Agriculture, Industrialization and Development

Agriculture

• Commercial Agriculture– Intensive vs. Extensive– Sustainable agriculture

• Subsistence Agriculture• Agricultural Revolutions– 1st, 2nd, 3rd (Green Revolution)

• von Thunen Model– milkshed

Agriculture

• Debt-for-nature swap

• Planned Economy• Collective Farm• Suitcase Farm• “Tragedy of the

commons”• Aquaculture

Industrialization and Development

• Human Development Index• GDI• Self-Sufficiency Model• International Trade Model (Rostow’s Model)• Dependency Theory– Core-Periphery Model– World Systems Theory

School of Thought Time Period Main Ideas Real World Strategies

Modernization 1940s-1960s •Progressive stages of economic growthEconomic structural changeTrickle-down economics

InvestmentTechnology transferLarge scale industrialization projects

Dependency 1970s Human welfareCore-periphery modelCircular and cumulative causationNationalizationBottom-up economics

Small-scale and rural enterprisesImport substitutionNeocolonialism

Neoliberal Counter-revolution

1980s Free market economicsTransition economies

PrivatizationForeign direct investmentReduced role of the stateFree tradeCurrency devaluation

Sustainable Development 1990s Global environmental changeEnvironmental economicsWomen and developmentChildren and development

Partnership with developed countriesMarket mechanisms for environmental regulationResource conservationRenewable resourcesLoans to women and very poor (microcredit)Women’s and children’s rightsAppropriate technology

Figure 7.7

Industrialization and Development

• Situation factors– Bulk reducing– Bulk gaining

• Site factors• Weber’s least cost theory• Industrial Regions• Deindustrialization• Footloose Industry

Manufacturing Regions

Fig. 11-3: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

Industrial Regions of North America

Fig. 11-4: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

Manufacturing Centers in

Western Europe

Fig. 11-6: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

Industrialization and Development

• NAFTA• Entrepot• Outsourcing• International division of labor• Maquiladoras