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Agriculture in Odisha - Issues, Challenges Policies and Potentials
Dr. Akshay Kumar SahuDirectorate of Agriculture, Odisha
ABSTRACT
Odisha is predominantly an agrarian state with agriculture and animal husbandry, contributing 17.2% (2012-13 advance estimates, Economic survey Report, 2012-13) to the Gross State Domestic Product. It Provides employment and sustenance, directly or indirectly, to more than 60% of the populace, and forms the single largest employment sector of the state. Thus, development in the field of Agriculture holds the key to the economic development of the state.
Some basic issues in the sector are agriculture the mainstay of the majority of populace, rural poverty, agriculture diversification, diversion of food grains to bioflues, population growth, Slowing agriculture production growth, irrigation water.
Strategic Interventions for Growth of Horticulture in Odisha.
Dr. S.K. ChadhaDirector of Horticulture, Govt. of Odisha, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACT
Horticulture invariably improves the economic status of the farmers of Odisha. The Earlier seasonal availability of fruits and vegetables has now extended to all the year round, increasing per capital consumption of fruits and vegetables. It has also paid a significant role in women empowerment, providing employment opportunities through mushroom cultivation, floriculture, processing, nursery raising, vegetables seed production etc.
The Directorate of Horticulture carries out an array of activities promoting production of Horticulture crops like Fruits, Vegetable, Spices, Flowers & PHM. Several schemes like national horticulture Mission, MGNREGA, RKVY & other state plan schemes are being implemented. Several other strategic interventions (CBD, Micro Irrigation) in horticulture are supported by state plan to exploit potential for horticultural development in the state.
Agricultural Economy, Incentive Structure and Environmental Sustainability
Dr. Padmaja MishraProfessor, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACT
Agriculture-as a major land use –has profound effects on natural environment. Soils are living. dynamic systems and the main underpinnings of agricultural ecosystem that provide the interface between agriculture and environment. Agricultural activities impact natural environment Agricultural activities impact natural environment in various ways via soil quality (texture, erodabilty, nutrient depletion, moisture balances, salinity etc.). Besides, agricultural practices also affect water quality (surface and ground water pollution and depletion), air quality (green house gas emission), bio-diversity, wildlife habitat and ecosystem as a whole. Agriculture pollution constitute both the biotic and abiotic byproducts generated from the act farming. However, the exact link between agriculture and natural environment is complex.
Agriculture economy being the basic livelihood provider to masses has to be understood not only in terms of its productivity but also in terms of its sustainability. Production in perpetuity and livelihood security are the most impending challenges faced by modern agricultural economies. There are three angels to sustainability in agriculture: ecological, economic and social. Shaped the culture and socio-economic condition of vast rural population in India. Therefore, integrating environmental concerns with agriculture policies to reduce environmental degradation and enhancing the sustainability of agro systems is a major policy challenge.
Shifting Farming and its Impact on the Ecosystem
Dr. S.N. Patro
Working President, Orissa Environmental Society, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACTTraditionally the Indian economy is forest and agriculture based. Centuries back the primitive man discovered that seeds of certain grasses and plants could be eaten. He tried to grow them close to his abode for easy availability .He resorted to slash and burn agriculture a piece of virgin forest land is chosen and the standing vegetation is slashed down. The slashed material is left over the same land for same days to be sun-dried. The dried matter is then burnt to ashes as the source of nutrients. Over the ash rich soil bed seeds of hill paddy, millets, pulses and certain other corps are sown in drills made with a dibble. The plough or animal is never used, and even the modern fertilizer or pesticides are not applied. The crop yield is generally good for initial one or two years because of the presence of nutrients in the ash, and thereafter declines due to soil erosion and rehabilitates itself with natural growth of vegetation and becomes available for a similar onslaught. As the farming is shifted from place to place this practice this practice is coined as “Shifting Farming” or Shifting cultivation”. As years rolled by ,the people who settled in the river valleys resorted to permanent agriculture and adopted modern practices where as isolated communities living in the remote areas continued the practice of shifting farming. Therefore, the practice is viewed as a transitional stage in the evolution of modern land husbandry practices.
Youth in Agriculture : A question of uncertainty for tomorrow
Dr. C. SatapathyDirector, Amity Humanity Foundation, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Shortage of man power to man the Agriculture is the recent problem in Odisha. Diversification of people from farming to non-farming sector is alarming to sustain production and productivity. Since last two decades, the farmers are realizing the uneconomic characters of agriculture. The problem is acute as youths are in search of non- farming profession. Those who reside and live on farming realize the incoming of dark future of farming, old age security and social recognition. Such discussion has far reaching on the youth impact on the youth in rural areas.
Recently the Government of Odisha has come up with YOUTH POLICY 2013 having nothing for youths in agriculture. The value of planning for youths remain with the core feeling of (i)dignity of youth (ii)youth of assets (iii)responsible role and force to promote development. The principles adopted in youth policy have stressed on (i)accessibility to resources (ii)holistic in approach (iii)diversity in back ground (iv)non-discrimination (v)inclusive participation (vi)social protection (vii) transparency and accountability (viii)sustainability and( ix)Youths in institutional care. The principle elaborated in policy is urban oriented and has little to do with youth in agriculture.
Sustainable Development of Indian Agriculture: An overview
Dr. Shrinibas Jena, Bibhu Santosh Behera and Prof. Anama Charan Behera
ABSTRACTAs the bed rock of India’s Economy, agriculture and its allied activities have remained the focal point of the India’s planned economic development. In fact, two-thirds of the country’s workforce deriving there livelihood from agriculture and allied activities, the performance of the sector still holds the key to improvements in real incomes and living standards of the bulk of the India’s population. Despite phenomenal diversification of the country’s economy, this sector even now constitutes the largest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thus, there can be no sustained growth of Indian economy without broad based progress of our agriculture.
Agriculture produces 51 major crops, provides raw materials to country’s agro-based industries and fetches approximately one sixth of total export earnings. India is a rich endowment of nature. India has diverse agro-climatic region, large arable land, suitable fertile soil qualities, abundant sunlight, and spread of monsoon rains comparative advantage in global markets and a receptive and resurgent farming community. Our climate, being moderate, enable s us to grow two to three crops a year, whereas in most parts of the world, due to severe winters only one crop can be grown a year.
Growth of Agriculture in Odisha
Prashanta Chand Panda and Sudhakar Panda Associate Professor of Economics, School of Liberal Arts, DD Petroleum UniversityFormer Professor of Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACT
Development of agriculture in Odisha holds tremendous opportunities for the economic welfare of its people. But for a variety of reasons the farm sector has been underperforming. Its growth potentials which could have contributed substantially to development and poverty reduction remain under exploited and even untapped in some areas. A systematic reduction in poverty s possible through a broad based development of agriculture and the allied activities. But policies pursued so far for its development have been less productive than hoped for because of institutional and technological reasons. Some of the basic challenges which agriculture faces remain unsolved despite the best intentions of the state. The preponderance of small and marginal farms has notbeen that helpful in facilitating the transfer of information and knowledge for the scientific and technological breakthroughs in agriculture.
Growth in agriculture is also linked to the other sectors of the economy. We have not been that successful in building the strategic and functional relationships between agriculture and the other key areas to achieve a successful transformation of agriculture from a traditional agriculture to a modern and commercial agriculture. This is evident from the absence of agro and food processing industries in the state. Production of jute, sugarcane & mustard would have expanded considerably had we succeeded in building up the functional linkages between agriculture and agro industries. Sometimes we lament the low productivity of agriculture in the state compared the developed states like Punjab, Haryanaand Tamil Nadu, Yet we have not been able to take care of what has been produced and the farmers instead of feeling proud suffer from a sense of insecurity.
Climate Smart Agriculture: A Key for Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
A.K. Sahoo and P. Das
ABSTRACT
Meeting the food demand of rapidly growing global population in the context of climate change are now the major problems of many countries of the world. By 2050 approximately 70% more food will have to be produced to feed growing populations .Particularly in developing countries (UN 2009, FAO 2011).Agriculture is already causing increased conversion of lands and placing greater pressure on biological diversities and natural resource functions than ever before(MEA 2005 and IAASTD 2009).As Climate change temperatures to rise and precipitation patterns to change, more weather extremes will potentially reduce global food production (Nelson et.al. 2010, WEF 2010).
Agriculture is rapidly evolving to address these drivers of change, for instance through irrigation, fertilizers and the provision of better germ plasm for higher productivityand improved products (Henao et.al. 2006). In many less developed parts of the world, Increased production has occurred through the intensification and extensification are currently having a significant negative effect on the environment; depleting the natural resource base upon which we rely (MEA 2005 and IAASTD 2009).The need to reduce the environmental impacts while increasing productivity requires a significant change in the way agriculture currently operates.
Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture
Shri Bhagirathi BeheraEx-Director, Environment-cum-Special Secretary,Forest & Environment Department, Govt. of Odisha.
ABSTRACT
Though India occupies only 2.4% of Earth’s surface area, it has 17.5% of the world’s population. In the decade between 2001 and 2011 India has added 181 million people to the world population. The most recent national census projects that by 2025 India will surpass China to become the world’s most populous nation and that by 2050. India’s population will reach 1.6 billion. India has emerged as a rapidly growing economy with annual growth 9% in 2009.The composition of the economy has changed considerably in the past 50 years: In 1950, 55%of its gross domestic product (GDP) came from agriculture while in 2009 its is 18.5%.Interstingly livestock contributes about one-quarter of India’s agriculture GDP. Even Today 60% of India’s population is directly dependent on agriculture despites the rapid strides in globalization and industrialization and emergence of the ancillary sectors.
India is faced with the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic growth while dealing with the global threat of climate change. This threat emanates from the accumulated green house gas emissions in the atmosphere, anthropogenic ally generated through long term and intensive industrial growth and high consumption lifestyle in developed countries. India is now among the world largest global producer of milk, poultry, meat & eggs. It has the world’s biggest dairy herd, 300 million strong, comprised of cows and the buffalo milk. It is also the world’s biggest dairy herd, 300 million strong, comprised of cow’s milk and first in buffalo milk. It is also the world’s top national milk consumer and demand for milk and other diary products is growing by 7 to 8% per year. This country is also the world’s fourth largest producer of eggs and fifth largest producer of poultry meat, principally from chicken.
Climate Change, its impact on Food Grain Production and Food Security in Odisha
Prof. B.Bhuyan and Ms. Anuradha MishraDirector R & D, Faculty, Centre for Agri management, Dept. of Business Admin, Utkal University, BBSR
ABSTRACT
Climate is the measure of average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, precipitation and other meteorological variables in a given region for a period of atleast 30 years. Odisha climate has undergone a considerable change due to various factors. The old six seasons of the year has turned into practically two i.e. summer and rain. The variation in day temperature and annual rainfall is now mostly confined to 4 months, in a year and number of rain days has gone down from 120 to 90,besides being erratic. In some years there is 2 to 3 times of the normal rainfall. Similarly the mean temperature is rising and even to the extent of 50 C in some areas in south and north regions of the state. Minimum Temperature has increased about 25% such change is resulting infrequent floods, Cyclone and droughts, though number of drought years exceeds those of other calamites. Such climate cha related calamities is affecting adversely productivity and production of food grains.
Adaptation of Agriculture to Disaster and Climate Change in Odisha
Dr. Sailabala PadhiDirector, Centre for Environmental studies, Forest & Environment Department, Government of Odisha.
ABSTRACTThe current Global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to adopt eco-friendly agricultural practices agriculture practices for sustainable agriculture. The domination and exploitations agricultural of flora And fauna by humans in the past and deviation from a natural life style in the present have resulted in forced imbalances in the natural elements of the ecosystem .This in turn has made an adverse impact on human health and well being. The "Health care" of soil, plants and the micro and micro organisms has deteriorated over time. Chemical Agriculture has further worsened the scenario and exponentially increased the incidence of health hazards. It has been widely accepted that organic farming alone could serve as a holistic approach towards achieving sustainable agriculture as organic farming is nature-based, environment friendly and sustainable ensusing not only the requirement of the present but also the conservation of resources for nature. Organic agriculture is known under various names such as ‘green culture’, ‘natural farming’, ‘do-nothing farming’ etc. The high demand for organic produce by the present day health conscious society gave further movement and eventually sporadic attempts have been made by farmers all over the world to detoxify the land, dispense with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides and grow crops organically. In recent years, organic farming has developed very rapidly. Organic manure replaced chemical fertilizers while herbal extracts replaced pesticides and fungicides. Crops cultivated under agriculture systems produce significantly higher yields than those raised under agriculture systems produce significantly higher yields than those raised under agriculture systems produce significantly higher yields than those raised under conventional agriculture systems.
Role of Integrated Watershed Development programme in Agriculture Development
Bijayaram DasRetd. Director, Soil Conservation, Odisha
ABSTRACT
The green revolution bypassed the rainfed agriculture over 143 million hectares and emphasized mostly on 53 million hectare of irrigated agriculture. Thus the agriculture development became lop sided. We faced a situation that 55% of food grain came from 35 million hectares of irrigated agriculture where as balance 45% came from 143 million hectare of rainfed agriculture. This implied very low level productivity of the rainfed area where the resources are highly degraded. This resulted in severe regional imbalance. It is estimated, even if maximum of irrigation is done, 60 million hectares will continue to remain rainfed. Country‘s large proportion of corp land must not be allowed to languish at very low productive level for its major adverse implication for poverty eradication and equity. Major 2/3 of arable lands in rainfed condition continue to be neglected. Financial flow went to the irrigated area neglecting the rainfed areas. About 8,000 crores of rupees were released as subsidy for fertilizer and procurement of grains produced by subsidized fertilizer. The benefits went to the rich farmers of the rich farmers of the irrigated area while regional imbalance was created in the vast rainfed agriculture area.
Common Property Water Resource Management in Odisha - Some Case Studies
Pravakar Nanda, S Ghosh P.S.B Anand and R.C. Srivastav
ABSTRACT
Common Property Resources (CPR) management has become focal point in communitybased management of natural resources under various development schemes forvillages . The economic benefit to the community from the access to the common property is substantial .Absence of regulatory mechanism at the village level for use of common property is substantial. Absence of regulatory mechanism at the village level for use of common properties has led to free access and over exploitation of these resources beyond sustainable limit. The traditional water bodies like village ponds ,wetlands and the drainage lines have been issues for conflicts due to cash of interest of users at different points .Which arises because of competitive exploitation of CPR to maximise private profit. The traditional management mechanism and property right issues got blurred under commercial interest linked to these resources .The emerging scenario of participatory irrigation management in minor irrigation sector along with watershed development programmes put the issues of common property management and community action at the centre stage.
Performance of Sprinkler and Furrow Irrigation Methods in Summer Groundnut
N. Sahoo and M.K GhosalCollege of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University ofAgriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar-751003
ABSTRACT
Entire harnessable surface and ground water of our country can bring only about 50% of total cultivable area under irrigation water. The only way to increase irrigated area is to go for efficient use of irrigation water .Sprinkler irrigation method is reported to be about 20% more efficient than conventional irrigation method . In some crops water saving of 30-50% has been achieved by using sprinkler irrigation system.
Sprinkler irrigation is more popular in closely spaced crops like groundnut, millet and sugarcane. The factor s like land levelling of undulated topography, labour scarcity, reduction of water loss due to percolation, conveyance loss in the distribution system and increased water use efficiency have convinced farmers to go for sprinkler irrigation method. The specific objective of the study was to compare different parameters of specific objective of sprinkler irrigation with that of conventional furrow irrigation for summer groundnut crop.
Brief overview of Inland Fisheries Sector in Odisha
Dr. P. JayasankarDirector, Centre Institute of freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACTThe total fishermen population in Odisha State is about 10.15 lakhs of which 4.5 lakhs are marine and about 1,89,000 inland fisherman. The population density is 202/ sq.km. The literacy is 48.65% of which male literacy is 62.37% and female literacy is 34.4%. The number of fisherman villages is 3878 of which 641 are marine and 3237 inland. The active fisherman cooperatives in the state is 638(78 marine and 560 inland)with a total membership of 99294(19651 marine and 79643 inland). Most of the fisherman villages lack basic amenities like communication, housing, electricity, drinking water, health and sanitary facilities.
An important component of human well-being is employment, which in aquaculture has grown rapidly in the last three decades .More than 100 million people now depend on the sector for a living ,either as employees in the producing and support sectors or as their dependants. In many Places , these employment opportunities have enabled young people to stay in their communities and have strengthened the economic viability of isolated areas, often enhancing the status of women in developing countries, where more than 80 percent of aquaculture output occurs. Aquaculture has been heavily promoted in several countries with fiscal and monetary incentives and this has improved accessibility to food for many households and increased aquaculture’s contribution towards the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). However, the sector has developed at a time of growing scrutiny from the public, improved communications and vociferous opposition groups. Although opposition groups can act as environmental and social watch dogs, putting pressure on businesses to increase transparency and improve working conditions, It is also important to consider the benefits accruing from the sector including those related to employment. Unfair employment practices in aquaculture, including exploitation of local labour, gender discrimination and child employment , can undermine trust threaten the credibility of policy-makers and jeopardise markets for farmed seafood. Most countries have legislation to protect workers but compliance therewith can deter enterprises, with some opting to operate in countries with lower labour and social standards where they can gain a competitive advantage.
Community Based Biodiversity Management: An Approach for Building Community Resilience in the face of Climate Change
Dr. Saujanendra Swain
Principal scientistM.S. Swaminathan Research foundation, Jaypore, [email protected]
ABSTRACT Climate change poses severe risks to food security; it threatens in particular food security ofsmall scale (subsistence)farmers located in marginal production conditions. The green revolution has boosted global food production; at local level however, small-scale farmers benefited only to a limited extend. We need to learn our lessons and look for complementary pathways working with those farmers facing climate change .Rather than following the known pathways that only focus on research and development, innovative processes need to be designed that enforce the capacities of small-scale farmers’ communities using genetic diversity in their struggle adapting to change.
A striking issue is that the small scale farmers unreached by the green revolution are targeted with the conservation strategy referred to as 'on-farm management in agricultural production systems'. The continued use of genetic diversity may turn an obstacle for adaptation. A major challenge is therefore to merge apparently contradictory priorities to strengthen capacities in on–farm management with 66 enhancing capabilities required to adapt. Before dealing with adaptation, it is relevant reflect upon the efforts to realize on-farm management.
Mainstreaming Urban Farming in Bhubaneswar City Planning
Dr. Piyush Ranjan RoutUrban Planner-cum-Co-Founder of Local Governance Network, Odisha
ABSTRACTEvery year 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted; same time; same tio to bedme,1 in every 7 people in the world go to bed hungry and more than 20,000 children under the age of 5 die daily from hunger. Perhaps something that no one would like read or listen but that’s reality as per various studies .However, such situation may never arise if we transform our cities in line with farming and agricultures. With seven billion mouths to feed, human agriculture exerts a tremendous toll on the planet, from water drawn to pollution and from organic agriculture to integrated pest management to feed the growing community. More cities around the world looking at urban farming, which offers to make our food as "local" foot prints" associated with long –distance transportation. We also get freshest produce and we are encouraged to eat more seasonal vegetables than important ones.
The most striking feature of urban farming, which distinguishes it from rural agriculture, is that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system: urban farming is embedded in and interacting with the urban ecosystem. Such Linkages include the use of urban residents as labourers, use of typical urban resources like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation, direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on urban functions, being influenced by urban policies and plans, etc. Urban farming is not a relict of the past that will not fade away nor brought to the city by rural immigrants that will loose their rural habits over time. It is an integral part of the urban system.
Food Sovereignty and Promotion of traditional variety of Rice and Minor Millets: An initiative of Jagruti, Daringbadi, kandhamal
Prakash NayakTeam Leader, C4D Institute, Bhubaneswar,Ex-Int’l. Communication Expert, FAO of the United Nations, South Asia-Kathamandu, [email protected]&[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Under–nutrition is one of India’s most serious problems -43 percent of childrenunder five are underweight,48 percent are stunted,20 percent are wasted,70 percentare anaemic, and 57 percent are vitamin A deficient. Due to inadequate nutrition amongadolescent girls and pregnant women, about one- third of children are born underweight,with diminished chances of survival(The World Bank). The problem of food and nutrition security remains a great threat to a large number of poor and vulnerable people in the kandhamal, Odisha. This situation is even worse Kandhamal and Prevails here even aftera number of entitlement schemes related to health and nutrition being implemented bythe Government, which is not being accessed by the community to the optimum levels...
Since time immemorial, there was a symbolic relationship between man and the plants. Man utilizes plant for several purposes such as food, fodder, shelter, medicine. Scared use and many other applications that’s his knowledge permits. On the other hand, due to economic growth and outreach mechanism of market force up to the last households, people are delineating from traditional food. A gap has already been created among the community over the available food and the traditional food.
Grass Root Innovations and Indigenous Traditional Knowledge System for Mentoring Tribal Youths of Mentoring Tribal Youths of Odisha for Sustainable Livestock Development
Dr. Balaram SahuScience and Technology Communicator, [email protected]
ABSTRACTIndia has the largest youth population in the world, Which is poised to increase further in the coming decades.70% of india’s population is below the age of 35 years and it holds true for the state like Odisha. In Odisha, Tribal population and its 70% is the total population and its 70% is the tribal youth.
This large pool of tribal youth population needs to be engaged in the mainstream development odisha and India at large. With the increase in connectivity and education system, tribal youths are now more interested in urban jobs. Many tribal youth, even semi educated and not formally educated ones leave villages for better livelihood earning n towns .Although some educated not youths get service in urban area, many of them ultimately land up in the loop of labour contractors, who engage them in pretty jobs of quarrying ,masonry, soil digging, brick works at very low wage and also send them to other states as DADAN to work in dangerous works like Brick kilns etc. Trival youths in early stage are the more vulnerable ones, although they have inherent capabilities of earning better livelihood in their own village with management of natural resources like domestic animals and plants. These educated /semi educated tribal youths need to be mentored ,trained and provided with scope and skill of better income generation in their home land.
There is need of the mechanism of mentoring the scattered and disconnected, semi educated tribal youths. The philosophy of mentoring may be operated through the Excellence, equity, Environment, Efficiency, Ethics, Empathy, and Education.
Organic Farming, Pest management and Food Preservation
Natbar Sarangi
ABSTRACT
The history of Agriculture in India is more than 10 thousand years old. Indian Farmer invented seeds of different crops and made implements from stone and in later years iron to till the soil and grow crops. Bullock plough was his greatest invention. He domesticated cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs. Castration of bulls to bulls to get bullocks was the first step in bio-engineering known to the prehistoric man. Such castration enabled peasants to yoke the bullocks to plough shares, bullock carts are used to transport food grain to urban places. Organic manure made from cow-dung, cow urine, farmyard wastes, corp residue were used to increase fertility of the soil and bring more production and increased productivity on the unit measure of law.
Women farmers invented Rice between 6719 BC to 5010 BC. Carbon test of rice fossils from Allahbad proves the birth of Rice in India. Modern Rice is an invention through trial and error method from wild rice. Jeypore in Orissa is claimed to be the birth place of rice.
Organic foods own food retainability. Oru country women own innovative ideas to storefood for longer duration. They make improvised water use practices to store cooked for 24hrs. Making dry foods from rice, pulses and wheat with or without jiggery or sugar can be stored for 15 days. A few Neem leaves and dry chillies keep pulses for a year without pest attack. So also we can store rice in a bag at least for six months fresh and free from insects. We know the dangers of cooling devises we use to keep vegetables and cooked food for more gas they emit contributes to global warming, organic vegetables can be storely on the vegetable baskets for week without being rotten. We need to throw away dogma on chemical farming. Demand organic food from the market, Eat healthy organic food. Livelong, save environment. Save life.
