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Introduction:
Man has always strived to know himself and his environment. Subjects such as psychology and
other basic and applied sciences have been instrumental in this task. Psychology, especially has
helped in the study of human behavior in relatio0n to the environment resulting in a better
adjustment and adequate development of the individual for happy and contended life.(Miller 2006).
Psychology is a specialized field dealing with personality disturbance and behavior disorders.
Personality is an individual is an individuals habitual way of thinking, feeling, perceiving and
reacting to the world. Some psychologists that personality is stable and immutable, others view as a
more fluid concept. Emotions, behavior etc are also concerned with personality and character and
understanding the basic forces within all human beings.
There are three fundamental or basic emotions: love, fear, and anger. These are present even at
birth. However some emotions such as hatred, jealousy etc develop later. Emotions of anger may
last for only a few seconds or minutes. Darwin(2002) defined anger as a harmful and damaging
attack upon other people. When anger gets out of control, however, it becomes destructive then
this condition leads to aggression. According to Deeming(2004), aggressive behavior to simply the
personality disorder. Aggression is only one of many possible instruments responses to frustration
that is because it often leads to reinforcement. Moreover, while our present interest is in aggression
that is stimulated by frustration, it is important to note that aggression can also occur with
frustration antecedent.
Aggression is an overt behavior intended to inflict damage on another individual. Human
aggression is relatively rare - when was the last time you inflicted damage on someone, or were the
victim of a physical assault? But it is very likely that you have been at the receiving end of a
person's dominance behavior. Humans use threats and violence to dominate, but we also resort to
cheating, deceit or negotiation to obtain status and valued resources. In fact a lot of our behaviorinvolves strategies for existing with each other without causing or risking actual physical damage.
In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior
between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Predatory or
defensive behavior between members of different species is not normally considered "aggression."
Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be physical, mental, or verbal.
Aggression should not be confused with assertiveness, although the terms are often used
interchangeably among laypeople, e.g. an aggressive salesperson.*(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertiveness8/6/2019 agresn
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Categories of aggression:
According to Behar, et al (1990),Berkowitz, L. (1993), Bushman, B.J.; Anderson, C.A. (2001).
McElliskem, (2004).There are two broad categories of aggression. These include hostile, affective,or retaliatory aggression and instrumental, predatory, or goal-oriented aggression. Empirical
research indicates that there is a critical difference between the two, both psychologically and
physiologically. Some research indicates that people with tendencies toward "affective" aggression,
defined in this study as being "impulsive, unplanned, overt, or uncontrolled" have lower IQs than
those with tendencies toward "predatory" aggression, defined here as being "goal-oriented, planned,
hidden, or controlled".In moral theories, such as argumentation ethics and the non-aggression
principle, physical aggression is distinguished from violence. Aggression is considered the
initiation of violence. Often, retaliatory violence and defensive violence is not considered
aggression, because it is a responsive action.
Types and sources of aggression:
According to Bano & Woolfolk(2004) there are ten main types of aggression such as Displayed
aggression, Scapegoating, Self aggression, Free floating aggression, Fear motivated aggression,
Redirected aggression, Intrumental aggression, Hostile aggression, Overt aggression and relational
aggression, how ever according to Coker (2002), Maslow(2000), Block(2004), Dum(2003),
Woolfolk (2004) the sources of aggression are Unfulfilled human needsand desires, Neorosis,
Despiration, Greed, Collectivevism, Attack, Frustarion and compettion. Brain (1981), divided
aggression into: predatory attack , self-defensive behaviours , parental-defensive behaviours, social
conflict .
What triggers aggressive behavior in children?
Physical fear of others, Family difficulties, Learning, neurological, or conduct/behavior
disorders, Psychological trauma*(Taylor CA, Manganello JA, Lee SJ, Rice JC (May 2010).
"Mothers' spanking of 3-year-old children and subsequent risk of children's aggressive behavior".
Pediatrics125 (5): e105765.)
Theories of aggression;
Thomas (2005) gave many theories about the causes of aggression. The first and most
omportant is Frustration-aggression theory, proposing thart agggression is a response to the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma8/6/2019 agresn
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frucstration of some goal directed behavior by an outside source. Instinct theory has been
largely discredited in favour of other explanations. Socaial learning thery focuses on aggression
as learned behavior.