Agriculture development in Telangana

M.Devender Reddy,Director (Retd.,)

Water Technology Centre, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500030, India,

email: metukudevender@gmail.com

Talk delivered on March 4, 2014 at WTc, ANGRAU, Hyderabad in a seminar on Agriculture development in Telangana

Telangana state formation in 2014

• Formed with agitation by Telangana Samajam• Expected to be

- corruption free state

-Poverty less state

- Employment to youth, Education, Empoverment of women and have nots and Skill development of unemployed

Status of resources and its utilization

The net, gross and rainfed area in Telangana (‘000ha) 2010-`11

District Normal Rainfall, mm

Net Cropped Area

Gross Cropped Area

% Of Rainfed To Net Cropped Area

% Of Rainfed To Gross Cropped Area

Cropping Intensity

Rangareddy 781 202 230 70 73 1.14Nizamabad 1036 259 420 48 68 1.62Medak 868 427 554 74 80 1.30Mahabubnag 604 819 917 71 74 1.12Nalgonda 753 454 585 42 55 1.29Warangal 994 434 557 44 56 1.28Khammam 1124 397 439 60 64 1.11Karimnagar 970 393 563 43 60 1.43Adilabad 1157 575 634 89 90 1.10Telangana 3960 4899 69

40 years (1963-2002) district wise rainfall data Indicate:

Amount of rainfall decreased in all the Telangana districts during 1993-2002 compared to previous three decades (1963-92).

Decade wise area under Agriculture in Telangana (‘000ha)

Land Utilization 1955-56 2005-06

Geographical area 10559 11477

Cultivable waste 358 192

Other fallow 326 855

Current fallow 970 1674

Net area sown 4657 4211

Area sown morethan once 171 908

Total cropped area 4828 5119

Reasons for Current fallows

• There is a direct relation between the rainfall pattern and the extent of fallows

• In drought year, the fallow lands increase• Late release of canal water• High cost of cultivation on account of high cost of labour

and inputs• Non remunerative sale of produce at harvest time• Non-availability of labor in peak season of agricultural

operation on account of NREGS• Non-availability of the Credit and quality inputs in time• Ineffective procurement• Insufficient storage space

Regional Variations in Agricultural Productivity A District Level Study (Ramesh Chand, Sanjeev Garg, and Lalmani Pandey, 2009)

DistrictLand productivity, Rs/ha

Rangareddy 27508

Nizamabad 42167

Medak 24232

Mahabubnagar 15704

Nalgonda 26876

Warangal 33895

Khammam 36108

Karimnagar 34577

Adilabad 19436

Telangana

The number of suicides during 2006-2011 (Six years )in Telangana

District No in six years

Rangareddy 87Nizamabad 34Medak 87Mahabubnagar 81Nalgonda 86Warangal 97Khammam 23Karimnagar 161Adilabad 77

Telangana 733

Agriculture development in Telangana

Villagers with less resources

Dairy industry- decrease in cattle population, selection of high yielding breed so that it yield more milk

Cultivable land – Availability/ Development

Decrease in land availabilility

-Assigned land development

-Project Submerged areas

-Scheduled areas 1/70

Cropped area of paddy, jowar, bajra and maize during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-11

District PADDY JOWAR BAJRA MAIZE

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Rangareddy 21806 14448 18228 8511 313 958 26257 1005

Nizamabad 97846 67758 1513 7574 11 10115 54796 13653

Medak 66247 43029 23077 18133 517 12701 96373 4441

Mahabubnagar

99683 52871 47110 14450 6376 116868 3345

Nalgonda 164314 162800 2970 7185 2970 2296 333

Warangal 132325 71487 214 6781 12 48082 27250

Khammam 135057 39069 209 4156 23 16124 17018

Karimnagar 140299 158739 11 340 0 75758 49014

Adilabad 52038 16337 23712 31241 0 16486 7473

Telangana 909615 626538 98371 10222 453040 123532

Pulses cropped area in Telangana during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-, 2011

District Redgram Bengalgram

Greengram Blackgram Horsegram

Other pulses

Kharif Rabi Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Rabi Rabi

Rangareddy 34855 91 6796 11368 2 7566 1 233 51

Nizamabad 3734 88 23826 18332 459 14621 1063 37 632

Medak 25442 142 38163 51345 47 21962 2 307 847

Mahabubnagar

86456 99 22939 27916 40 2446 56 580 54

Nalgonda 38605 1309 700 31562 271 0 2091 2227 1012

Warangal 20115 1109 1490 25892 3040 466 1989 552 1643

Khammam 15730 1014 198 15590 6762 493 7400 51 2967

Karimnagar 8731 194 2793 9793 2283 35 552 529 5123

Adilabad 40142 2255 16738 10421 2589 13863 1414 719 384

Telangana 273810 6301 113643 202219 15493 61452 14568 5235 12713

Cotton cropped area in Telangana during 2010-11

District Area, haRangareddy 22447Nizamabad 12817Medak 48350Mahabubnagar 96948Nalgonda 130054Warangal 182507Khammam 126728Karimnagar 173924Adilabad 254991Telangana 1048766

Oil seeds cropped area in Telangana during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-11

District Groundnut Sesamum Sunflower castor Safflower

Soybean

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi KharifRabi Kharif Rabi KhariRangareddy 169 6622 694 0 185 331 6085 2910 21

Nizamabad 24 2384 21 1926 100 21295 0 2371 41240Medak 202 1753 1003 111 970 13125 801 7266 2204

Mahabubnagar 28117 74263 516 12 8064 15126 98858 650 2

Nalgonda 9804 16644 4117 29 37 1324 26860 6 0

Warangal 7474 27203 10328 226 0 371 2080 1 8

Khammam 358 5985 1776 3303 0 426 0 0 2

Karimnagar 425 13700 103 4117 0 881 899 0 853

Adilabad 26 3895 1281 5308 0 4992 204 124 77990

Telangana 46599 152449 19839 15032 9356 57871 135787 13328

 Vegetable cropped area in Telangana during rabi 2010-11

District Chillies Coriander OnionRangareddy 481 145 2027Nizamabad 1352 238 1609Medak 1155 1468 3431Mahabubnagar 769 246 959Nalgonda 1246 1292 2Warangal 9603 206 314Khammam 9228 4 5Karimnagar 89 20 620Adilabad 487 640 498Telangana 24410 4259 9465

• Rice is the most important irrigated crop

• It is the predominant crop consuming major irrigation water under food and non food crops.

Major Constraints

• Erratic behavior of Rainfall leading to often Droughts• Prolonged dry spells / Excess rains during critical stages of crop

growth leading to reduction in yields / crop failure• Degraded and poor soils often subjected to runoff and soil erosion• Non availability of credit to resource poor & tenant farmers• The inability of farmers to market, surplus produce – lack of storage

facility• Small and Marginal holdings– difficulty in use of farm machinery• Lack of adequate animal and mechanical traction • Limited scope for crop diversification / contingent cropping etc.• Shortage of labour in dry lands – Migration to commands and urban

areas• Inadequate extension reach for technology dissemination• Shortage of grass lands / green fodder – obstacle for integrated

farming

Irrigation development in Telangana (‘000ha)

YearTanks Canals Tube wells

Net irrigated area

1955-56 447.2 114.7 0.0 697.5

1960-61 411.5 132.1 0.0 689.8

1965-66 495.5 147.9 0.0 832.3

1970-71 448.4 220.1 0.2 864.8

1975-76 433.8 251.2 5.8 932.3

1980-81 349.7 269.1 8.6 982.0

1985-86 289.7 316.8 9.5 1017.5

1990-91 392.2 351.9 60.9 1497.5

1995-96 249.8 209.4 267.0 1366.3

2000-01 269.0 300.0 462.0 1681.0

2005-06 254.0 264.0 622.0 1668.0

District wise irrigated area under different sources 2009-10 (‘000 ha)

Dist Net area irrigated by Area Irrigated > once

Gross irrigated area

Tanks Canals Tube wells

Dug wells

Other Sources

Total

RR 2.49 0.39 49.44 6.31 1.85 60.48 18.30 78.78

NZB 3.69 0.63 122.71 3.32 2.33 132.68 107.18 239.86

MED 1.11 0.54 94.80 10.83 1.27 108.56 66.69 175.24

MBNR 6.39 31.94 172.37 14.15 10.96 235.80 76.06 314.86

NLG 12.31 53.70 154.28 38.25 6.23 264.77 88.66 353.42

WGL 11.36 0.0 72.91 158.24 2.02 244.53 91.99 336.52

KMM 12.53 44.52 49.21 38.91 13.34 158.52 23.02 181.54

KRMR 2.40 0.32 32.63 188.22 0.25 223.84 146.43 370.27

ADB 4.57 5.41 29.32 23.48 0.88 63.66 17.13 80.79

Tela

• During the past 25 years, the number of wells increased with increase in irrigated area

• A fall of 1.9 m water depth from 1997 to 2007. • 5 wells per km2 in 1998 increased to 10 per km2 in

2007. • The Central Ground Water Board has declared

many mandals as critical and over-exploited• Excess fluoride in groundwater-based drinking

water supply is a growing concern in Telangana.

Facts about ground water

Challenges. • Increase in average food grains yield from irrigated areas

from 2.5 t to 4 t per hectare improves the efficiency of water.

• water use efficiencies are around 25 to 35 percent in canal-irrigated areas and a slightly higher for groundwater irrigated areas.

• A ten percent increase in irrigation efficiency can add additional irrigated area.

• Bridging the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized will be more cost effective than creation of more storage capacities.

• Climate change and variability have the potential to impose additional pressures on

water availability,

accessibility,

supply and demand • The drivers of change in water system are

Rainfall (climate), population and land use.

Drivers of change in water system

Adapting water management to potential future changes in climate emphasizes the need to:

• Accept existing climatic variability as a given measure and improve understanding of variability, and improve understanding of the impacts of climate change on variability

• Rethink water storage, emphasizing underground opportunities to minimize the impacts of variability and utilize the storage continuum

• Improve understanding of the role of natural ecosystems in variability

• Improve understanding of how humans influence variability• Develop and manage water resources fairly – share water, land,

and food in a cooperative manner and in a way that does not leave vulnerable groups disproportionately burdened by the impacts of variability

Irrigation Water

• Bore lifts – availabilty of electricity• Tanks – (silted); Modernization• Irrigation stabilization

• Possibility 1: Stop summer irrigated cropping• Possibility 2: Limit bore well depths• Possibility 3: Limiting irrigated cultivation

Community Water Demand Management

Services

Agriculture loans : Leased farmers

Crop insurance : Drought/ Excess rainfall- Village as unit and all crops

Farmers without loans should be brought under insurance

Subsidies

• Mechanization – Subsidies• Strengthening Co-operatives• Agribased industries• Agri-institutions – strengthening

Support to rain fed agriculture

• Pulses , cereals, vegetables• Research on rain fed agriculture- Focus on demand for water -Aim to reduce irrigation

demand ( Let communities decide how to manage water)

• Damage from monkeys and wild boars• Support price to produce

Summary

• Cultivable land – Availability/ Development• Rice is the predominant crop consuming major

irrigation water under food and non food crops• Research on rain fed agriculture• Develop and manage water resources fairly –

share water, land, and food in a cooperative manner and in a way that does not leave vulnerable groups

• Increase in irrigation efficiency which can add additional irrigated area.

Summary

• During the past 25 years, the number of wells increased with increase in irrigated area

• Bore lifts – availabilty of electricity; Tanks – (silted); Modernization

• Irrigation stabilization; Mechanization – Subsidies• Strengthening Co-operatives• Agribased industries• Agri-institutions – strengthening• Agriculture loans : Leased farmers• Crop insurance• Support price to produce• Storage of produce

Thank you