Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
Me
cha
niz
ati
on
De
ve
lop
me
nt
in t
he
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Arn
old
R.
Ele
pa
ño
, A
rse
nio
N.
Re
surr
ecc
ion
&
De
lfin
C.
Su
min
istr
ad
oC
oll
eg
e o
f E
ng
ine
eri
ng
an
d A
gro
-in
du
stri
al T
ech
no
log
y
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f th
e P
hil
ipp
ine
s Lo
s B
añ
os
Sp
lash
Mo
un
tain
Re
sort
, Lo
s B
añ
os,
La
gu
na
14
Oct
ob
er
20
09
Th
e C
ha
lle
ng
es
•T
o m
ee
t th
e g
row
ing
de
ma
nd
fo
r fo
od
,
ag
ricu
ltu
ral p
rod
uct
ion
in
Asi
a m
ust
in
cre
ase
sig
nif
ica
ntl
y i
n t
he
fa
ce o
f le
ss la
bo
r, l
ess
la
nd
,
an
d le
ss w
ate
r, a
lon
g w
ith
gre
ate
r co
nce
rn f
or
the
cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e.
•P
rofi
tab
ilit
y o
f th
e a
gri
cult
ura
l p
rod
uct
ion
syst
em
mu
st b
e i
ncr
ea
sed
am
idst
glo
ba
l fr
ee
tra
de
.
Th
e n
ee
d f
or
me
cha
niz
ati
on
•E
ve
n w
ith
co
nsi
de
rab
le a
dv
an
ces
in
ag
ricu
ltu
re,
mo
st f
arm
ers
sti
ll u
se i
ne
ffic
ien
t
ma
nu
al
too
ls
•T
he
re is
dis
pa
rity
in
pro
du
ctiv
ity
am
on
g t
he
dif
fere
nt
ag
ricu
ltu
ral sy
ste
ms
•F
arm
op
era
tio
ns
an
d e
qu
ipm
en
t m
ust
ta
ke
ad
va
nta
ge
of
the
eco
no
mie
s o
f sc
ale
to
be
ab
le t
o g
ain
pro
fit
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
THE PHILIPPIN
ES
•A
n a
rch
ipe
lag
o w
ith
ou
t ri
ve
r d
elt
as
•1
3 m
illi
on
he
cta
res
de
vo
ted
to
cro
ps
•M
ost
ly s
ma
ll f
arm
s w
ith
ave
rag
e
lan
dh
old
ing
siz
e o
f 2
ha
•H
arv
est
ed
are
a f
or
rice
is
4.2
7M
ha
at
3.8
mt/
ha
ave
. y
ield
•C
urr
en
t p
op
ula
tio
n i
s 8
8 m
illi
on
an
d
gro
win
g a
t a
rou
nd
2%
an
nu
all
y
Operation
Technology
Capacity
Usage (%)Losses (%)
Harvesting
Manual
240 man-h/ha
99.8
2.0-3.0
Reaper
2.4-3.8 ha/d
nil
0.2-0.4
Combine
4.5-8.0 ha/d
nil
-
Threshing
Manual
0.05-0.1 t/h/person
31.0
2.1-4.2
Axial Flow
0.5-5.0 t/h
69.0
0.1-1.6
Drying
Sundrying
24 kg/m2
86.0
1.0-5.0
Flatbed
1-6 t/batch
14.0
0.4-1.2
Recirculating
6-10 t/batch
Continuous
2-10 t/h
nil
-
Milling
Kiskisan
0.1-0.3 t/h
10.5
6.0-8.0
Cono
0.5-2.0 t/h
33.2
-
Rubber Roll
0.5-2.5 t/h
56.1
-
Storage
Bag
14 m2/t
99.0
2.0-6.0
Bulk
1.5-1.7 m2/t
1.0
-
Rice Postproduction Operation and Technologies
Rice Postproduction Operation and Technologies
OPERATION
OPERATION
POWER SOURCE
POWER SOURCE
Manual
Manual
Man
Man-- Animal
Animal
Mechanical
Mechanical
Land Preparation
Land Preparation
3.23.2
64.7
64.7
13.2
13.2
Planting
Planting
98.7
98.7
1.21.2
0.20.2
Weeding
Weeding
85.2
85.2
14.8
14.8
00
Fertilizer Application
Fertilizer Application
98.7
98.7
1.71.7
00
Spraying
Spraying
100
100
0000
Harvesting
Harvesting
99.8
99.8
00nil
nil
Threshing/Shelling
Threshing/Shelling
3131
006969
Drying (Farm
Level)
Drying (Farm
Level)
100
100
0000
Milling
Milling
0000
100
100
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
56.5
56.5
19.2
19.2
21.7
21.7
Status of Agricultural Mechanization
Status of Agricultural Mechanization
Lev
el
of
me
cha
niz
ati
on
in
ric
e a
nd
co
rn f
arm
s, 2
00
5
So
urc
e:
AM
DP
, 2
00
5
SOURCE OF POWER
SOURCE OF POWER
hp/ha
hp/ha
1. Human Labor
1. Human Labor
0.24
0.24
2. Draft Animal
2. Draft Animal
0.08
0.08
3. Four
3. Four --wheel Tractor
wheel Tractor
0.24
0.24
4. Engines
4. Engines
a. Power Tiller
a. Power Tiller
0.56
0.56
b. Thresher
b. Thresher
0.34
0.34
c. Irrigation Pump
c. Irrigation Pump
0.07
0.07
d. Harvesting, drying &
d. Harvesting, drying &
shelling equipment
shelling equipment
0.15
0.15
TOTAL
TOTAL
1.68
1.68
Status of Agricultural Mechanization
Status of Agricultural Mechanization
Lev
el
of
me
cha
niz
ati
on
in
ric
e a
nd
co
rn f
arm
s in
hp
/ha
, 2
00
5
So
urc
e:
AM
DP
, 2
00
5
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral M
ach
ine
ry I
nd
ust
ry P
rob
lem
s
an
d P
oss
ible
So
luti
on
s
PR
OB
LEM
SO
LUT
ION
1.
Te
chn
ica
l
–H
igh
acq
uis
itio
n c
ost
–In
ap
pro
pri
ate
Te
chn
olo
gy
–Lo
w R
ea
sea
rch
& E
xte
nsi
on
ca
pa
bil
ity
of
ap
pro
pri
ate
fa
rm m
ach
ine
ry
–C
oll
ect
ive
ma
chin
ery
ow
ne
rsh
ip /
ma
chin
ery
po
oli
ng
/ c
ust
om
hir
ing
–N
ee
ds
ass
esm
en
t o
f A
M s
uit
ab
ilit
y
–C
ap
aci
ty/c
ap
ab
ilit
y e
nh
an
cem
en
t/tr
ain
ing
2.
So
cio
-eco
no
mic
–Lo
w I
nco
me
/la
ck o
f ca
pit
al
–S
ma
ll &
fra
gm
en
ted
la
nd
ho
ldin
gs
–U
nfa
vo
ura
ble
ma
rke
t p
rice
fo
r th
e
farm
er
–C
he
ap
& a
bu
nd
an
t la
bo
ur
(in
so
me
are
as)
an
d s
ea
son
al la
bo
ur
sho
rta
ge
–P
rovis
ion
of
cre
dit
fa
cili
tie
s, C
lust
eri
ng
farm
ers
in
to g
rou
ps
–F
arm
Clu
ste
rin
g &
cu
sto
m s
erv
ice
s
–F
loo
r p
rice
, tr
ain
fa
rme
rs i
nto
en
tre
pre
ne
urs
(p
roce
ssin
g &
bu
sin
ess
)
–A
bso
rbin
g u
ne
mp
loy
ed
in
to o
the
r jo
bs,
reto
oli
ng
–E
nco
ura
ge
fa
rm b
usi
ne
ss e
nte
rpri
ses
–C
rea
tin
g n
ew
jo
bs
in a
gri
cult
ura
l a
ctiv
itie
s
(pro
cess
ing
, w
ast
e h
an
dli
ng
, fo
od
pro
cess
ing
, e
tc.)
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral M
ach
ine
ry I
nd
ust
ry P
rob
lem
s
an
d P
oss
ible
So
luti
on
s
Problem
Solution
3Environment / infrastructure
–Lack of infrastructure
–Diversity in Agroecosystem
–Weak agricultural manufacturing
industry
–Environmental degradation
–Put in place irrigation, processing facilities,
farm roads, access to market
–Adjust the AM to the local-specific conditions
–Select the most promising machines to
produce locally
–Support local manufacturers, through R&D,
training, financial asistance
–Introduce the business of service and
maintenance of AM
–Promote joint ventures with foreign
manufacturers
–Control the utilization of chemical materials
–Promote sustainable farming systems
4.
Political / Institutional
–Lack/inconsistant Political-will to
support AM
–Educate the political leaders on the
importance of AM
–Put AM into strategic long-term programs
–Promote AM through International
Networking & Cooperation
Ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
Fis
he
rie
s M
od
ern
iza
tio
n A
ct o
f
19
97
•C
red
it
•Ir
rig
ati
on
•In
form
ati
on
an
d m
ark
eti
ng
su
pp
ort
se
rvic
e
•O
the
r in
fra
stru
ctu
re
•P
rod
uct
sta
nd
ard
iza
tio
n a
nd
co
nsu
me
r sa
fety
•H
um
an
re
sou
rce
de
ve
lop
me
nt
•R
ese
arc
h d
ev
elo
pm
en
t a
nd
ext
en
sio
n
•T
rad
e a
nd
fis
cal
ince
nti
ve
s
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral a
nd
Fis
he
rie
s M
ech
an
iza
tio
n L
aw
•R
ese
arc
h,
ext
en
sio
n a
nd
hu
ma
n r
eso
urc
e
de
ve
lop
me
nt
•Lo
cal a
sse
mb
ly,
ma
nu
fact
ure
, su
pp
ly a
nd
aft
er-
sale
s se
rvic
e
•R
eg
istr
ati
on
, li
cen
sin
g a
nd
sta
nd
ard
iza
tio
n
Na
tio
na
l A
gri
cult
ura
l E
ng
ine
eri
ng
RD
E N
etw
ork
1.
Str
en
gth
en
RD
E N
etw
ork
2.
Co
nd
uct
be
nch
ma
rk a
nd
ne
ed
s su
rve
ys
3.
Ad
ap
tati
on
of
tech
no
log
ies
to l
oca
l
con
dit
ion
s
4.
De
ve
lop
me
nt
of
tech
no
log
ies
for
ma
chin
ery
po
oli
ng
5.
Est
ab
lish
me
nt
of
tech
nic
al
sta
nd
ard
s a
nd
imp
rov
em
en
t o
f te
st f
aci
liti
es
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
En
gin
ee
rin
g R
DE
Ne
two
rk
6.
Pil
oti
ng
sy
ste
m i
nte
gra
ted
te
chn
olo
gie
s
7.
Co
nd
uct
of
tra
inin
g o
n t
ech
nic
al
an
d b
usi
ne
ss
asp
ect
s o
f te
chn
olo
gie
s
8.
Est
ab
lish
me
nt
of
cen
tra
lize
d in
form
ati
on
serv
ice
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral M
ech
an
iza
tio
n D
ev
elo
pm
en
t
Pro
gra
m (
AM
DP
)
Re
sea
rch
Th
rust
Pro
ject
s
1C
orn
An
thro
po
me
tric
su
rve
y o
f fa
rme
rs
ag
ricu
ltu
ral m
ach
ine
ry d
esi
gn
Inte
gra
ted
co
rn m
ech
an
iza
tio
n
tech
no
log
ies
(pla
nte
r, f
ert
iliz
er
ap
pli
cato
r, ir
rig
ati
on
, co
mb
ine
, d
rye
r,
mil
l)
2H
igh
-va
lue
Cro
ps
So
il s
teri
liza
tio
n
Ho
t w
ate
r tr
ea
tme
nt
of
ma
ng
o
Mu
lti-
cro
p w
ash
er
3R
en
ew
ab
le
En
erg
y
Inte
gra
ted
Ja
tro
ph
a b
iod
iese
l p
rod
uct
ion
Mic
ro-h
yd
ro d
eve
lop
me
nt
Te
chn
olo
gy
Dis
sem
ina
tio
n
•D
isp
lay
are
a
•E
xhib
itio
n/F
air
•T
ech
no
-De
mo
•S
em
ina
r re
sou
rce
sp
ea
ke
rs
•M
ach
ine
ry D
esi
gn
an
d
Blu
ep
rin
ts
•C
oll
ab
ora
tio
n w
ith
m
an
ufa
ctu
rers
•M
ech
an
iza
tio
n C
on
gre
ss
Info
rma
tio
n D
isse
min
ati
on
•P
hil
ipp
ine
Jo
urn
al
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
an
d
Bio
syst
em
s E
ng
ine
eri
ng
(r
efe
ree
d)
•P
hil
ipp
ine
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
Me
cha
niz
ati
on
Jo
urn
al
•M
ech
an
iza
tio
n U
pd
ate
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral M
ach
ine
ry T
est
ing
an
d E
va
lua
tio
n
Ce
nte
r (A
MT
EC
)
•E
sta
bli
sh s
tan
da
rd s
pe
cifi
cati
on
s, t
est
pro
ced
ure
s a
nd
pe
rfo
rma
nce
in
dic
es
for
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
an
d
fish
eri
es
ma
chin
ery
•C
on
du
ct t
est
an
d e
va
lua
tio
n o
f a
gri
cult
ura
l a
nd
fi
she
rie
s m
ach
ine
ry
•T
rain
stu
de
nts
, te
chn
icia
ns
an
d e
ng
ine
ers
on
st
an
da
rds
de
ve
lop
me
nt,
te
st a
nd
eva
lua
tio
n o
f a
gri
cult
ura
l a
nd
fis
he
rie
s m
ach
ine
ry
•P
ub
lish
an
d d
isse
min
ate
sta
nd
ard
s a
nd
te
st
resu
lts
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral M
ach
ine
ry T
est
ing
an
d E
va
lua
tio
n
Ce
nte
r
•P
hil
ipp
ine
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
En
gin
ee
rin
g S
tan
da
rds
–M
ult
icro
p p
roce
ssin
g m
ach
ine
s
–S
lau
gh
terh
ou
se f
or
larg
e r
um
ina
nts
•T
est
ing
an
d e
va
lua
tio
n o
f a
gri
cult
ura
l m
ach
ine
ry
–P
rim
e m
ove
rs,
irri
ga
tio
n,
pro
du
ctio
n,
pro
cess
ing
e
qu
ipm
en
t
•T
rain
ing
of
reg
ion
al a
nd
pro
vin
cia
l e
ng
ine
ers
•In
form
ati
on
dis
sem
ina
tio
n
arn
old
_e
lep
an
o@
ya
ho
o.c
om
