Agriculture Of India

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AgricultureAgriculture



What is AgricultureWhat is Agriculture

Agriculture is the production, processing,Agriculture is the production, processing,marketing, and use of foods, fibers and bymarketing, and use of foods, fibers and byproducts from plant crops and animals.products from plant crops and animals.

The word agriculture is the English adaptation of The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultra, from ager, "a field",[9] andLatin agricultra, from ager, "a field",[9] andcultra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillagecultra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillageof the soil".Thus, a literal reading of the wordof the soil".Thus, a literal reading of the word

yields "tillage of a field / of fields".yields "tillage of a field / of fields".





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Indian Agriculture has made rapid strides sinceIndian Agriculture has made rapid strides since

independenceindependence

From food shortages and import From food shortages and import

to self to self--sufficiency and exports. sufficiency and exports.

From subsistence farming From subsistence farming to intensive and technology led cultivation.to intensive and technology led cultivation.

Today , India is the front ranking Today , India is the front ranking

producer of many crops in the world. producer of many crops in the world.

Ushered in through theUshered in through the

green, white, blue and yellow revolutions green, white, blue and yellow revolutions



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IndianIndian AgricultureAgriculture-- Some FactsSome Facts

Total Geographical AreaTotal Geographical Area -- 328 million hectares328 million hectares

Net Area sown Net Area sown -- 142 million hectares (approx 43%)142 million hectares (approx 43%)

Provides Employment to 58.4% of work force.Provides Employment to 58.4% of work force.

Agriculture is one of the strongholds of the Indian economyAgriculture is one of the strongholds of the Indian economyand accounts for 14.6 per cent of the country's gross domesticand accounts for 14.6 per cent of the country's gross domestic

product (GDP) in 2009 product (GDP) in 2009--10, and 10.23 per cent (provisional) of 10, and 10.23 per cent (provisional) of

the total exports.the total exports. Provides food toProvides food to 1.25Billion1.25Billion people people

India's agriculture and allied sector grew by 3.8 per cent in theIndia's agriculture and allied sector grew by 3.8 per cent in thefirst six months of the current fiscal (2010first six months of the current fiscal (2010--11)11)



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IndianIndian AgricultureAgriculture-- Some FactsSome Facts

Sustains 65% of the population : helps alleviateSustains 65% of the population : helps alleviate

poverty poverty

Produces 51 major CropsProduces 51 major Crops

Provides Raw Material to IndustriesProvides Raw Material to Industries

Contributes to 1/6Contributes to 1/6thth of the export earningsof the export earnings

One of the 12 BioOne of the 12 Bio--diversity centers in the world withdiversity centers in the world with

over 46,000 species of plants and 86,000 species of over 46,000 species of plants and 86,000 species of

animals recordedanimals recorded



Milestones in AgricultureMilestones in Agriculture

DevelopmentDevelopment Green RevolutionsGreen Revolutions

Evergreen RevolutionsEvergreen Revolutions

Biotechnology RevolutionsBiotechnology Revolutions

ICT RevolutionsICT Revolutions



Green RevolutionGreen Revolution

The world's worst recorded food disasterThe world's worst recorded food disaster

happened in 1943 in Britishhappened in 1943 in British--ruled India. Knownruled India. Known

as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four millionas the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million

people died of hunger that year alone in easternpeople died of hunger that year alone in eastern

India.India.

This shortf all of food grains continue till 1965.This shortf all of food grains continue till 1965.every year many people died due to starvation.every year many people died due to starvation.

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What was the Green RevolutionWhat was the Green Revolution

There were three basic elements in the method of theThere were three basic elements in the method of the

Green Revolution:Green Revolution:

(1) Continued expansion of f arming areas;(1) Continued expansion of f arming areas;

(2) Double(2) Double--cropping existing f armland;cropping existing f armland;

(3) Using seeds with improved genetics.(3) Using seeds with improved genetics.

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Continued expansion of f arming areasContinued expansion of f arming areas

The area of land under cultivation was beingThe area of land under cultivation was being

increased right from 1947. But this was notincreased right from 1947. But this was not

enough in meeting with rising demand. Otherenough in meeting with rising demand. Other

methods were required. Yet, the expansion of methods were required. Yet, the expansion of

cultivable land also had to continue. So, the Greencultivable land also had to continue. So, the Green

Revolution continued with this quantitativeRevolution continued with this quantitative

expansion of f armlands. However, this is NOT theexpansion of f armlands. However, this is NOT the

most striking feature of the Revolution.most striking feature of the Revolution.

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DoubleDouble--cropping existing farmlandcropping existing farmland

DoubleDouble--cropping was a primary feature of the Greencropping was a primary feature of the Green

Revolution. Instead of one crop season per year, theRevolution. Instead of one crop season per year, the

decision was made to have two crop seasons per year.decision was made to have two crop seasons per year.

The oneThe one--seasonseason--per per--year practice was based on theyear practice was based on thefact that there is only natural monsoon per year. Thisfact that there is only natural monsoon per year. This

was correct. So, there had to be two "monsoons" per was correct. So, there had to be two "monsoons" per

year. One would be the natural monsoon and theyear. One would be the natural monsoon and the

other an artificial 'monsoon.'other an artificial 'monsoon.'

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Artificial Monsoon or IrrigationArtificial Monsoon or Irrigation

Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge

irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest

large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which

were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation

techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.

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Seeds with superior geneticsSeeds with superior genetics

This was the scientific aspect of the GreenThis was the scientific aspect of the Green

Revolution. TheRevolution. The Indian Council for AgriculturalIndian Council for Agricultural

ResearchResearch was rewas re--organized in 1965 and then again inorganized in 1965 and then again in

1973. It developed new strains of high yield value1973. It developed new strains of high yield value(HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice. The most(HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice. The most

noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat.noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat.

The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P.The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P.

Singh who is also regarded as the hero of India'sSingh who is also regarded as the hero of India's

Green revolution.Green revolution.

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Statistical Results of the GreenStatistical Results of the Green

RevolutionRevolution The Green Revolution resulted in a record grainThe Green Revolution resulted in a record grain

output of 131 million tons in 1978output of 131 million tons in 1978--79. This79. This

established India as one of the world's biggestestablished India as one of the world's biggest

agricultural producers. No other country in the worldagricultural producers. No other country in the worldwhich attempted the Green Revolution recorded suchwhich attempted the Green Revolution recorded such

level of success.level of success.

Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30

per cent between 1947 (when India gained political per cent between 1947 (when India gained political

independence) and 1979 when the Green Revolutionindependence) and 1979 when the Green Revolution

was considered to have delivered its goods.was considered to have delivered its goods.

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The crop area under HYV varieties grew from 7 per The crop area under HYV varieties grew from 7 per

cent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area duringcent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area during

the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70

per cent of the wheat crop area, 35 per cent of the rice per cent of the wheat crop area, 35 per cent of the ricecrop area and 20 per cent of the millet and corn cropcrop area and 20 per cent of the millet and corn crop

area, used the HYV seeds.area, used the HYV seeds.

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Different Types of Cropping PatternsDifferent Types of Cropping Patterns

Rabi CropsRabi Crops

Rabi crops are sown in winter from October Rabi crops are sown in winter from October

to December.to December.

Harvested in In summer from April to JuneHarvested in In summer from April to June

Important Rabi cropsImportant Rabi crops ± ± wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.

Kharif CropsKharif Crops

These crops are grown with the onset of These crops are grown with the onset of

monsoon and harvested in September monsoon and harvested in September--October.October.

Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy),Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy),maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,groundnut and soyabean.groundnut and soyabean.

..



Zaid CropsZaid Crops

In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,

there is a short season during the summer there is a short season during the summer

months known as the Zaid season.months known as the Zaid season.

Some of the crops produced during µzaid¶ are watermelon,Some of the crops produced during µzaid¶ are watermelon,

cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops and Sugarcane.cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops and Sugarcane.



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Major AchievementsMajor Achievements

India isIndia is

Largest producer in the world of pulses , tea , and milk

Largest producer in the world of pulses , tea , and milk

Second Largest producer of fruits, vegetables, wheat , rice,Second Largest producer of fruits, vegetables, wheat , rice,

groundnut and sugarcane.groundnut and sugarcane.



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Indian Agriculture ScenarioIndian Agriculture Scenario

STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS

Rich BioRich Bio--diversitydiversity

ClimateClimate

Strong and well dispersedStrong and well dispersed

researchresearch

OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES ExportsExports

AgroAgro--based Industry based Industry

WEAKNESSWEAKNESS Fragmentation of landFragmentation of land

Low Technology InputsLow Technology Inputs

Unsustainable Water ManagementUnsustainable Water Management

Poor InfrastructurePoor Infrastructure



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National Agriculture Policy National Agriculture Policy

The First Ever National Agriculture Policy wasThe First Ever National Agriculture Policy was

announced in July 2000. The Policy seeks to overcomeannounced in July 2000. The Policy seeks to overcome

these constraints and achievethese constraints and achieve

A Growth rate in excess of 4 percent per annum inA Growth rate in excess of 4 percent per annum in

the agriculture sector.the agriculture sector.

Growth that is based on efficient use of resources,Growth that is based on efficient use of resources,

and conserves our soil, water , and bio diversity.and conserves our soil, water , and bio diversity. Growth that is sustainable ,technologically ,Growth that is sustainable ,technologically ,

environmentally, and economically.environmentally, and economically.



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The Policy has indicated a nineThe Policy has indicated a nine--fold package of policyfold package of policy

initiatives to achieve the objectivesinitiatives to achieve the objectives

Development of Sustainable agricultureDevelopment of Sustainable agriculture

Food and Nutritional securityFood and Nutritional security

Generation and Transfer of TechnologyGeneration and Transfer of Technology

Improvement of input efficiencyImprovement of input efficiency

Provision of incentives for agricultureProvision of incentives for agriculture

Promotion of Investments in agriculturePromotion of Investments in agriculture

Better risk managementBetter risk management Introduction of Management ReformsIntroduction of Management Reforms



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TARGETSTARGETS

Food Grain Production will be doubled in ten years, so as toFood Grain Production will be doubled in ten years, so as to

make India hunger free .make India hunger free .

Special emphasis will be on horticulture production in order toSpecial emphasis will be on horticulture production in order toachieve a quantum increase.achieve a quantum increase.

Allied sectors like live stock, dairy poultry, fisheries, will beAllied sectors like live stock, dairy poultry, fisheries, will be

promoted promoted

Production of oilseeds and pulses will be raised substantially.Production of oilseeds and pulses will be raised substantially.



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India¶s International TradeIndia¶s International Trade -- 20012001--0202

500

0

1000

1500

2000

2500

Exports Imports

Agriculture

Non-Agriculture

2 8 9

1 7 3 62 1 4 8

1 2 0

Rs Billions



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India¶s Agricultural Export PotentialsIndia¶s Agricultural Export Potentials

Marine ProductsMarine Products

RiceRice

WheatWheat

Condiments and SpucesCondiments and Spuces CashewCashew

TeaTea

CoffeeCoffee

Castor Castor

JuteJute

Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables-- Onions, Mango, Grapes, Banana,Onions, Mango, Grapes, Banana,Tomato , Potato , Lichchi ,etc.Tomato , Potato , Lichchi ,etc.



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Current ConcernsCurrent Concerns

Pressure of the Population on LandPressure of the Population on Land

Land DegradationLand Degradation Water BalanceWater Balance

Low level of mechanizationLow level of mechanization



UpshotsUpshots

Agriculture is set to play a more dynamic role inAgriculture is set to play a more dynamic role in

economy, to achieve thiseconomy, to achieve this

Efforts should be given on policies, strategies andEfforts should be given on policies, strategies andframework framework

Partnerships in Genomics,TransPartnerships in Genomics,Trans--Boundary DiseaseBoundary DiseaseMonitoring and Managing Biodiversity of crops,Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity of crops,

vegetables & fisheriesvegetables & fisheries Opportunities for Germplasm & technologyOpportunities for Germplasm & technology

exchange.exchange.



"If we seed the agriculture, it will feed the"If we seed the agriculture, it will feed the

Nation". Nation".



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Agriculture Of India