Agrobiodiversity Agrobiodiversity, Market Developmentp

and Poverty Reduction

Alessandra GiulianiPhD Thesis

PhD Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H. HurniCDE, Institute of Geography

Bern, 17 December 2009

Outline of the presentation

• Introduction

• Concepts and methods

• Results

• Discussion

The role of agrobiodiversity (ABD) i i i li lih d

Intro

in improving livelihoods

• ABD is important to poor people

• ABD is declining

• Focus on

Neglected andNeglected and Underutilised

Species (NUS)Species (NUS)

The role of markets (for NUS) f ll i i

Intro

for poverty alleviation

• R&D on market access

• Market chain analysis

• Market development for NUS

Challenges Opportunities

Motivation for the studyIntro

• Approach to address market lacking for NUSppof ABD to INCOME

ABD MAINTENANCE

g

• Knowledge gaps on NUSNUS close to the

poor

• Multidisciplinary approach tradition, culture, environmentenvironment

Research goal Intro

Better understanding of market development of ABD products (NUS) anddevelopment of ABD products (NUS) and

interventions to exploit their potential

In-situ conservation f ABD

Support rural li lih d of ABDlivelihoods

Research objectives Intro

R h ti

• What are the livelihoods assets of people involved in Importance of

NUS to localResearch questionsp p

the production of target NUS?

NUS to local livelihoods

• How are the market chains f t t NUS i d?

Market chain of NUS d d of target NUS organised?

Who are the actors involved?

NUS products and actors involved

• What is the economic value• What is the economic value of NUS? What are their market constraints in

Conceptualisation of market value of

NUS general?NUS

Research case studies Intro

Research sites and traditional geographical distribution of the species studied

Emmer Fig CaperJujube Mallow PurslaneLaurelSpecies:

Outline

• Introduction

• Concepts and methods

• Results

• Discussion

NUS studied in Syria C&M

Fi J j bFig Jujube

(SicilyC

MallowPurslane

(Sicily, Italy)Caper

MallowPurslane

Laurel

Study sites in Syria C&M

Study site in Turkey, on emmer C&M

Research framework C&M

MARGINAL AREAS

Specificities of the

MARGINAL AREAS

Natural

M k

p(natural) environment

age

ABDNUS

Market chain actors

TK

-cu

lt h

erit

a

Financial Human

In-situImproveli lih d M k t

Physical

Bio

-

Social

livelihoodsSust. use

Market re-org

INSTITUTIONAL ENV.

Market (chain) development

Trade-offsImpact Activities/interventions

Research approaches C&M

2. SLF (livelihood asset survey )

1. Value chain approach (market chain analysis)

NaturalProducers

Financial HumanProcessors

TradersPhysical Social

Traders

Consumers

3. Market Map (constraints /opportunities, enabling environment)

4. PMCA (involvement of chain actors)

Research tools C&M

Focus Group DiscussionsKey Informant interviews

Household interviews with structured questionnaires

Market chain actors,

Key Informant interviewsMulti-stakeholder workshop

Market chain actors

structured questionnaires using purpose sampling

,researchers, govn’t officers

Livelihood assets, income/labour share

Species uses, market chain functions, actors’ roles

Outline

• Introduction

• Concepts and methods

1 Th i t f NUS t li lih d

• Results1. The importance of NUS to livelihoods

2. Market chain of NUS and actors

• Discussion3. Conceptualising the value of NUS

Some livelihood assets per actors i l d i NUS S i di

R 1

involved in NUS, Syrian case studies80 Illiteracy rate Market actors:

40

60

e acy a eCOLLECTORS

GROWERS

0

20

0

PROCESSORS

TRADERS

100 Average ratio to total of workers

0PC TG

60

80

g

20

40 Ratio family/tot

Ratio Women/tot

0

20Ratio Child/tot

PC TG

Destination of product per market S i di

R 1

actor, Syrian case studies

% Household consumption versus sale Market actors:p

80100

COLLECTORS

GROWERS

20406080

PROCESSORS

TRADERS

0% HH consumption

S

PC TG

% Sale

Income and labour share, Syrian case di

R 1

studies

Market actors:

25 22%23%

COLLECTORS

GROWERS

1520

25

10%

22%23%20% 18%

18%11 3%

13.4%PROCESSORS

TRADERS

510

% income share

% labour share

10%11.3%

0% labour share

PC TG

Laurel soap market chain in Syria R 2

SYRIAN COLLECTORS/OIL PROCESSORS

TURKISH OIL PROCESSORS

TRADERSIMPORT TRADERS

HERBALIST/ RETAILERSTRADERS

SOAP MAKERS

LOCAL CONSUMERS

Final price2 6 $/ K

IMPORTERS, DISTRIBUTORS

FOREIGN HERBALIST

2-6 $/ Kg

FOREIGN CONSUMERS Final price

20-24 $ / Kg

Laurel soap market in Syria R 2

Caper market chain in Syria R 2

COLLECTORS from the wild1USD= 50 SYP

CHIEF COLLECTOR

30 SYP/kg

MANAGER55 SYP/kg

35 SYP/kg

TURKISH TRADERS

LOCAL TRADERS

90 SYP/kg

g

TURKISH FACTORY

300 SYP/kg

FINAL CONSUMERS IN EUFINAL PRICE up to 30 $/Kg

Caper market in Syria R 2

Multi-stakeholders workshop: Caper market in Syria

R 2

Caper market in Syria

• Participatory approach to develop a market • Focus on poor region• Focus on poor region• Collaboration with a developing agency• Collaboration and trust among actors• Validation of the research results

Emmer bulgur market chain in T k

R 2

TurkeyFarmers-traders 1USD= 1 5 YTLa e s ade s

10% of product

Hulled grains0.4 YTL/Kg

1USD= 1.5 YTL

Millers

p

2 YTL/Kg

1.5 YTL/Kg1.5 YTL/Kg

2 YTL/Kg

Retailers

2 YTL/Kg 2 YTL/Kg

Consumers

Enabling environment: examples from Italy on caper and emmer

R 2

from Italy on caper and emmer• Selection of cultivar throughSelection of cultivar through generations

• Farmers’ cooperatives• Farmers cooperatives• Traditional know-how and modern technologiesmodern technologies

• Promotion and marketing istrategies

• National and EU certification (GIs)

Conceptualising the market value of NUS

R 3

NUS

Identify the species’

Define appropriate Increase the

li lih dspecies current and

potential

appropriate policy/ market

livelihoods of primary producersvalue response producers

Concept: Economic value of NUSprivate

R 3

Private / Public value

private

Private / Public valuepublic

Temporal value

No more valued today Currently rising Always been undervaluedUnderdevelopedNew or nicheOld or traditional

Concept: NUS Market constraints R 3

Missing markets Market imperfections

No access to the market - quantity produced < capacity- price < full valueprice < full value- rent not fairly distributed

- high transaction costs - lack of credits

- freshness constraints - weak demand

- lack of economic incentives

- inefficient supply (processing, quality cultivar, market chain organization)market chain organization)

Addressing market constraints with 3 diti

R 3

3 necessary conditionsExpansion of the demandExpansion of the demand

i.e. PromotionProduct differentiation

Increase the efficiency in ythe market chain

i.e. Information sharing

C l f h l

gVertical/horizontal integration

Control of the supply

i.e. Specification of quality attributes

Concept: ABD maintenance versusi i

R 3

income improvement

A F0

arm

A

ty o

n fa

AiiEmmer Italy

F2

dive

rsit y

grob

iod

F1Ai

I Household income

Ag

Ii

Kokum India Emmer Turkey

I Household incomeI

Outline

• Introduction

• Concepts and methods

• Results

• Discussion

Conclusions Dis

• Adaptability to harsh environments

• Accessibility to the poor

• Strategic role of market of NUS on• Strategic role of market of NUS on livelihoods (10-20% income)

• Limited research on NUS

Conclusions (cont.) Dis

• Development of markets involves family members

• Market is mainly based on the link between local natural resources and traditional knowledgeg

• Many constraints hamper the development of market potentialmarket potential

Recommendations Dis

• Consumer demand: research and awareness

• Production/collection: capacityProduction/collection: capacity building/knowledge sharing

• Processing/value adding: technology

• Reorganisation of market: improve market• Reorganisation of market: improve market functioning

Public-private interventionPublic private intervention

Research implications Dis

• Multidisciplinary approachy

• Discuss the findings with the stakeholders

• Market chain - livelihoods analysis

• Collaboration with local researchers• Collaboration with local researchers

• Effort to convert results into developmentp

My personal experience Dis

• Life trainingg

• Collaboration and exchange experience

• Frustration: development results?

Research and work skills• Research and work skills

• Interest and passion in ABD and TKInterest and passion in ABD and TK

Thank youy