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7/24/2019 Aguapotable.ppt
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UNIDADES TECNOLOGICAS DE SANTANDERFACULTAD DE CIENCIAS E INGENIERIAS NATURALES
TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTAL
PARAMETROS FISICOS , QUIMICOS Y BIOLOGICOS DEL AGUAPOTABLE.
Anglica ArenaRa!ael Man"illaAle#i Or"ega
Ale$an%ra S&are'
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Se %en()ina agua potable( ag&a +ara el c(n&)(&)an(, al ag&a -&e +&e%e er c(n&)i%a in
re"riccin %e/i%( a -&e, gracia a &n +r(ce( %e+&ri0cacin, n( re+reen"a &n rieg( +ara la al&%.
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SABOR Y OLOR
El a/(r 1 (l(r %el ag&a (n %e"er)inaci(ne(rgan(l+"ica %e %e"er)inacin &/$e"i2a, +arala c&ale n( e#i"en in"r&)en"( %e (/er2acin,
ni regi"r(, ni &ni%a%e %e )e%i%a. Tienen &nin"er e2i%en"e en la ag&a +("a/le %e"ina%aal c(n&)( &)an(.
El c(l(r e la ca+aci%a% %e a/(r/ercier"a ra%iaci(ne %el e+ec"r(2ii/le. N( e +&e%e a"ri/&ir a ning3nc(n"i"&1en"e en e#cl&i2a, a&n-&ecier"( c(l(re en ag&a na"&rale(n in%ica"i2( %e la +reencia %ecier"( c(n"a)inan"e.
COLOR
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TURBIDEZLa "&r/i%e' e la %i0c&l"a% %el ag&a +ara "ran)i"ir la l&' %e/i%( a
)a"eriale in(l&/le en &+enin, c(l(i%ale ( )&1 0n(,-&e e +reen"an +rinci+al)en"e en ag&a &+er0ciale. S(n%i!4cile %e %ecan"ar 1 0l"rar, 1 +&e%en %ar l&gar a la !(r)acin%e %e+i"( en la c(n%&cci(ne %e ag&a, e-&i+( %e +r(ce(,e"c. A%e)5 in"er0ere c(n la )a1(r4a %e l( +r(ce( a -&e e+&e%a %e"inar el ag&a.
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CONDUCTIVIDAD YRESISTIVIDAD
La c(n%&c"i2i%a% elc"rica e la
)e%i%a %e la ca+aci%a% %el ag&a+ara c(n%&cir la elec"rici%a%. Ein%ica"i2a %e la )a"eria i(ni'a/le"("al +reen"e en el ag&a. El ag&a+&ra c(n"ri/&1e )4ni)a)en"e a lac(n%&c"i2i%a%, 1 en & cai "("ali%a%e el re&l"a%( %el )(2i)ien"( %el( i(ne %e la i)+&re'a+reen"e.
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Ph
El +6 e &na )e%i%a %e la c(ncen"racin %e i(ne i%rgen(, 1e %e0ne c()( +67l(g89:;6. E &na )e%i%a %e lana"&rale'a 5ci%a ( alcalina %e la (l&cin ac&(a -&e +&e%ea!ec"ar a l( &( e+ec40c( %el ag&a.
El ag&a %e &( +("a/le)an"iene &n +6 en"re ?.@
1 ?, +ara er +("a/le.
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DUREZA
La %&re'a, %e/i%a a la +reencia %e ale %i&el"a %e calci( 1)agnei(, )i%e la ca+aci%a% %e &n ag&a +ara +r(%&cir
incr&"aci(ne. A!ec"a "an"( a la ag&a %()"ica c()( a lain%&"riale, ien%( la +rinci+al !&en"e %e %e+i"( e incr&"aci(neen cal%era, in"erca)/ia%(re %e cal(r, "&/er4a, e"c. P(r elc(n"rari(, la ag&a )&1 /lan%a (n agrei2a 1 +&e%en n( erin%ica%a +ara el c(n&)(.
ALCALINIDAD
La alcalini%a% e &na )e%i%a %e la ca+aci%a% +ara ne&"rali'ar5ci%(. C(n"ri/&1en a la alcalini%a% +rinci+al)en"e l( i(ne/icar/(na"(, CO6, car/(na"(, CO7, 1 (#i%ril(, O6, +er("a)/in l( !(!a"( 1 5ci%( il4cic( & ("r( 5ci%( %e car5c"er%/il.
La alcalini%a% e c(rrige +(r
%ecar/(na"acin c(n cal"ra"a)ien"( c(n 5ci%(, (%e)inerali'acin +(r
in"erca)/i( inic(.
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COLOIDES
E &na )e%i%a %el )a"erial en &+enin en el ag&a -&e, +(r &)e%i%a alre%e%(r %e l( 9@: 9@ )), e c()+(r"a c()( &na(l&cin 2er%a%era 1, +(r e$e)+l(, a"ra2iea el +a+el %e 0l"r(. L(
c(l(i%e +&e%en er %e (rigen (rg5nic( 8 e$e)+l(, )acr()(lc&la %e(rigen 2ege"al > ( in(rg5nic( 8 e$e)+l(, #i%( %e ierr( 1 )angane( >.En ag&a +("a/le +&e%e er &na )(le"ia l( %e "i+( e""ic(.
ACIDEZ MINERALLa aci%e' e la ca+aci%a% +ara ne&"rali'ar /ae. E rar( -&e laag&a na"&rale +reen"en aci%e', in e)/arg( la ag&a&+er0ciale +&e%en e"ar c(n"a)ina%a +(r 5ci%( %e %rena$e)iner( ( in%&"riale. P&e%en a!ec"ar a "&/er4a ( cal%era +(r
c(rr(in. Se )i%e c(n la )i)a &ni%a%e %e la alcalini%a%, 1 e%e"er)ina )e%ian"e a%icin %e /ae. Se c(rrige +(r ne&"rali'acinc(n 5lcali.
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SOLIDOS DISUELTOS
L( li%( %i&el"( ( alini%a% "("al, e &na )e%i%a %e la can"i%a% %e)a"eria %i&el"a en el ag&a, %e"er)ina%a +(r e2a+(racin %e &n2(l&)en %e ag&a +re2ia)en"e 0l"ra%a. C(rre+(n%e al rei%&( ec( c(n0l"racin +re2ia
A&n-&e +ara la ag&a +("a/le e in%ica &n 2al(r )5#i)( %eea/le %e@@ ++), el 2al(r %e l( li%( %i&el"( n( e +(r i (l( &0cien"e+ara %e"er)inar la /(n%a% %el ag&a.
SOLIDOS EN SUSPENSION
L( li%( en &+enin 8SS>, (n &na )e%i%a %e l( li%(e%i)en"a/le 8n( %i&el"(> -&e +&e%en er re"eni%( en &n 0l"r(.Se +&e%en %e"er)inar +ean%( el rei%&( -&e -&e%a en el 0l"r(,
%e+& %e eca%(.
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CROMO
La +reencia %el cr()( en la re%e %e ag&a +("a/le +&e%e+r(%&cire +(r %eec( %e in%&"ria -&e &"ili'an ale %e cr()(,en e!ec"( +ara el c(n"r(l %e la c(rr(in %e l( e-&i+(, e agregancr()a"( a la ag&a %e re!rigeracin.
FLUORUROSEn c(ncen"raci(ne al"a l( (r&r( (n "#ic(. La ra'n e la
+reci+i"acin %el calci( en !(r)a %el &(r&r( %e calci( 1, +(r("ra +ar"e, +&e%e !(r)ar c()+le$( c(n l( cen"r( )e"5lic( %ealg&na en'i)a.
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ARSNICO
La +reencia en el ag&a +("a/le +&e%e er el re&l"a%( %e la
%i(l&cin %el )ineral +reen"e en el &el( +(r %(n%e &1e el ag&aan"e %e & ca+"acin +ara &( &)an(, +(r c(n"a)inacinin%&"rial ( +(r +e"ici%a. La inge"in %e +e-&ea can"i%a%e %earnic( +&e%en ca&ar e!ec"( crnic( +(r & ac&)&lacin en el(rgani)(.
ZINC
La +reencia en el ag&a +("a/le +&e%e %e/ere al %e"eri(r( %e la"&/er4a %e ierr( gal2ani'a%(. En "ale ca( +&e%e (+ecare"a)/in la +reencia %e +l()( 1 ca%)i( +(r er i)+&re'a %el
'inc, &a%a en la gal2ani'acin. Ta)/in +&e%e %e/ere a lac(n"a)inacin c(n ag&a %e %eec( in%&"riale.
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CADMIO
Puede estar presente en el agua potable a causa de la contaminacin industrial o
por el deterioro de las tuberas galvanizadas.
El cadmio es un metal altamente txico y se le ha atribuido varios casos de
envenenamiento alimenticio
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METALES TO!ICOS
L( )5 c()&ne (n el arnic(, el ca%)i(, el +l()(, el cr()(, el/ari( 1 el eleni(. T(%( ell( %e/en er e"ric"a)en"e c(n"r(la%( en
el (rigen %e la c(n"a)inacin. La )e%ici(ne anal4"ica e reali'anen general +(r e+ec"r(!("()e"r4a %e a/(rcin a")ica.
"ASES DISUELTOS
El %i#i%( %e car/(n(, COH, e &n ga rela"i2a)en"e (l&/le -&e ei%r(li'a !(r)an%( i(ne /icar/(na"( 1 car/(na"(, en !&ncin %el+6 %el ag&a. La ag&a &/"err5nea +r(!&n%a +&e%en c(n"enera"a 9@@ ++), +er( en la ag&a &+er0ciale e i"3a en"re 9 1@ ++). Un e#ce( %e COH ace al ag&a c(rr(i2a, !ac"(r
i)+(r"an"e en la l4nea %e 2a+(r 1 c(n%ena%(. Se eli)ina +(raeracin, %egai0cacin ( %ecar/(na"acin.
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Tan"( la ac"i2i%a% na"&ral c()( la&)ana c(n"ri/&1en a lac(n"a)inacin (rg5nica %e la ag&ana"&rale.
La %ec()+(icin %e la )a"eria
ani)al 1 2ege"al %a l&gar a 5ci%(3)ic( 1 &2ic( 1 a )a"eriac(l(ran"e.
L( rei%&( %()"ic( c(n"ienen)a"eria (rg5nica en
%ec()+(icin, %e"ergen"e 1)icr((rgani)(.
L( 2er"i%( in%&"riale c(n"ienen)3l"i+le c()+&e"( (rg5nic(, "alec()( acei"e 1 %i(l2en"e.
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DEMANDA DE CLORO #BREA$POINT%
E &na )e%i%a %el c(n"eni%( en )a"eria (rg5nica %e &n ag&a, (/"eni%aal aa%ir cl(r(. Inicial)en"e e !(r)an c()+&e"( %e cl(r( c(n la)a"eria (rg5nica, +er( -&e e 2an %e"r&1en%( al a&)en"ar laa%icin. El /rea+(in", ( +&n"( %e r&+"&ra, c(rre+(n%e al inici( %e la%e"r&ccin %e l( c()+&e"( cl(ra%( (riginal)en"e !(r)a%(.
E i)+(r"an"e en el "ra"a)ien"( %e ag&a +("a/le +ara %e"er)inarla can"i%a% %e %ein!ec"an"e a aa%ir.Se )i%e en ++) %e CIH.
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CAR"A OR"ANICA TOTAL
El COT e &na )e%i%a %el c(n"eni%( en )a"eria (rg5nica %el ag&a,e+ecial)en"e a+lica/le a +e-&ea c(ncen"raci(ne. El car/n
(rg5nic( e (#i%a a COH en +reencia %e &n ca"ali'a%(r 1 e )i%e en&n anali'a%(r in!rarr($(. Alg&n( c()+&e"( (rg5nic( +&e%enrei"ir a la (#i%acin 1 %ar 2al(re ligera)en"e in!eri(re a l( reale.El a&)en"( %e & &( e %e/e a la ra+i%e' %e reali'acin %e l(aan5lii.
BACTERIAS
S(n %e l( gner( S+aer("il& 1 Cren("ri#, relaci(na%a c(n elierr( 1 el )angane( %el ag&a 1 %el gner( Beggia"(a %el gr&+( %ela /ac"eria &l!&r(a. La /ac"eria -&e e +&e%en enc(n"rar en elag&a (n %e gner( )&1 n&)er((, +er( 2ere)( a-&4 la -&e
(n +a"gena +ara el ()/re, la /ac"eria c(li!(r)e 1 l(e"re+"(c(c( -&e e &"ili'an c()( 4n%ice %e c(n"a)inacin !ecal.Rec(r%e)( -&e eg3n necei"en ( n( (#4gen( li/re +ara 2i2ir e lalla)a aer(/ia ( anaer(/ia, e#i"e &n "ercer "i+( -&e e %earr(lla)e$(r en +reencia %e (#4gen( +er( +&e%en 2i2ir en )e%i(%e+r(2i"( %el )i)( 1 e la %en()ina anaer(/ia !ac&l"a"i2a
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CRITERIOS DE CALIDAD AGUA POTABLE
Ca&a'te&()t*'a) E+p&e)a,a) Co-o Valo& a,-*)*ble
TURBIEDADUni%a%e
ne!el()"rica %e
"&/i%e' 8UNT>
SOLIDOS TOTALES )g:L @@
CONDUCTIVIDAD )icr()(:c) @9@@
CADMIO C% @.@@ARSNICO A @.@9
ZINC Jn COLOR VERDADERO Uni%a%e %e Pla"in(
C(/la"( 8UPC>
9
FLUORUROS F 9.HCROMO#.E!AVALEN
TE%Cr