AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARDOF KENTUCKY

MEMORANDUM ON THE GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE CALVERT CITY-GILBERTSVILLE AREA,

MARSHALL COUNTY, KENTUCKY

By

.Henry L. Pree, Jr. , Geologist

andWilliam H. Walker, Hydraulic Engineer

U. S. Geological Survey

Prepared cooperatively by the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

January 1952

CONTENTS

Page Introduction ............................................................... 1

Purpose and scope .................................................... 1

Records .............................................................. 1

Well-numbering system ................................................ 1

Acknowledgments ..................................................... 2

Physiography ......................................................... 2

Water-bearing formations ................................................... 2

Geologic history ...................................................... 2

St. Louis limestone ................................................... 2

Tuscaloosa formation ................................................. 4

Ripley formation ...................................................... 4

Pliocene (?) deposits .................................................. 5

Pleistocene and Recent deposits ......................................... 5

Conclusions ............................................................... 6

ILLUSTRATIONS

Followingpage

Figure 1. Map of Calvert City-Gilbertsville area, Marshall County, Ky.,showing location of wells and test borings ....................... 13

2. Section A-A' from south to north through Calvert City ............... 13

TABLES

Page Table 1. Generalized section of the geologic formations exposed or penetrated

in the Calvert City-Gilbertsville area, Marshall County, Ky. ...... 3

2. Records of wells, springs, and test borings in Calvert City-Gilberts­ ville area .................................................... 7

3. Logs of wells and test borings in Calvert City-Gilbertsville area ..... 11

4. Analyses of water from wells in Calvert City-Gilbertsville area ...... 13

MEMORANDUM ON THE GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE CALVERT CITY-GILBERTSVILLE AREA,

MARSHALL COUNTY, KENTUCKY

By Henry L. Free, Jr. and William H. Walker

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope

j A State-wide program of ground-water investigations is being conducted by the Ground Water Branch of the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Agricul tural and Industrial Development Board. As a part of this program, a complete inventory of wells was made in the area between Calvert City and Gilbertsville, in Marshall County, Ky. , during the first week of August 1951. Calvert City and Gilbertsville are in the northern part of Marshall County. Calvert City is 15 miles east of Paducah, and Gilbertsville, 5 miles southeast of Calvert City, is on the west side of Kentucky Lake at Kentucky Dam. i; The purpose of this report is to make available such data as could be assembled on the local ground-water conditions, relative to both quantity and quality of the water in this area. The work was done under the general supervision of A. N. Sayre, Chief of the Ground Water Branch of the U. -S. Geological Survey.

iiI Records

', The field data upon which this memorandum is based are given in four tables, one map, and one geologic section. Table 1 is a resume of the water-bearing formations; table 2 summarizes the records of the 99 wells, 1 spring, and 14 test borings that were inventoried; table 3 contains records of geologic formations encountered in 4 water wells and 1 test boring; and table 4 presents chemical analyses of water from 6 wells in the area. The map, figure 1, shows the locations of all wells, springs, and test borings, and the geologic section, figure 2, shows the inferred geology across the area from south to north.

Well-Number ing System

The numbers of all wells, springs, and test borings used in this memorandum conform to the well-numbering system used by the Ground Water Branch throughout Kentucky. Under this system, the State has been subdivided into rectangles bounded by 5-minute meridians of longitude and 5-minute paralles of latitude. A well is designated by a composite of three numbers: the first indicates the degrees and minutes of longitude, the second indicates the degrees and minutes of latitude, the third, the number of the well in that quadrangle. Thus, well 8815-3700-3 is the third well inventoried in the 5-minute quadrangle west of longitude 88°15» W. and north of latitude 37°00f N.

Acknowledgments

Thanks and appreciation are expressed to the many residents of the Calvert City- Gilberts ville area who kindly supplied information and aided in the collection of field data. Special acknowledgment is due the officials of the town of Gilberts ville who furnished informa­ tion about the public water supply. Acknowledgment is also made of the information received from. J. McWhirter, Works Manager, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co.; from A. W. Toon, Plant Engineer, Pittsburgh Metallurgical Co.. Inc.; and from F. £. Large, Project Engineer, and Harold Gray, Resident Engineer, Air Reduction Co., Inc. , who furnished logs of wells and test borings and quality-of-water d&ta. The valuable information furnished by H. Vernon Duckett, of Duckett and Arnold, is greatly appreciated. The hearty cooperation of well drillers, including R. B. Elrod, Future City, and Walter Bingham, Smithland, is acknowl­ edged.

Physiography

The area covered by this memorandum lies in the northeastern part of the Jackson Purchase region, which is the northern tip of the Mississippi Embayment of the Gulf Coastal Plain. From south to north in this local area, the land surface declines from a low plateau having a maximum elevation of.460 feet to the level flood plain of the Tennessee River at about 320 feet. In general, a line drawn from Gilbertsville through a point on the south edge of Calvert City divides upland from flood plain, though there are low valleys south of such a line.

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS

Geologic History

Table 1 and the geologic section (fig. 2) show the relative position of the several forma­ tions that underlie this area. The consolidated bedrock beneath the Calvert City-Gilberts- ville area is the St. Louis limestone of Mississippian age, upon the eroded surface of which lie the younger, unconsolidated formations. During an invasion of the Upper Cretaceous sea, the gravels of the Tuscaloosa formation and, later, the sands and clays of the Ripley forma­ tion were laid down. After the disappearance of this sea, these sediments were somewhat eroded, then covered by a sheet of gravel and sand of Pliocene (?) age. Subsequently the Tennessee River, flowing in a northwesterly direction in this locality, cut a valley down to the limestone bedrock and later partially filled this valley with gravel, sand, and silt. A thick blanket of loess, wind-borne silt deposited during the Pleistocene age, overlies earlier deposits.

St. Louis Limestone

The St. Louis limestone, as seen in exposures not far from this area, is a fine-grained limestone, in places dolomitic, medium gray to nearly black in color. Chert nodules, mostly blue-gray but occasionally tan to ivory, are abundant.

Test borings a couple of miles up river from West Gilbertsville show that bedrock is at an elevation of 235 feet in the center of the valley and rises toward both sides of the valley. Logs are available for two of six water wells that penetrate bedrock. Well 8820-3700-64, drilled for the Calvert Heights housing development, encountered the limestone at a depth of 85 feet and an elevation of 313 feet. A well drilled for J. E. Griffith at "The Veep" restaurant on State Highway 282, number 8815-3700-3, struck bedrock at a depth of 83 feet, elevation 270.

Tabl

e 1. Generalised se

ctio

n of

the

geol

ogic

formations ex

pose

d or pen

etra

ted

in

the

Calv

ert

City

-Gil

bert

svil

le a

rea, M

arshall

County,

Kentucky

System

Cua t

erna

ry

i

Tert

iary

Cretaceous

Carb

onif

erou

s

Series

Plei

stoc

ene

and

Rece

nt

Pliocene (?

)

Uppe

r Cr

etac

eous

Miss

issi

pida

n.

Form

atio

n

Ripley

form

atio

n

Tuscaloosa

formation

St.

Loui

s li

mestone

Thickness

(feet)

0-12

0

0-65

0-100

0-50

350-

400

LLth

olog

y

Loes

s and

alluvium.

Prin

cipa

l body of al

luvi

um i

s in Ten

nes­

see

Rive

r va

lley

and consists

of sa

nd a

nd g

ravel

over

lain

by

silt a

nd cl

ay.

Gravel a

nd sa

nd,

and

small

amou

nts

of c

lay.

Gravel is

composed la

rgel

y of

ch

ert.

Sa

nd i

s me

dium

- to

co

arse

­ grained

and

occurs either a

s a ma

trix

for t

he g

ravel

or as

a be

dded

deposit.

Sand a

nd c

lay, v

aricolored,

in

some

places

indu

rate

d.

Sand

va

ries

from

fine

to

coar

se.

Coarse ch

erty

gravel, us

uall

y wi

th d

ense

and p

oorly perme­

able matrix

of c

lay.

So

me

beds

of

sand.

Fine-grained l

imestone, gr

ey t

o bl

ack

in co

lor,

cd

ntai

ning

ma

ny c

hert

nodules.

Wate

r-be

arin

g ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Alluvium o

f Tennessee Va

lley

yi

elds

lar

ge a

moun

ts o

f water

to w

ells.

Muter moderately

hard a

nd h

as high

iron co

nten

t.

Furn

ishe

s smell

supplies t

o domestic u

ello.

.Wel

l owners

report l

arge

qua

ntit

ies

of i

ron

in w

ater.

Furn

ishe

s am

ple

dome

stic

supplies

and

is l

ikely

to have

larger

potentialities.

Wate

r is so

ft

and

gene

rall

y of good

qual

ity.

Not

an im

port

ant water-bearing

formation.

Only

a f

ew. domestic

well

s obtain water f

rom th

is

formation.

Wate

r occurs i

n the

occa

sion

al

crev

ices

and so

luti

on openings.

Yields up to

125 g

allons p

er

minute re

port

ed;

greater yi

elds

possibly ava

ilab

le.

Wate

r .moderately hard.

The well drilled for the Calvert Heights housing development passed through 85 feet of sand and gravel and continued 290 feet in limestone bedrock to a total depth of 375 feet. The well yielded 41 gallons per minute when completed, but 5 months later it yielded 120-125 gallons per minute during a 72-hour pumping test.

Table 4 shows that the water from this well, with a hardness of 188 parts per million and iron content of 0. 35 part per million, is acceptable for domestic purposes. The water comes from crevices in the limestone.

Well 8815-3700-3, about a mile bslow Kentucky Dam, continued 17 feet into bedrock limestone after penetrating 83 feet of sand and gravel. The yield is unknown but has always been sufficient for the restaurant. No analysis is available but the owner complains of high iron content. All analyses of water from alluvium show high values for iron, and it is likely that much of the water pumped by this well actually comes from alluvium, having moved only a short distance down through crevices in the limestone.

Tuscaloosa Formation

The. Tuscaloosa formation is a poorly sorted gravel, composed mainly of pebbles of light-colored chert with minor amounts of limestone. The pebbles average 1 to 4 inches in diameter but some are much larger. The matrix consists of variable amounts of clay, sand, and fine chert.

The Tuscaloosa formation is not exposed in the Calvert City-Gilbertsville area; the closest exposures are found to the northeast, across the Tennessee River. If the cherty gravel reported in well 8820-3700-3 in Calvert City is the Tuscaloosa, then the formation exists beneath the southern part of the area and dips gently to the south. Little is known of the quality or quantity of water available, but the large percentage of clay gives reason to expect the formation to be a poor aquifer.

Ripley Formation

The Ripley formation consists of sand and clay. Occasional thin beds of the sand and clay are hardened. The sand and clay show colors of white, buff, gray, orange, yellow, and red. The texture of the sand ranges from fine to coarse. Concretions of marcasite are common in the clay.

The log of well 8820-3700-1 indicates that the Ripley formation is about 100 feet thick beneath the upland 2 miles south cf Calvert City. The formation thins to the north and is only 12 feet thick at Calvert City if the sand in the log of well 8820-3700-3 is indeed Ripley as indicated on the section, figure 2. Dug and bored domestic wells 50 to 60 feet deep in the lower part of the city provide up to 10 gallons per minute. Wells dug or drilled to depths of 70 to 144 feet on the uplands provide sufficient water for household supply. It might be possible to obtain larger supplies by proper screening of the sand and careful development. It should be noted that in the well 2 miles south of Calvert City only the lower 17 feet of the 100 feet of Ripley was water bearing.

Analysis of water from well 8820-37GO-1, located in the upland area 2 miles south of Calvert City on State Highway 95, shows a total hardness of 21 parts per million, total iron of 0. 50 part per million, and dissolved-solids content of 62 parts per million (see complete results of analysis in table 4).

Oral reports frozn users of water from the Ripley formation agree that the water is gener­ ally soft and free from troublesome amounts of iron.

Pliocene (?) Deposits

These deposits, of Pliocene (?) age, form a sheet of sand and gravel capping the uplands and not found below elevations of about 400 feet. These gravels are distinguished front those of the Tuscaloosa formation by the smaller size of chert pebbles, better rounding of pebbles, better sorting, and, above all, the presence of sand rather than clay between the pebbles. Occasional lenses of sand occur amid the gravel. Most of the pebbles and sand grains are stained dark brown by iron oxide.

Ground-water supplies adequate for limited domestic use may be obtained from the lower part of the Pliocene (?) deposits. The few wells in the upland areas that are deep enough to penetrate the full thickness of sand and gravel contain only a few feet of water and can be pumped dry in a short time. Most wells dug in the highest parts of the upland were abandoned before reaching water because of the great depth to water.

No analyses of water from the Pliocene (?) sediments are available, but owners of wells obtaining water from them reported large quantities of iron in the water.

Pleistocene and Recent Deposits

The deposits of Pleistocene and Recent time are stream-laid alluvium and wind-blown silt or loess. Alluvium underlies all the lowlands.. Loess covers the uplands and slopes descending to the lowlands.

The loess and the alluvium of the minor valleys in the southwestern part of the area are fine-grained, and becua.se of low permeability they are not expected to furnish significant amounts of water.

As shown by the geologic section, figure 2, constructed from well logs, the alluvium of the Tennessee Valley consists of sand and gravel overlain by silt and clay. In the center of the valley the sand and gravel are probably 90 feet thick; at Calvert City they are 30 feet thick; and they no doubt thin out rapidly south of Calvert City. The log of well 8820-3700- 64, a mile southeast of Calvert City, showed 85 feet of sand and gravel, but some of the sand penetrated may be the Ripley formation. Well 8815-3700-3, a mile northwest of Kentucky Dam, penetrated 83 feet of sand and gravel before meeting bedrock.

Wells in alluvium yield all the water desired of them. Three of the wells inventoried are pumped at higher-than-aver age rates. Two miles north of Calvert City well 8820-3700-6 of the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. yielded 195 gallons per minute with a drawdown of 6. 5 feet during a pumping test. Well 8820-3700-65, drilled for the Air Reduction Co. , Inc. , 1-1/2 miles^north of Calvert City, is pumped at 42 gallons per minute. Well 8815-3700-1 at Kentucky Dam State Park in Gilbertsville is pumped at 200 gallons per minute.

In Augu&t 1951 water levels in the flood plain north of the Illinois Central Railroad stood from less than 20 to almost 30 feet below the land surface.

The analyses show that water from alluvium is only moderately hard. The iron content is very high, two analyses showing 11 and 24 parts per million. For many uses, this water would have to be treated to remove the iron.

CONCLUSIONS

The present investigation reveals the presence of three important water-bear ing forma­ tions in this area: the St. Louis limestone, sand of the Ripley formation, and the alluvial sand and gravel of the Tennessee Valley.

At and south of Calvert City the Ripley formation is an important source of moderate supplies of water of good quality. It seems improbable that in this area yields sufficient for municipal or industrial use could be developed.

The St. Louis limestone has been shown to yield considerable supplies where it lies beneath the flood-plain section of the area. The one analysis available shows that, though the water is hard, it does not have iron in highly objectionable quantities.

Very probably yields large? than the 125 gallons per minute reported for one well could be obtained. The following should be considered: If large amounts of water are pumped from the limestone, some part of this water probably will be derived from the overlying alluvial deposits, moving down into the limestone. The water from alluvium is very high in iron, so the water from heavily pumped wells in limestone may show gradual increases in iron content.

The best potential source of large supplies of ground water is the alluvium of the Tennessee Valley. The large volume of permeable sands and gravels is undoubtedly capable of yielding to individual wells far more than the 200 gallons per minute yielded by the largest well now in operation.

The larger part of the sand and gravel aquifer is below the normal pool elevation of the Tennessee River, which is 302 feet above sea level. If connection exists between the river and the aquifer, heavy pumping will induce water to flow from the river to the aquifer. It is very probable that the river and the aquifer are connected to some degree; to determine whether this is so it would be necessary to run pumping tests in this area. The tests would show also the permeability and storage capacity of the alluvium, and would permit predictions of maxi­ mum yields under specified conditions of well location and pumping water levels.

Three analyses show the water in the alluvium to be hard, and so high in iron that treat­ ment would be required for most uses of the water. However, if infiltration from the river into the alluvium occurs, after prolonged pumping the iron content of the water would be likely to decline appreciably.

Although few accurate data were gathered, the temperature of ground water is expected to be close to 59 degrees, the average annual air temperature. If a substantial part of the water drawn from wells near the river has moved from the river bed to the ground-water reservoir, the temperature in these wells will show a range, but considerably less than that of the river itself.

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83

348.

S3

*yp*

of

all

Drt

Yta

Bor

ed

Out

Bor

ed

Dot d*

.

Bor

ed do.

Out­ do

.

do.

Bor

ed

Do« do

.

do.

do.

Dri

lled

Dog do

.

Dri

ll**

do.

Bor

e* do.

do.

But do

.

4*.

do.

do.

do.

Bri

ll-

do.

korl

ag

do.

Dep

th o

f e

ll

(fee

t)

33 33 SB 3S S7 38 SB 98 8S n 64 40 S3

.

64 37 17 77 0S 60 1U U4 S9 30 SB M M » 97 SS 7S 879 98 8S 90

Dlo

Mta

rO

f M

il(l

ath

ee)

S S4 8 S4 96 8 84

I 84 S4 90 84 S4 84 9 84 84 3 3 8 8 M M S4 84 M 84 * ' S

.9

8.8

Cha

ract

er o

f

Sand do

.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

.

. *» do

.

do.

*>.

do.

do.

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vel

Saad do

.

do.

do.

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.toB

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do.

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.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

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t a

*

"*"*"-

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T*l

do.

O

Oeo

lotlo

ho

rlxo

n

All

wrl

t*

do.

do.

do.

do.

to.

do.

do.

do.

do.

B^I*

TA

Uav

lm

do.

upi*

rA

llnv

lvB

do.

Blp

l*y

do.

do.

M.

too

l*

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AU

ttrt

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do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

«ipX

*f

mo.

*B*(

t

upin

St.

to

ol*

Allu

MvB

do.

to.

Dep

th

of s

alin

e (f

eet)

30 33 SB 38 ST 30 M 39 88 B9 64 40 S3 64 9T 17 73 0S 60

- -

89 30 88

. 98 M 98 07 88 71 M 90

-

Wat

er 1

ml

Bel

ow l

ead

eorf

aoe

(f«t) -

17.0

8 - -

SO.S

7

U.8

4 - .

S0.7

S

19.9

8

S1.4

T

96.4

8

14.6

0 -

81.0

9 -

8.7T - - "

67 99 17.W - -

11.3

0

47.9

8

14.9

6

61.S

1

0

"

ss.s

S9.

3

Dat

e o

f

-

8-1-

91

-

. B

-l-t

t

8-1

41

8-1-

81

8-1-

81

8-1-

81

\ 8-

8-81

8-8-

81

8-*-

ai

8-S

-81

- - - 1939

1939

' 8-

8-51

" - "

8-8-

S1

"

84

-81

W-t

t

8-S

4S1.

1949

8-83

-91

BirM

HH

Met

hod

of

lift

7et

B*Bd do

.

do.

do,

do.

to.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Bod do

.

do.

do.

to.

BB

Bd do

.

do.

7«t

Haa

d

Jet

BB

Bd do

.

TorU

B*

7*»

" "

Cap

aolty

of

pu»

p ( g

allo

n*

par

Bla

ut*)

9

m - - - - - - - - - 8 8 9 9 3 " - - » " - 189 48

'

-

Da*

of

wat

er

Doa

actl*

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

40.

do.

do.

40.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Publi

c *u

ppir

ladu

* tri

al - "

Ana

lyti

c aa

d lo

gB

tBll

abl*

.

lag

era

llav

l*.

I

\

iI^3

13

u

: *»

f1

««orfti.of w»U»

1N*

is

i,11

1*4

]i

tmvMvnijo o»«at»*»T 4»

']!!

*\-**-

11h4* h

|a

*ilJ«

?*5 &*H

I1

lljl

|l

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1

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is

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1 tllllllllll

1 1 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 HHiHUI!a a B a a » a a 5* a * a

,| 444 4 4 4 4 44^4

g 3v3SvS<8.3<333

8 888S88S8888

a

«| 44 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4

i i i i i i i s s i § i

i« 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4R

8 5 8 S 8 S S S 8 S S S

ill |2l 5 4 4 4 5 s 4 4 4 4 4

g

?a 4444 4 4 4 4 4 4 43

| ............

11

Table 3. --Logs of wella and teat borings in Calvert City-Gilbertsville area, Marshall County, Kentucky

Well number: 8815-3700-3Location: State Highway 282, at junction with road to ferry landingDriller: Walter BinghaxnDate drilled: 1950Altitude of land surface: 353 feet above mean sea levelStatic water level: UnknownWater-bearing formation: St. Louis limestone

Formation

Sand and gravelSand, cleanLimestone, hard

Thickness (feet)

803

17

Depth (feet)

8083

100

Well number: 8820-3700-1Location: 2 miles south of Calvert City, on east side of State Highway 95Driller: R. B. ElrodDate drilled: September 25, 1948Altitude of land surface: 455 feet above mean sea levelStatic water level: 127 feet below land surface. September 25. 1948Water-bearing formation: Ripley formation

Formation

Tops oil and clayGravel, hard, brownSand, brownClay, whiteSandSand, water

Thickness (feet)

83730203217.5

Depth (feet)

8457595

127144.5

Well number: 8820-3700-3Location: Near Illinois Central Railroad, in Calvert CityDriller: R. B. ElrodDate drilled: 1949Altitude of land surface: 370 feet above mean sea levelStatic water level: 32 feet below land surface, June 12, 1949Water-bearing formation: Tuscaloosa formation (?)

Formation

Topsoil, clayGravel, brownSandGravel and flint, caving

Thickness (feet)

10301222

Depth (feet)

10405274

FIG

UR

E

I.

MA

P

OF

CA

LV

ER

T

CIT

Y -

GIL

BE

RT

SV

ILL

E

AR

EA

MA

RS

HA

LL

CO

UN

TY,

KE

NTU

CK

Y

SH

OW

ING

LO

CA

TIO

N

OF

W

EL

LS

A

ND

T

ES

T

BO

RIN

GS

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

GIL

BE

RT

SV

ILL

CH

EM

ICA

L

AN

AL

YS

IS

AV

AIL

AB

LE

GIL

BE

RT

SV

ILL

E

Table

4.--Analyses o

f wa

ter

from

wells in Cal

vert

City-Gilburtsville

area,

Mars

hall

Cou

nty,

Ke

ntuc

ky

(Dissolved constituents given in

parts p

er million.)

Vei

l nu

mbe

r

Dep

th o

f w

ell

(feet)

Wat

er-b

eari

ng

fo

rmat

ion

Dat

e of

co

llecti

on

Tem

pera

ture

(d

egre

es

Fah

ren

hei

t)

PH Dis

solv

ed s

oli

ds

Sil

ica

(S10

2)

Iron

(Fe)

Cal

cium

(C

a)

Mag

nesi

um (

lag)

Sodi

um

(Na)

Pot

assi

um

(K)

Bic

arbonat

e (H

CO

g)

Sulf

ate

(S

04)

Ch

lori

de

(01)

nu

ori

de

(F)

Nit

rate

(N

Og)

Har

dnes

s as

CaO

Os

To

tal

Non

carb

onat

a

8815

-370

0-1

95

All

uviu

m

7-5

-51

59 6.4

167 16 11 41 7.6

7.9 .8

166 4.9

6.8 .1

3.5

135 0

8820

-370

0-1

a 88

20-3

700-

6

144

82

Rlp

ley

All

uviu

m

2-1

4-3

1

11

-29

-48

50 6.2

62

(b)

10

29

.50

24

6.6

7

.1

1.0

1

.7

» /

58 2.2

2.6

32

.0 .6

21

0 40

0

8820

-370

0-13

63

Rlp

ley

6-3

-51

_ 7.1

181

12

.23

31 6.6

13 2.9

92 11

14

.0

40 106 30

8820

-370

0-64

375

St.

L

ou

is

8-3

-91

_ 7.8

217 9.4 .3

5

66 9.3

7.3 .6

226 9

.9

6.0 .2

4.0

188 1

8880

-370

0-65

99

All

uviu

m

10

-19

-51

. 6.4

129 22 33 12 9.6

8.6 .9

.

74 4.6

6.0 .8 .0

93 0

Unless n

oted

, an

alyses w

ere ma

de at

0. S. Ge

olog

ical

Sur

rey

regional l

aboratory at C

olumbus, Ohio,

a.

Analyses made by LeWall

and

Barrlaon.

Sample also

cont

ains

9.9 p.p

.m.

aluminum a

nd .60 p.

p.m.

manganese,

b.

Samp

le co

ntai

ned

144 p.

p.m.

to

tal

solids and

116 p.p.m.

fixed

soli

ds,

c.

Total

hardness determined by

soa

p me

thod

.»*»?»