisciplinary effort to generate and multidisciplinary effort to generate and compile information about human compile information about human capabilities capabilities and limitations and limitations and apply that information to and apply that information to equipment, systems, facilities, procedures, equipment, systems, facilities, procedures, jobs, environments, training, staffing and jobs, environments, training, staffing and personnel management for safe, comfortable, personnel management for safe, comfortable, effective human performance (FAA Order effective human performance (FAA Order 9550.8 Human Factors Policy).9550.8 Human Factors Policy).

Definition of Human FactorsDefinition of Human Factors

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) tells us that:

"Human Factors is about people : it is about "Human Factors is about people : it is about people in their working and living people in their working and living environments, and it is about their relationship environments, and it is about their relationship with equipment, procedures, and the with equipment, procedures, and the environment. Just as importantly, it is about environment. Just as importantly, it is about their relationships with other people.... It’s two their relationships with other people.... It’s two objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.'‘objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.'‘

-(ICAO Circular 227)-(ICAO Circular 227)

SHEL ModelSHEL Model

Why We Have To Study Human Factors?Why We Have To Study Human Factors?

Flight PhysiologyFlight Physiology

OverviewOverview

Definitions Definitions

Physiology

is the study of the functions of the body at the cellular level.

Flight physiology is how the body and mind work in the flying environment.

Laws of NatureLaws of Nature

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS)(CNS)

CNSCNS

The fully formed CNS can be considered in two major subdivisions:

the brain the brain the spinal cord.the spinal cord.

CNSCNS

The Human BrainThe Human Brain

The human brain has three major subdivisions:

a.a.The BrainstemThe Brainstem. . b.The Cerebellum. c.The Cerebrum.

The brainstem is the core of The brainstem is the core of the brain. It is a primary the brain. It is a primary

coordinating center of the coordinating center of the human nervous system.human nervous system.

CNSCNS

Human spinal cordHuman spinal cord

The spinal cord is continuous with the brainstem. Together, the spinal cord and the brainstem are called the neuraxis.

The spinal cord has 2 portions known as:(1)  The gray matter(2)  The white matter

Peripheral NervesPeripheral Nerves

ConnectingConnecting the CNSCNS to all parts of the bodybody.

Peripheral nerves are nerves which pass from the CNS to the periphery of the body. Together, they are referred to as the Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System.

RespirationRespiration

Purposes Purposes

The processes of respiration serve to provide provide oxygen to the body cellsoxygen to the body cells. This oxygen is used in the process of metabolic oxidation.

Also, the carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22) ) produced during metabolic oxidation and any other any other unwanted gases unwanted gases are removedremoved from the body

DefinitionDefinition

In general, respiration is the exchange of gases. In the human body, two kinds of respiration take place.

(1)  External respirationExternal respiration. (2)  Internal respirationInternal respiration.

Process Process

EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF GASES GASES

Gases Involved. Oxygen and carbon dioxide Pressure Gradients. The movement of gases depends upon such

pressure gradients. External Respiration. At the alveoli, gases are exchanged between the

air inside and the blood in the adjacent capillaries. Internal Respiration. Within the body, gases are exchanged between

the blood of the capillaries and the individual cells of the body. Transportation of Gases. The gases are transported between the alveoli

and the individual cells by the cardiovascular system. (1)  Some of the gases are dissolved directly in the plasma of the blood. (2)  Greater percentage of the gases is carried within the substance of the red blood cells

Process IllustrationProcess Illustration