Agroforestry Introduction and Technologies Beda … Introduction and Technologies Introduction and Technologies Beda Romer ... in the correct design to achieve the desired objectives

AgroforestryAgroforestryAgroforestryAgroforestry

Introduction and TechnologiesIntroduction and TechnologiesIntroduction and TechnologiesIntroduction and Technologies

Beda Romer

2005

CAMP CAMP CAMP CAMP –––– Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership

AgroforestryAgroforestryAgroforestryAgroforestry

Introduction and TechnolIntroduction and TechnolIntroduction and TechnolIntroduction and Technologiesogiesogiesogies

Beda Romer

ImpressumImpressumImpressumImpressum

Editor: Beda Romer

Illustration: Beda Romer, Murod Ergashev

Cover photo: Cotton cultivation between rows of mulberry trees, near Konibodom, Tajikistan (Photo: Beda Romer, June 2005)

CAMP

12, Istravshan Str., apt 5

734025, Dushanbe

Republic of Tajikistan

Tel.: (992-372) 21-02-27

Fax: (992-372) 23-51-84

www.camp.elcat.kg

CAMP CAMP CAMP CAMP –––– Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership Central Asian Mountain Partnership 1

Foreword

In Tajikistan, multifunctional cultivation systems including trees have been common and widespread during the Soviet period and in some regions also before. Mainly vineyards, orchard systems and terraces stabilized with woody perennials found large application. But also well maintained windbreaks consisting of poplar and mulberry trees along roads and between the fields were more widely spread.

During the civil war, a lot of the agroforestry systems were destroyed because people in rural areas needed the wood for energy. A further reason for the loss of Agroforestry surfaces were the difficulties to maintain them after the supply and maintenance of infrastructure, machinery and knowledge suddenly stopped with the end of Soviet era. Nowadays, the surface with applied agroforestry and the diversity of its technologies is increasing. Farmers try to reduce risks of losing harvests and to satisfy most of their basic needs directly from their land. Furthermore, tree products such as fruits, nuts and construction wood reach high prices on the market. However, there seems to be still a huge potential for the further introduction of trees into farmlands. Mainly on steep areas trees can reduce the risk of erosive processes, on cropping land as well as on pasture grounds.

This brochure aims to show the concept of agroforestry and its current and potential applications in Tajikistan.

Mountain slope terracing, Tajikistan 1966


What is Agroforestry?

Agroforestry is a collective term. It describes farming lands and forests, where trees and shrubs are intentionally used in combination with agricultural crops and/or animals. This can be in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economical interactions between the different components. This usually causes an enhancement of that the total yields, of the soil production potential and of the water availability.

The goal of agroforestry is to contribute to the improvement of living condition of people living in rural areas.

The conservation and improvement of soil quality take a central part in almost every agroforestry system.

Bees

Trees/Forest

CropsMixed farming

Silvo-pastoral

Agri-silvi-cultural

Animals

Agrosilvo-pastoral

Bees

Trees/Forest

CropsMixed farming

Silvo-pastoral

Agri-silvi-cultural

Animals

Agrosilvo-pastoral

Short definition:

≥ 2 plant species, which influence each other biologically

≥ 1 plant species is a shrub or tree

≥ 1 plant species is used as fodder-, food- or industry plant

The red marked overlapping areas show the field of agroforestry


What are the advantages of Agroforestry?

Agroforestry systems offer a lot of biological advantages compared to sole cropping systems: The following figure shows some of the possible effects of trees on pastureland or arable land plots. The roles of agroforestry can be grouped into protection and production:

Protective effects Productive effects

The increased production of living substance enhances the

water household

Shadowing and the improved

water household lead to better

microclimate for crops and live-stock and prevents drying out of soil

A dense net of roots and a well

covered soil keep the soil together

and prevent top-soil erosion

Windbreaks can decrease the wind’s speed and consequently also wind erosion

The nutrients accumulated by

the trees are transferred to the fields through leave litter or

pruning and enhance the fertility and productivity of soils

Improvement of the soil characteristics and prevention of land slides

through the deeper rooting.

The conservation of soil and moisture ensures the productivity of

soils for a longer term

Increased production through better utilization of

space (above and below the soil surface)

Increased supply with fuelwood conserves animal waste for fertilizer

purposes.

The total dry matter content of all

Agroforestry components is

higher than from sole cropping or sole forestry

Protective effects Productive effects

The increased production of living substance enhances the

water household

Shadowing and the improved

water household lead to better

microclimate for crops and live-stock and prevents drying out of soil

A dense net of roots and a well

covered soil keep the soil together

and prevent top-soil erosion

Windbreaks can decrease the wind’s speed and consequently also wind erosion

The nutrients accumulated by

the trees are transferred to the fields through leave litter or

pruning and enhance the fertility and productivity of soils

Improvement of the soil characteristics and prevention of land slides

through the deeper rooting.

The conservation of soil and moisture ensures the productivity of

soils for a longer term

Increased production through better utilization of

space (above and below the soil surface)

Increased supply with fuelwood conserves animal waste for fertilizer

purposes.

The total dry matter content of all

Agroforestry components is

higher than from sole cropping or sole forestry

There are important interactions between the protective and productive role of an agroforestry system. The trees can conserve and enhance the soil and water conditions especially on steep lands. Thereby the productivity of farming lands is guaranteed in a long time.


In addition to the biological advantages, agroforestry also brings a lot of benefits for the farm households. Agroforestry on small farms can bring the following benefits:

FOOD: The increased crop diversity reduces the risk of complete crop failure: late frosts reduce apricot harvests but do not affect agricultural crop. This may cause also fewer periods of shortage.

FODDER: Tree foliage – in fresh as well as in dry form – is a potentially high quality feed resource for livestock particularly to supply crude protein. This is especially true in harsh and extreme climates where tree provide more edible fodder when pastures dry out. Fodder trees for ruminants are e.g. poplar, robinia and mulberry. Trees in orchards and forests also bid a source for honey production even in times when grass is dry.

CONSTRUCTION: Trees can provide construction wood which is often expensive on the market.

ENERGY: Increased supply with fuelwood that is cheaper than coal and of better quality than dung cakes. Furthermore the firewood from agroforestry systems is often nearer and more easily accessible than wood from forest.

INCOME: The sale of tree products and surplus crops increases income opportunities and improves the income distribution over the year. Also, increased production for own needs means decreased need to buy.

LABOUR: Agroforestry systems bid employment opportunities for family relatives and neighbours. In some systems the labour, is distributed more evenly over the year.

However, the growth of plants in proximity to each other can cause also negative interactions between the different components. Shadowing can hinder growth of one or several components. Furthermore, trees and crop components can be damaged during cultivation, harvest activities or by livestock. Some components may be hosts for pests.

Combining trees and shrubs with agricultural crops for enhanced conservation and production therefore means planting the right trees in the right places, and in the correct design to achieve the desired objectives


Different types of Agroforestry

Agroforestry systems can be categorized according to their structure on the basis of the nature of the components and their arrangement. There are three main types of Agroforestry; Agrosilvicultre, Silvopasture and Agrosilvipasture. Apiculture is an additional Agroforestry practice which is outside these three main types.

Agrosilviculture

In agrosilvicultural systems, an agricultural crop is grown in the combination with trees. Usually the agricultural crop provides for an annual income while the trees may fulfil different protective and productive roles. An example of agrosilviculture is the intercropping between the rows of an orchard system. This technique integrates the production of

trees with annual or perennial crops. If land is sloping, the rows of trees or shrubs are often planted on the contour. The practice of densely planted hedgerows on the contour is a viable vegetative means for reducing erosion instead of expensive terracing.

Wheat between wide rows of apricot trees

Potato plot in a young forest

Contour planting on steep lands


Silvopasture

Systems which combine trees with forage and livestock production are called Silvopastures. Trees can be evenly distributed over the area to optimize growing space and light for both trees and forage. Alternatively, grouping trees into rows or clusters concentrates their shade and root effects while providing open spaces for pasture production. The

trees benefit livestock by providing shelter and shade. Some nut and fruit orchards may also be used as a pasture. However, newly planted trees on grazed lands need to be protected from trampling and browsing damages.

Trees on pasture protect animals and herdsmen from sun and wind

Trees can be protected from grazing damages by wrapping them into cloths, densely bound sticks or (living or dried) thorny twigs


Agrosilvopasture

The combination of all three components of the agroforestry scheme – arable crops, husbandry animals and trees – is called agrosilvopastoral system.

A very common example of agrosilvopasture is the homegarden, a small land plot surrounding the house for raising a variety of annual and perennial plant species and

livestock (poultry and young animals) in order to provide the household with food, fodder, firewood, market products, construction material and other products. Homegardens are normally irrigated and highly fertile. Trees within the plots are mainly grown for their fruits whilst boundary trees and shrubs supply construction wood and firewood.

A further common practice is the grazing of intercropped orchards in autumn. Domestic animals graze remaining weed and stubbles after the harvest of interrow crops. Animals’ dung brings natural fertilizer in the orchards.

Apiculture

Apiculture means the keeping of bees, mostly in combination with an orchard and annual plants. Honey bees do not only produce honey for the household and for sale, but they fulfill an important role regarding pollination of flowering plant species. Fruit trees, many vegetables and some fodder plants are dependant on bees for pollination. Poorly

pollinated plants produce less and often misshapen fruits and lower yields of seeds.

BeesBees

Homegarden – a very complex production unit

Grazing in an intercropped Mulberry orchard


Planning and management of Agroforestry technologies

When considering how or where to integrate trees into farmland, the following six planning steps should be taken:

1. Determination of the needs and goals – Before the design and installation of an agroforestry technology, farmers have to know what they want to achieve. Initially, farmers may have only a general idea of problems to solve or the conditions to improve. This provides a starting point, which can be clarified by assessing the climate and soil properties of the land.

Farmers should not only look at the planning site but also on the environment, to check if other factors from outside could improve or limit the effectiveness of agroforestry at the site (e.g. grazing practices around the land spot, temporary floods, access road for the transport of products…)

2. Development of alternatives and selection – To formulate alternatives, farmers first have to determine the appropriate place, the right technology and the appropriate species (wood and non-wood) for the needs, goals and site conditions.

Formulating viable alternatives typically requires repeated design, evaluation and refinement. A complete agroforestry design indicates its location, size, and vegetation composition, as well as how the practice should be managed in future.

3. Prospects - It will also be advantageous to be sure about the resources which are necessary to maintain the technology in the future, e.g. Guarantee of long-term factors such as water and land use rights (contract and certificate on land), machinery, labour, knowledge, etc.

What products and services are desired?

What type of environment does the farm land have?

What could be the positive and negative effects of an agroforestry technology?

Where is a possible site for agroforestry?

What land use practices are used under similar conditions? � see also following descriptions of AF technologies

What trees and crops grow well under these conditions? � see also list of trees

Is the maintenance of the technology in the future possible?


4. Implementation – Small agroforestry projects can be installed with a minimum of planning. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the organization of activities, people and equipment which are necessary for the implementation.

5. Monitoring* - After installing the selected technology, it will be necessary to observe and demonstrate its impact. The evaluation on this base will show how well each of the planning objectives of step 1 are being met. A good time for the monitoring and evaluation is winter time. Then, farmers have normally enough time to resume the work over the past year and to reflect about the work to do the following year.

Since agroforestry technologies have a lot of long-term effects, some objectives may not be achieved for several years. In these cases, regular monitoring can still help to determine if there is progress toward fulfilling the objectives.

6. Revise if necessary – The planning process is a learning process for farmers. New information often leads to better assessments of problems and limitations, changes in priority, and new or modified objectives.

If monitoring suggests that the planning objectives will not be met, the plan can be revised and re-implemented.

* Monitoring means the continuous collection of data and information on aims, results, activities, processes, means, etc. after the introduction of a technology

When shall the technology be implemented? Are the required equipment and labour available?

Are my goals and plans fulfilled? Does the technology evolve in the desired direction?

If not, what are the problems?

What possibilities exist to prevent or reduce problems with the technology?

What will be the consequences

Verification of the goals in the terrain


Interrow cropping with Alfa-Alfa

General information Name: Odina Cholikov, Pensioner and farmer Location: Gulamabad, Muminabad Rayon, Tajikistan

Odina Cholikov works together with his 12-headed family on a leased rain-fed land plot of 4.5 ha. Two hectares are used as pasture and 2.5 ha are covered with arable crops. 1.5 ha of it is planted with rows of fruit trees. The most important product for sale are apples. Summary of the technology The technology consists of planting perennial herbaceous fodder plants (such as alfa-alfa or esparzet) in between the rows of fruit trees. After some years the alfa-alfa can be ploughed and annual crops such as beans may be planted for some years. So there exists a crop rotation between alfa-alfa and beans. Both plants have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air. This technology was already applied in ancient times in the region but during the food crisis in the 90ies many orchards were cut in order to plant grain crops. Results The fertility of soil increases, which influences the growth of trees. The trees grow faster and also the yield of fruits increases slightly (<10%) compared with similar orchards without intercropping technology.

Advantages Disadvantages • Better growth of trees through

increased soil fertility • Increased farm production of good

quality fodder • Less soil erosion through an intact

ground cover throughout the year

• Important investment in labour


Range of application This technology can be applied in rain-fed areas. It is especially adapted to slightly sloping terrains. Various cases have shown that esparzet or alfa-alfa can be cultivated on slopes up to 60% of inclination. On steep slopes an increased amount of seeds need to be applied to offset downslope washing before sprouting. Steps for establishment

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Main tillage: 70 cm Tractor In spring 2 Simple tillage: 30 cm Hoe In spring 3 Rake: 20 cm Rake In spring 4 Scheme: 4 x 6 m In spring 5 Ditch: 60 x 70 cm Shovel In spring 6 Fill in a mixture of soil, dung and

water (about 50% dung) Shovel In spring

7 Plant fruit trees In spring 8 Planting beans in interrows:

100kg/ha In spring, first 4

years 9 Alfa-alfa: 30 kg/ha After 4 years

Steps for maintenance

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Pruning Shears Every winter 2 Chemical treatment of trees Spray In May 3 Cutting alfa-alfa Scythe 2-3 times per

season 4 Harvest of fruits Ladder In autumn 5 New seeding, crop rotation After 3-5 years*

* As yield from alfa-alfa starts declining 3-5 years after initial cultivation, farmers make up for declining yields by applying additional seeds or by cultivation of annual crops. Further information A bigger spacing between the rows would allow unhindered farm operations and mechanization in future. Instead of alfa-alfa also esparzet may be used.

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Windbreak combined with Living Fence

General information Name: Kolkhoz “Kori Karimow” Location: Pohut, Ainy Rayon, Tajikistan

The Kolkhoz was founded in 1994. During Soviet times it was part of the Kolkhoz “Engels”. The main activities of this collective farm are cropping and cultivation of orchards. The food crops are wheat, barley and potato. In the orchards, apricot, apple, pear and plum trees are cultivated. The Kolkhoz consists of six Brigades. Each Brigade owns a small farm with livestock. Summary of the technology The technology was realized in 1957 (as ‘subotnik’ work) and is a smart combination of a life fence with a windbreak. Generally the tree strip consists of three rows of different tree species, which fulfil different functions. The row on the windward side consists of Russian olive, the row on lee of poplars for timber production. In between willows are grown for firewood. Results The tree strip was installed on a total length of 850m in order to keep livestock off the apricot orchard. The strip was well maintained during the soviet times. Thanks to the windbreak, the yield of apricots became higher and the trees were not bent in the direction of wind. When the poplars became big, they were felled so that the Russian olive took over both function; protection from livestock and from wind. Advantages Disadvantages • Efficient and natural protection

from wind and livestock • Firewood and timber production • Easy and cheap propagation of

tree species (all by vegetative means)

• Poplar may shade the adjacent lands

• Willow and Poplar demand irrigation • The live fence needs to be protected

from livestock at least in the first three years


Rus

sian

oliv

e

Will

ow Pop

lar

Apr

icot

1m 1.5m 6m

Wind

TomatoRus

sian

oliv

e

Will

ow Pop

lar

Apr

icot

1m 1.5m 6m

Wind

Tomato

Rus

sian

oliv

e Apr

icot

Wind

2m 7m

Rus

sian

oliv

e Apr

icot

Wind

2m 7m Range of application This technology can principally be applied everywhere, where the indicated tree species grow (the potential you can find in the tree list). Willow and poplar need irrigation. Windbreaks are suitable for regions with strong seasonal or constant winds. Steps for establishment

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Preparing of ground: remove

stones, digging of irrigation channel

Shovel

2 Planting of poplars in a distance of 0.5 – 1 m

Shovel In spring

3 Protecting poplars by a fence Fencing material In spring 4 Planting of willow and Russian

olive Shovel 1 year later, in

spring 5 Remove fence 2 years later

Steps for maintenance

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Pruning of poplars Saw, axe In winter 2 Pollarding of willow Saw, axe Every 3-5 years in

autumn 3 Harvest of Russian olive In autumn

Further information The Russian olive can be replaced by hawthorn. A combination with rose hip is also possible. The fruits of cultivated Russian olive are of a better quality than those of wild sorts.

Situation 2005 Situation 1970


Walnut-Apple orchard system

General information Name: Experimental station of the Institute of Orchards (‘Bogparvar’) Location: Karsang, Faizabad district, Tajikistan

The experimental station of Karsang was founded in 1947. On a total area of 49 ha several orchard systems are being tested. The annual rainfall is between 800 and 950 mm/year. The soil fertility is low. Summary of the technology The technology was installed in 1976 on a surface of 2 ha terraced land. It was a scientific collaboration with the Institute of Orchards of St. Petersburg. The technology consists of mixing more than one tree species within the rows of an orchard. Usually short live time cycle trees (e.g. apple trees) are mixed with walnut trees, which reach maturity at a later stage. The apple trees are characterized by quick growth and early harvest of fruits, whilst the walnut trees will ideally reach maturity at the end of the fruiting period of the apple. After the fruiting period the apple trees will be felled thus reducing competition for the walnut trees. Results The apple trees is a early yielding sort which produces fruits already five years after plantation and produce yearly up to 12 to/ha. Presently, the crowns of apple and nut trees touch each other. In some more years, when the walnut trees start to yield, the apple trees will be removed while the nut trees will remain in the final distance. Advantages Disadvantages • Rich harvest of apples while nuts

are not yet yielding • Firewood production • Higher variety of different fruits

• The most important interaction in such an orchard system is shadowing. Thus planting and felling of single tree components becomes a primary objective


= Apple tree

= Final Distance of the Walnut Trees

= Walnut tree

2-3 m 4-6 m 4-6 m 10-1

5 m

20-3

0 m

10-15 m

= Apple tree

= Final Distance of the Walnut Trees

= Walnut tree

2-3 m 4-6 m 4-6 m 10-1

5 m

20-3

0 m

10-15 m

Range of application This special technology refers to the condition of Faizabad. But principally the walnut trees can be combined with trees of a shorter production period in every site where walnut trees grow. Steps for establishment

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Terracing (only necessary in steep

slopes) Bulldozer

2 Cleaning and leveling the terrace floors Tractor After 1-2 years 3 Digging holes and mixing dung with

earth Shovel Spring

4 Planting of the fruit trees Shovel Spring 5 On fertile lands: Intercropping with grain

crops or vegetables (only on irrigated land)

During the first 1-2 years

After 10-15 years, the apple trees may be cut and used as firewood. Steps for maintenance

Activity Equipment Timing 1 Loosening of earth around the trees Hoe or

harrow Yearly, in spring

2 Chemical treatment of trees Spray Yearly, in spring

4 Harvest of fruits and hay (or maybe interrow crops in the first 1-2 years)

In autumn

5 Pruning the apple trees Shears After autumn Further information The intercropping with grain crops or vegetables is not recommended for infertile lands because the crops will additionally weaken the soils. The possible combination of fruit (or timber) trees depends strongly on the climate and the soil conditions. In dryer climate, apple trees can be substituted by e.g. apricot and the walnut trees pistachio trees. There are other possible combinations, each respecting at least one late yielding tree species and one or more species with an earlier harvesting period (see list above).

Species Harvesting period (years) Apple/Pear* 3 to 10-20 Cherry 3 to 15-20 Apricot 3-4 to 15-30 Rose hip from 3-4 years on Peach 4-5 to 8-10 Almond 5 to 15-18 Pistache 7-8 to 30 Apple/Pear 10 to 35-40 Poplar after 10-15 Walnut 10-20 to 200-300 * Early yielding varieties


List of useful trees and shrubs for Agroforestry systems

The following lists compiles information on woody species that have been used in Tajikistan for agroforestry. It contains usual and widespread species as well as less known trees and shrubs. Because of diverse climates and soil types found in Tajikistan, the environmental data such as elevation and growth rate should be used only as a general guide. Some of the information in the table is unknown or unavailable, as indicated by blank areas. Tree species - use Products Agroforestry use

English name

Russian name

Con

stru

ctio

n w

ood

Fru

it/N

ut

Med

icin

al

Ani

mal

fodd

er

Fue

lwoo

d

Soi

l im

prov

er

Win

dbre

ak

Sha

de

Ero

sion

con

trol

Fen

cing

/Hed

ges

Ref

ores

tatio

n

Almond Миндаль 3 5

5 5

Apple Яблоня 5 5 5 5

Apricot Абрикос 5 5 1

Barberry Барбарис 4 5 4 3

Cherry plum

Алыча согдийская

5 2 1

Common jujube Чилон 5 5 5 5

Ephedra Хвойник 5 1

4

Hawthorn Боярышник 3 5 1 5 1 5

Juniper Можжевeельник

3 4 3 5 3

Maple Клен 1 1 1 2 3 5

Legend 1=potential, underutilized; 2=minor importance; 3= important; 4=very important some areas; 5=very important, widespread; blank = no importance or information unavailable


Tree species – use (Continuation) Products Agroforestry use

English name

Russian name

Con

stru

ctio

n w

ood

Fru

it/N

ut

Med

icin

al

Ani

mal

fodd

er

Fue

lwoo

d

Soi

l im

prov

er

Win

dbre

ak

Sha

de

Ero

sion

con

trol

Fen

cing

/Hed

ges

Ref

ores

tatio

n

Mountain ash

Рябина 1 5

Mulberry Шелковица / Тутобник 5 5 3 5 4

Peach Персик 5 5

5

Pear Груша 5 1

Pine Сосна 4 1

5

Pistachio Фисташка 3 5 1 1 5 5

Plane Платан 1 1 2 1

Plum Слива 5

Pome-granate

Гранат 5 1

Poplar Топаль 5 1 3 3 3 2

Quince Айва 5 4

Rose hip Шиповник 3 5 1 3 3

Russian olive

Лох 3 3 1 5 3 5

Sea Buckthorn

Облепыха 1 4 5

Sour-cherry tree

Вишния обыкиовенная

5 4

Walnut Орех грецкий

1 5 4 1 1 3 2 3 5

Willow Ива 3 1 1 1 3

Legend 1=potential, underutilized; 2=minor importance; 3= important; 4=very important some areas; 5=very important, widespread; blank = no importance or information unavailable


Tree species – ecology

Species

English name Russian name

Ele

vatio

n [m

AS

L]

Veg

etat

ion

zone

s

Mea

ns o

f pro

paga

tion

Gro

wth

rat

e

Hei

ght a

t mat

urity

Sal

t tol

eran

ce

Dro

ught

tole

ranc

e

Wat

erlo

ggin

g to

lera

nce

Almond Миндаль 700-2500 I,II,III S M 6 - + -

Apple Яблоня 900-2300

I,II,III,IV G M 6 - - +

Apricot Абрикос 1500-2800 I,II,III,IV,V,VI G F 17-

22 - + -

Barberry Барбарис 800-2000

I,II,III,IV,V S M 1-3 - - +

Cherry plum Алыча согдийская

800-2200 I,II,III,IV G M 1,5 - + +

Common jujube

Чилон 800-1300

I,II,III SG F 12-15

- + -

Ephedra Хвойник 1500-2500 IV,V S S 3-4 - + -

Hawthorn Боярышник 500-2500

I,II,III,IV,V S M 6-8 - + -

Juniper Можжеевельник 1200-3100 I,II,III,IV,V S S -25 - + -

Maple Клен 800-2400

I,II,III,IV,V S SM -25 - + +

Mountain ash Рябина 1700-3000 IV,V,VI S S 6-8 - + +

Mulberry Шелковица 400-2000

I,II,III,IV,V,VI G M 12 - + -

Peach Персик 500-2000 I,II,III,IV,V,VI SG M 6-8 - - +

Pear Груша 700-2000

I,II,III G M 4-6 - - +

Legend

Vegetation zones Means of propagation

Growth rate

Salt tolerance, Waterlogging tolerance, Drougth tolerance

I Southern Tajikistan S = Seeds + = tolerant II Hissarski Rayon C = Cuttings

S = slow growth rate, < 0.75 m/y - = not tolerant

III Zentralni Rayon G = Grafting IV Zerafschan M = medium growth V Northern Tajikistan rate, 0.75 – 1.5 m/y VI Western Pamir

F = fast growth rate, > 1.5m/y

Blank : Information unavailable


Tree species – ecology (Continuation)

Species

English name English name

Ele

vatio

n [m

AS

L]

Veg

etat

ion

zone

s

Mea

ns o

f pro

paga

tion

Gro

wth

rat

e

Hei

ght a

t mat

urity

Sal

t tol

eran

ce

Dro

ught

tole

ranc

e

Wat

erlo

ggin

g to

lera

nce

Pine Сосна 700-2000

I,II,III S S 25-30

- + -

Pistachio Фисташка 700-1800 I,II,III SG M 6-7 - + -

Plane Платан 700-1800

I,II,III S M 32-36

+ -

Plum Слива 700-1800 I,II,III,IV,V G M 6 - + +

Pomegranate Гранат Till 1000

I,II,III C M 3-4 - +

Poplar Топаль 700-1200 I,II,III,IV,V C F 30-

35 - - +

Quince Айва 900-1800

I,II,III,IV,V G F 6 - - +

Rose hip Шиповник 700-3000 I,II,III,IV,V C M 3-5 - + -

Russian olive Лох 800-2400

I,II,III,IV,V S M 6-8 + + -

Sea Buckthorn Облепыха 400-

2500 I,II,III,IV,V,VI S M 4-6 - - +

Sour-cherry tree

Вишния обыкиовенная

700-2200

I,II,III,IV,V G F 4-6 - - +

Walnut Орех грецкий 1000-2800 I,II,III,IV S S 27-

30 - + -

Willow Ива 700-1200

I,II,III,IV,V C F 7-12

- - +

Legend

Vegetation zones Means of propagation

Growth rate

Salt tolerance, Waterlogging tolerance, Drougth tolerance

I Southern Tajikistan S = Seeds + = tolerant II Hissarski Rayon C = Cuttings

S = slow growth rate, < 0.75 m/y - = not tolerant

III Zentralni Rayon G = Grafting IV Zerafschan M = medium growth V Northern Tajikistan rate, 0.75 – 1.5 m/y VI Western Pamir

F = fast growth rate, > 1.5m/y

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